KING GLYCERINE SOAP FROM BIO-DIESEL

BY-PRODUCT

BY

ADIGUN NATHANIEL OPEYEMI '-, ,

2004/18465EH

DEPARTMENT OF CHEMICAL ENGINEERING

SCHOOL OF ENGINEERING AND ENGINEERING TECHNOLOGY, MINNA

NIGER STATE.

A RESEARCH PROJECT SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL " I·', f .... .' "

FULFIMENT OF THE REQUIREMENT FOR THE A WARD

OF THE DEGREE OF BACHELOR OF ENGINEERING (B.Eng) IN CHEMICAL ENGINEERING SCHOOL OF

ENGJNEERING AND ENGINEERING TECHNOLOGY,

MINNA.

DECEMBER, 2009

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DECLARATION

I, ADIGUN NATHANIEL OPEYEMI, of the department of Chemical Engineering

hereby declare that this work was done by me under the supervision of Engr HABIBU

UTHMAN of the department of chemical Engineering, Federal University of TedmoJogy,

Minna, Niger State.

This project is a recorded of my personal research and all information from published and

unpublished work of others are duly acknowledged by way of references.

ADIGUN NATHANIEL

2004/18465EH

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1fL/ 0 ,11~IO DATE

DEDICATION

s report is dedicated to God Almighty and all my specials beloved ones.

't' ,

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CERTIFICATION

This is to certify that research work titled "making of glycerine sop from bio-diesel by product"

was done by ADIGUN NATHANIEL OPEYEMI (2004/18465EH) and submitted to the

department of Chemical Engineering, Federal University of Technology, Niger State of Bachelor

of Engineering (B Eng) degree in Chemical Engineering.

Engnr U Habibu

(Project Supervisor)

Engnr J.O. Okafor

(Head Of Department)

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Date

Date

Date

ABSTRACT '\

Bio-diesel was produced from the trans-ester reaction of vegetable oil and methoxide which is a

reaction involving methanol in the presence of sodium hydroxide (NaOH) as catalyst The

IS called "trans-esterification", the reaction was discovered to be slow but the

mtJroouctlon ofNaOH coupled with increase in temperature of the system accelerated the rate of

The biodiesel produced was separated by using separating funnel processes with

tenme:rature which serves as a catalyst for the reaction. Glycerin soap that was formed from this

~a."'I,lVll was not as hard as other soaps produced from oil, but it was found to be milder,

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

•••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••.•••••.•••••••••••.••.•••••••.••••••• •.••••••••• 11

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...........................................................................

.............................................................................

..................................................................

of contents ................................................................

Introduction .......................................................................................... " ....

Aim and Objectives .................................................. 'I. .......................... ..

Scope of study 'I' •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••

Literature review .............................................

Bio-diesel .................................................

iii

IV

V

Vi

Vll

1

2

2

4

4

Trans-esterification process in bio-diesel production.. ... 5

Factor affectiving Transestrification ...................... 6

Benefit of Bio-diesel ........................................ 7

.. Castor Oil .......................... '" ..................... . 7

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'1 . 2.5.1 Castor 01 processmg .................................... . 9

2.5.3 Operation of soxhler Extracter .......................... 10

2.6 Soap ................ ······································ 11

2.6.1 Saponification " " " " " " .................. " ...... " .................... " .......... " 11

2.6.2 Glycerine Soap 12

" .......... " .. " ......... " .. " .. " .................. " " .... " .. ..

2.6.3- Importance of Glycerine Soap .......... " .... " ...... " ...... " ...... 14

2.7 Glycerine ............ " ...................... " " " " ...... " ...... " .......... " .. " ...... " 14

2.7.1 Where does Glycerine come from.... .......................... 15

2.7.2' Properties ......................................................... 15

2.7.3 Application " .... " ................................ " ............................ " .............. " ... . 16

2. 7.4 Be~eft of Glycerine in Skin care .. " .. " .. " " .. " " " " " " " " " " " " """ 16

CHAPTER THREE

3.0 Materials and Methods Used in the production of Bio-diesel.. 17

3.1 Materials " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " .. " " " " " " " " " " " .. " " " " .. " " " " " " " " " " " " " " 17

3.2 . Reagents " " " " .. " " " " " " .. " " " " " " " " " " " " " , " " " " " " " " " " " , " " " .. " " .. " " " " " " .. " " 17

3.3 Meth9dology ofBio-diesel production........................ 17

3.5 Characterization Procedure .. " " ................ " " .. " .. " ........ " ...... " .. " .... .. 20

3.5.1 Specific Gravity .. " " " .... " ...... e ...... " .... " .... ............... " .. " .. " ...... " ................ " 20

3.5.2 Moisture Content ............ " ...... " .................. " ........ " .. " .. " .......... " ............ " .. .. 20

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Percentage Concentration of the Caustic solution used .... !,' 21

FOUR

Results and Discussion .......................... <I ........ 110 .. '" .... " .. " ...................... III .. .. 22

Results ................ " ................ '" ................................ " II> ...... D " II .... " .................. .. 23

Discussion of Results ............................................................ .: ............ " .. " 24

FIVE

Conclusion and Recommendation ............ e ..................... e .. "'f 27 '.

Conclusion ...................................................... 27

Recommendation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28

'! .

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CHAPTER ONE

l~O INTRODUCTION

The depletion of the world petroleum reserves and reduction in the output of production

and exploration of oil by National and Multinational companies due to economic and political

reasons, necessitated the need to search for alternative energy sources of petroleum based fuel

such as diesel. (Wilfred, 1980). A substitute for andlor additive to fossil diesel fuel which is

derived or extracted from the oils and fats of plant origin is called bio-diesel. (Schumacher ,

1993)

Technically bio-diesel is a vegetable oil methyl ester. It can be produced by trans-

esterification process. Bio-diesel is formed by removing the triglyceride molecule from vegetable

oil (like castor seed oil) in the form of glycerin (soap). Once the glycerin is removed from the oil,

the remaining molecules have characteristics that are similar to petroleum diesel fuel which can

run any type of diesel engine effectively. (Sheehan, 1998) Actually, there are some notable

differences because the bio-diesel molecules are very simple hydrocarbon chain containing

insignificant quantity of sulfur and have no ring molecules or aromatics that are usually

associated with fossil fuel. Bio-diesel is usually made up of approximately 10% oxygen, thus,

making it a naturally "oxygenated" fuel.

A by product from malting bio-diesel is glycerine. In a process called trans-esterification,

waste vegetable oil (WVO) is broken down into esters(bio-diesel)and glycerine. This glycerine

can be filtered to remove any food particles or impurities, and used as industrial degreaser in its - ~

raw form, composted and ,used as a fertilizer or made into bar soap. Bar soap made from your ---------------------

glycerine by-product is excellent for use in the shop because of its de~asing abilities, but can ~~ ----.--, -

also be used as a house hold soap for everyday use. Adding fragrances and dyes will make

household use more appealing to other member of the household.(Terry,2008)

1.1 AIMS AND OBJECTIVES

The aim and objective of this work is to search for an alternative energy source of conventional

diesel and to make use of the by product of the bio diesel for the production of glycerine soap.

Then the aims and objectives of this work includes the following.

(1). To produce castor oil from castor seed.

(2). To fmd a renewable fuel for vehicles.

(3). To initiate or encourage the commercial production ofbio-diesel in Nigeria.

(4). To improve energy self-reliance in rural communities.

(5). To produce glycerine soap from the by product ofbio-diesel.

(6). To encourage the commercial production of glycerine soap in Nigeria.

(7). To be able to produce an effective, glossy soap and also a soap with degreasing ability.

1.2 SCOPE OF STUDY

The production of glycerine soap from the by-product ofbio-diesel which involves+

(1). The extraction of oil from castor seed.

(2). The transeterification of vegetable oil (castor seed oil) to produce bio-diesel 'and its by­

product of the bio-diesel.

(3). The production of glycerine soap from the by product of the bio-diesel.

This production of glycerine soap (starting from the extraction of castor oil to the final stage of

producing glycerine soap) consists of batch and continuous processes. The aim of the production

will be achieved through using source of less important to the economy and making it more

useful+

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To be able determine the appropriate reaction condition with regards to temperature and catalyst

for the production of suitable bio-diesel.

To be able to determine a suitable method of vegetable oil extraction and the appropriate solvent

for extraction.

To create alternative for Federal Government in producing fuel to produce house for the nation.

To be able to determine appropriate reaction condition with regards to temperature and additives

for the production of suitable glycerine soap from bio-diesel by product.

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