Kingdom AnimaliaKingdom Animalia

Review!Review!

►KingdomKingdom►PhylumPhylum►ClassClass►OrderOrder►FamilyFamily►GenusGenus►SpeciesSpecies

Review… Scientific NamesReview… Scientific Names

►The scientific name of an organism is The scientific name of an organism is made up of both its made up of both its GenusGenus and and species species namename E.g. E.g. Homo sapiensHomo sapiens

Evolutionary relationshipsEvolutionary relationships►A cladogramA cladogram or or phylogenetic treephylogenetic tree►shows how closely related organisms areshows how closely related organisms are

►Closer together = more closely related!Closer together = more closely related!

A Cladogram for A Cladogram for InvertebratesInvertebrates

ProtistaPorifera

Cnidaria

Platyhelmintes

(Worms)

Mollusca

Arthropoda

Echinodermata

Urochordata

Chordata

First Life! First Life! ►Simple, unicellular organisms in the Simple, unicellular organisms in the

ocean.ocean.►2.5 billion years ago2.5 billion years ago►Carried out all life functions: eating, Carried out all life functions: eating,

respiring, eliminating waste and respiring, eliminating waste and reproduction. reproduction.

Multicellular LifeMulticellular Life

►The first multicellular life, also in the The first multicellular life, also in the oceans, began 600 million years agooceans, began 600 million years ago

►How did it happen?How did it happen?

► Possibility 1:Possibility 1: ► Unicellular protists Unicellular protists

lived together in a lived together in a groupgroup

► They continued to They continued to stay togetherstay together

►Possibility 2Possibility 2::►During During

reproduction, the reproduction, the two cells did not two cells did not separate separate completelycompletely

►They stayed They stayed living togetherliving together

► Possibility 3Possibility 3: : ► Protists with more Protists with more

than one nucleus than one nucleus started to have started to have parts that did parts that did different jobsdifferent jobs

►What do you think? What do you think? How did How did multicellular life multicellular life begin?begin?

Level of OrganizationLevel of Organization► Multicellular organisms have Multicellular organisms have

specialized cellsspecialized cells

►Cell – levelCell – level Each cell works on its ownEach cell works on its own

►Tissue – level Tissue – level Cells work together to do Cells work together to do

a joba job

►Organ – levelOrgan – level Tissues work together to Tissues work together to

do a jobdo a job

3 Kinds of Symmetry3 Kinds of Symmetry1.1. No symmetryNo symmetry

Just a lump of stuffJust a lump of stuff

2.2. Radial symmetryRadial symmetry In a circleIn a circle Can cut it any way through the Can cut it any way through the

center and have two equal center and have two equal halveshalves

3.3. Bilateral symmetryBilateral symmetry Two sidesTwo sides Can only cut it in the middle to Can only cut it in the middle to

have two equal halveshave two equal halves

►What are the simplest What are the simplest animalsanimals?? Invertebrates = Animals without a spineInvertebrates = Animals without a spine Vertebrates = Animals with a spineVertebrates = Animals with a spine

►Which ones are invertebrates?Which ones are invertebrates?

Invertebrates…Invertebrates…

►These are the main things you need to These are the main things you need to know about each animal we study:know about each animal we study: Body symmetryBody symmetry Level of organization (cell, tissue or Level of organization (cell, tissue or

organ)organ) Nervous systemNervous system How it eats / excretesHow it eats / excretes Reproduction methodsReproduction methods DefensesDefenses Examples of animalsExamples of animals Special featuresSpecial features

Try it for a mammal…

Phylum PoriferaPhylum PoriferaThe SpongesThe Sponges

CharacteristicsCharacteristics►Symmetry: NoneSymmetry: None►Level of Level of

organization: cell organization: cell

(no tissues or organs)(no tissues or organs) No nervous systemNo nervous system No coordination No coordination

between cellsbetween cells

Water flow in a spongeWater flow in a sponge

Water flows in the ostia (pores) in the side of a sponge through a porocyte and exits through the

osculum at the top of the sponge.

► Inside the sponge Inside the sponge choanocytes choanocytes (collar cells) with flagella move the (collar cells) with flagella move the water through the spongewater through the sponge

►Mobility: Mobility: Sessile – they do not moveSessile – they do not move

►Feeding: Feeding: Suspension feedingSuspension feeding

►Food floating in water comes inFood floating in water comes in►Individual cells engulf the foodIndividual cells engulf the food

►Excretion: Excretion: Wastes diffuse out of cells and exit through Wastes diffuse out of cells and exit through

the osculumthe osculum►Reproduction: Reproduction:

Budding (asexual)Budding (asexual) Eggs Eggs / Sperm in the water (sexual)/ Sperm in the water (sexual)

►Support: Support: Sponges have a Sponges have a

hard “skeleton” hard “skeleton” made of made of spongin and spongin and spiculesspicules

►Natural bath Natural bath sponges are sponges are just the just the leftover leftover spongin spongin without cellswithout cells

►Defenses: Defenses: Sponges produce bad-tasting chemicalsSponges produce bad-tasting chemicals Spicules can be hard spines that make the Spicules can be hard spines that make the

sponge difficult to eat (e.g. glass sponges)sponge difficult to eat (e.g. glass sponges)

►Cool facts!Cool facts! Some sponges can be put through a blender, Some sponges can be put through a blender,

squeezed through cloth, and then will reform squeezed through cloth, and then will reform a sponge if put together afterwardsa sponge if put together afterwards

They have amazing powers of regenerationThey have amazing powers of regeneration

Sponge slideshowSponge slideshow

Diver with a basket spongeDiver with a basket sponge

Barrel sponge – a good hiding Barrel sponge – a good hiding spot!spot!

Many ostia and oscula

Evolutionary RelationshipsEvolutionary Relationships

►Sponges are related to ProtistsSponges are related to Protists►Choanocytes (collar cells) that move Choanocytes (collar cells) that move

water through the body of a sponge water through the body of a sponge look like an ancient protist!look like an ancient protist!

Which possibility on the beginning of Which possibility on the beginning of multicellular life do you think is correct multicellular life do you think is correct now?now?