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Kibiri Participatory Forest Management Plan 2015 - 2019
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Transcript of Kibiri Participatory Forest Management Plan 2015 - 2019
KIBIRI PARTICIPATORY FOREST
MANAGEMENT PLAN
2015-2019
Page | i
Disclaimer
The preparation, printing and distribution of the document has been with the
financial assistance of the GEF and UNDP (Award ID: 00058356). The contents of this
document are the sole responsibility of the Elgeyo Forest Station PFMP Local
Planning Team and Nature Kenya, and cannot under normal circumstances be
regarded as reflecting the position of the GEF nor the UNDP.
Kibiri Community Forest Association P.O Box 132, Kaimosi Email: [email protected]
Kibiri Participatory Forest Management Plan 2015 – 2019 Page | ii
KIBIRI PARTICIPATORY FOREST MANAGEMENT PLAN
2015-2019
Prepared by Local Planning Team1
Produced with financial assistance by GEF/UNDP through Nature Kenya
© 2015
Available at:
Kenya Forest Service, Headquarters
Head of Conservancy, Western Conservancy
Ecosystem Conservator Office, Vihiga
Kibiri Community Forest Association
Nature Kenya
1 List of members of Local planning in the Appendix 7a
Kibiri Participatory Forest Management Plan 2015 – 2019 Page | iii
Kibiri Participatory Forest Management Plan 2015 – 2019 Page | iv
FOREWORD The Kibiri Participatory Forest Management Plan (K-PFMP) is the outcome of a
planning process lasting almost 2 years during the period 2013–2015. The
planning process was financed by Global Environment Facility (GEF) and
United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) through Nature Kenya. The
plan was developed by Kibiri Community Forest Association (K-CFA) and
institutional members of the Local Planning Team namely: Kenya Forest Service
(KFS), County Government of Vihiga, Kenya Forestry Research Institute
(KEFRI), Kenya Wildlife Service (KWS), National Environment Management
Authority (NEMA), Water Resource Management Authority (WRMA), and
Ministry of Devolution and Planning. In addition to these institutional partners,
there was consultation with the Community Forest Association namely Kibiri
and many other organizations and individuals. At the outset, the challenge was
to produce a participatory Forest Management Plan for Kibiri Forest Station
which would meet the needs of all stakeholders in the forest, building on the
proven traditional management system of the local people and provide a useful
document for managing the forest and the neighbouring farmlands, some of
which was formerly forest area.
A plan which looks attractive but did not have the consensus of all
stakeholders, or a plan which might be rapidly consigned to bookshelves and
libraries, would not meet this challenge, and it is hoped therefore that this plan
will provide a useful document for many people in future years. The task has
been not only to follow a process, but also to define and test the planning
process itself, since this has been a new experience in Kenya where local
community have been invited to manage the forest in collaboration with the
government. The plan shows that community members can be better
managers of the resource within their areas once empowered. It recognizes
need to manage the forest jointly with neighbouring communities. In many
ways, therefore, this Plan conforms to the requirements of the Forests Act No.7,
2005 which requires that all stakeholders be involved in the management of
forests.
Through this forest management plan, KFS will enter into the process of
negotiating a forest management agreement with the Kibiri CFA, which will
ensure that the local communities benefit in terms of forest user rights. We
anticipate that this partnership arrangement will contribute to improved forest
management and local community livelihoods. To make this happen, we are
calling upon other stakeholders to join hands with us to ensure that Kibiri
Forest provides better forest products and services at all levels, local, national
and international.
Dr. Paul Matiku Executive Director
Nature Kenya
Kibiri Participatory Forest Management Plan 2015 – 2019 Page | v
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
Kibiri Community Forest Association (K-CFA) would like to extend sincere
gratitude to the Director, Kenya Forest Service for creating an enabling
environment for the development of this Participatory Forest Management Plan.
This is an important step towards ensuring Kibiri forest is participatory
managed through structured community involvement. This plan clears the way
for a negotiation for a Forest Management Agreement between Kibiri CFA and
Kenya Forest Service.
The CFA would also like to recognize the efforts of the Local Planning Team
(LPT) whose members represented the following institutions; Kenya Forest
Service, County Government of Vihiga, Kenya Forestry Research Institute,
Kenya Wildlife Service, National Environment Management Authority, Water
Resource Management Authority, Ministry of Devolution and Planning, and
Nature Kenya. We would like to greatly appreciate the financial support from
GEF/UNDP through Nature Kenya for the development of the Kibiri
Participatory Forest Management Plan.
Sincere thanks also go to Mr. J. K Macharia, the Head of Head of Management
Plans, Mr D.O. Otieno, the Head of Western Conservancy and Mr W. Cheptoo,
the Vihiga Ecosystem Conservator for their selfless dedication to the plan
process and guiding the community and LPT through the entire period.
Our sincere thanks also go to the local opinion leaders, Ministry of Interior and
Coordination, Forest Adjacent Communities (FACs) for providing us with
relevant information that was required for the development of this Plan. I would
also like to appreciate the contribution of all members of Kibiri CFA, the
executive committee for their invaluable contribution to the success of the
preparation of the Plan, especially in organizing community meetings and
coordination of information collection.
Finally, Kibiri CFA expresses gratitude to the many men and women who in
one way or the other have contributed to the development of this Plan.
Paul Muchi Chairman, Kibiri Community Forest Association
Kibiri Participatory Forest Management Plan 2015 – 2019 Page | vi
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
Kibiri Forest is located in Vihiga County, Hamisi Sub-county, Shaviringa Division,
Muhudu and Shiru Locations. It is approximately 30 km from Mbale town and
about 30 km from Kakamega town along the Chavakali-Kapsabet road at Musasa
market. The forest is part of the main Kakamega Forest Ecosystem. It lies to the
South East of the Forest Ecosystem in Vihiga County separated by Yala River.
The forest was gazetted in 1932 together with the larger Kakamega Forest and was
declared to be a forest area by Proclamation No. 14 of 13th February 1933 which
set aside 23,777.3 ha. Out of this 3,691.3 ha formed Kibiri forest block which is in
Vihiga County. The forest was hived out of the main Kakamega forest when the
then Vihiga district was officially separated from the larger former Kakamega
District. Its administrative office is located at Kibiri Forest Station (0˚9’16.88’’N,
34˚52’19.25’’E) about 1 km from Musasa Market Shiru sub-location.
Administratively, the forest falls under Head of Western Conservancy, the direct
management of the Ecosystem Conservator, Vihiga Ecosystem, who is
represented on the ground by the Kibiri Forest Station Manager. Kibiri
Community Forest Association (CFA) will co-manage the forest with Kenya Forest
Service when the Forest Management Agreement is signed and in force. The
forest is divided into the following forest beats: Yala, Musunji and Shiru. Kibiri
Forest Station falls under Yala beat. These beats are being managed by forest
rangers for purposes of patrols and protection.
The process of developing the management plan for Kibiri forest was
participatory and a number of key stakeholders were consulted during the
process while others directly participated in the development of the plan. Local
Planning Team (LPT) was constituted that developed the management plan.
Members of the LPT were given various responsibilities to collect information
from both primary and secondary sources. A number of workshops and meetings
were organised in which the vision and purpose of the plan were agreed on, also
programmes were identified and zonation criteria agreed. Detailed resource
inventory that included socio-economic survey and biodiversity assessment were
conducted. Local communities were consulted through village meetings and
barazas that were organised in different locations bordering the forest area. The
vision for Kibiri Forest is to be the best co –managed, developed and sustainably
utilized forest in Kenya
The zones identified in the forest are; Productive zone (plantation areas),
protection zone this consists of total protection and conservation areas, then there
is subsistence areas, and intervention zone
The plan discusses the current situation, objectives, and strategies for each of the
management programmes. It also identifies key stakeholders to spearhead
implementation in each programme. The key highlights for each programme are
described here below.
Nature Reserve Protection programme seeks ensuring resources are not
destroyed by human, animals, fires, pests and diseases and address the degraded
forest areas for purpose of restoration and livelihood improvement. Forest
Kibiri Participatory Forest Management Plan 2015 – 2019 Page | vii
Conservation Progragramme intends to engage stakeholders to conserve,
rehabilitate and restore degraded forest areas and resources.
Productive programme enhance plantation establishment, sustainable
management and utilization of the forest plantation for socio-economic
development within and outside Kibiri.
At intervention zone the local communities practices Nature Based Enterprises
(NBEs) and sustainable agriculture as one way of reducing pressure on the forest.
The livelihoods of the local communities are expected to improve through NBEs.
The NBEs include bee keeping, fish farming, woodlots establishment for
commercial, ecotourism and production of energy saving devices.
Community participation programme will ensure community participate in Kibiri
Forest management and conservation. Without an adequate plan for fully
involving the community in forest management and conservation, the forest may
be under threat of invasion and degradation since most of the community
members fully depend on the forest as their main source of livelihood.
Infrastructure, Equipment and Human Resources Development Programme deals
with the various infrastructure and equipment in Kibiri forest. These include:
roads, firefighting equipment and fire towers, vehicles, buildings (residential and
non-residential buildings), CFA office, dispensary, power (electricity), water,
bridges and culverts, machinery e.g. tractors, office furniture and tree nursery.
Partnerships and Networking Programme will be embrace during implementation
plan of Kibiri Forest. The partners will be drawn from public, private sector, non-
governmental organization, community members and development partners. The
stakeholder analysis identified roles and responsibilities for each partner.
Research and Monitoring programme will mainly entail information and data
collection and dissemination on flora and fauna species of interest in Kibiri Forest
and monitoring of their trends and distribution in the forest.
In addition the plan discusses means of resource mobilization for the purpose of
implementation. Resources are to be got through funding from ongoing activities,
support from partners’ organizations and donor agencies interested in
conservation.
The Kibiri Participatory Forest Management Plan (K-PFMP) was developed through funding from GEF/UNDP under the project ‘Strengthening the Protected Area Networks within the Eastern Montane Forest Hotspots of Kenya’. The PFMP
will be implemented for period of Five (5) years upon the signing of Forest
Management Agreement.
Kibiri Participatory Forest Management Plan 2015 – 2019 Page | viii
TABLE OF CONTENTS
APPROVAL ................................................................................................................... i
FOREWORD ............................................................................................................... iii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ............................................................................................... v
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY .............................................................................................. vi
TABLE OF CONTENTS .............................................................................................. viii
LIST OF FIGURES ........................................................................................................ ix
LIST OF TABLES ........................................................................................................... x
ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS............................................................................ xi
CHAPTER 1.0 BACKGROUND INFORMATION ........................................................... 14
1.1 DESCRIPTION OF THE PLAN ............................................................................... 14
1.1.1 Name of the Management Plan ................................................................... 14
1.1.2Period/Term of the Management Plan ........................................................ 14
1.1.3 Legal Authority for Preparation of the Plan ................................................ 14
1.1.4Justification and Purpose of the PFMP ......................................................... 14
1.1.5 Methodology and Approaches to the Development of the Kibiri PFMP ...... 14
1.1.6 Funding of the Kibiri PFMP ......................................................................... 17
1.1.7 Structure of Kibiri CFA ............................................................................... 17
1.2 DESCRIPTION OF KIBIRI FOREST ........................................................................ 18
1.2.1 Geographic location of Kibiri ..................................................................... 18
1.2.2 Legal and Administrative status ................................................................. 19
1.2.3 Physical description of Kibiri Forest ........................................................... 20
1.2.4 Biodiversity ................................................................................................ 21
1.2.5 Description of Ecotourism sites .................................................................. 24
1.3 DESCRIPTION OF FOREST RESOURCES .............................................................. 25
1.3.1 Stocking of the forest .................................................................................. 25
1.3.2 Non-wood forest products .......................................................................... 26
1.3.3 Forest infrastructure and equipment .......................................................... 28
1.3.4 Human resources ....................................................................................... 32
1.3.5 History of the forest .................................................................................... 32
1.4 THREATS AND CONSTRAINTS ............................................................................. 35
1.4.1 Threats ....................................................................................................... 35
1.4.2 Management constraints ............................................................................ 37
1.5 VALUE OF THE FOREST ....................................................................................... 37
1.5.1Watersheds ................................................................................................. 37
1.5.2Biodiversity reservoir ................................................................................. 37
1.5.3 Eco-tourism ................................................................................................ 37
1.5.4Research and Education Values .................................................................. 38
1.5.5 Other values of the forest ........................................................................... 38
CHAPTER 2.0 SOCIO-ECONOMIC DESCRIPTION .................................................... 39
2.1 INTRODUCTION .................................................................................................. 39
2.2 KIBIRI FOREST ADJACENT COMMUNITY ............................................................ 39
2.3 EDUCATIONAL CHARACTERISTICS .................................................................... 39
2.4 WELL-BEING CATEGORY AND DESCRIPTION OF ECONOMIC ACTIVITIES ...... 40
2.5 COMMUNITY FOREST PRODUCT UTILIZATION .................................................. 41
Kibiri Participatory Forest Management Plan 2015 – 2019 Page | ix
2.5.1 Access to forest land .................................................................................. 41
2.5.2 Main uses of trees ....................................................................................... 41
2.5.3 Main types of energy sources .................................................................... 41
2.5.4 Frequency of forest visits ........................................................................... 42
2.5.5 Benefit from the forest ................................................................................ 43
CHAPTER 3.0 STAKEHOLDER ANALYSIS .................................................................. 44
CHAPTER 4.0 MANAGEMENT OBJECTIVES AND PLAN COSIDERATIONS ................ 46
4.1 VISION ................................................................................................................. 46
4.2 OVERALL OBJECTIVE .......................................................................................... 46
4.3 PLAN CONSIDERATIONS ..................................................................................... 46
4.3.1 Policies and Legal Framework ................................................................... 46
4.3.2 Linkages with relevant existing planning documents ................................ 52
4.3.3 Linkage with regional and international agreements and conventions ..................... 53
4.4 PROBLEM ANALYSIS............................................................................................ 54
4.7 FOREST MANAGEMENT AND UTILIZATION ZONATION ..................................... 55
CHAPTER 5.0 MANAGEMENT PROGRAMMES .......................................................... 57
5.1 NATURE RESERVE PROTECTION PROGRAMME ................................................. 57
5.1.1 Background ................................................................................................ 57
5.1.2 Management Challenges ........................................................................... 57
5.1.3 Programme Objectives .............................................................................. 58
5.2FOREST CONSERVATION PROGRAMME ............................................................. 60
5.2.1 Introduction ................................................................................................ 60
5.2.2 Management Challenges ........................................................................... 60
5.2.3 Programme Objectives .............................................................................. 61
5.3 PRODUCTIVE PROGRAMME ............................................................................... 62
5.3.1 Background ................................................................................................ 62
5.3.2 Management Challenges ........................................................................... 62
5.3.3 Programme Objectives .............................................................................. 63
5.4 INTERVENTION ZONE PROGRAMME .................................................................. 64
5.4.1 Background ................................................................................................ 64
5.4.2 Management Challenges ........................................................................... 65
5.4.3 Programme Objectives .............................................................................. 65
5.5 COMMUNITY PARTICIPATION PROGRAMME ..................................................... 67
5.5.1 Background ................................................................................................ 67
5.5.2 Management Challenges ........................................................................... 68
5.5.3 Programme objectives ............................................................................... 68
5.6 INFRASTRUCTURE, EQUIPMENT AND HUMAN RESOURCES DEVELOPMENT
PROGRAMME ............................................................................................................ 71
5.6.1 Background ................................................................................................ 71
5.6.2 Management Challenges ........................................................................... 71
5.6.3 Programme objectives ............................................................................... 71
5.7 PARTNERSHIPS AND NETWORKING PROGRAMME ............................................ 74
5.7.1 Background ................................................................................................ 74
5.7.2 Management Challenges ........................................................................... 74
Kibiri Participatory Forest Management Plan 2015 – 2019 Page | x
5.7.3 Programme objectives ............................................................................... 75
5.8 RESEARCH AND MONITORING PROGRAMME .................................................... 76
5.8.1 Background ................................................................................................ 76
5.8.2 Management Challenges ........................................................................... 76
5.8.3 Programme objectives ............................................................................... 77
CHAPTER 6.0 PLAN IMPLEMENTATION .................................................................... 79
6.1 CROSS-CUTTING ISSUES ..................................................................................... 79
6.1.1 Gender mainstreaming ............................................................................. 79
6.1.2 Reproductive Health, Nutrition and HIV/AIDS ............................................ 80
6.1.3 Marginalized groups .................................................................................. 80
6.1.4 Indigenous Knowledge .............................................................................. 80
6.2 RESOURCE MOBILIZATION ................................................................................. 81
6.3 INSTITUTIONAL ARRANGEMENTS FOR PLAN IMPLEMENTATION ...................... 81
CHAPTER 7 PLAN MONITORING AND EVALUATION ................................................ 83
7.1 INTRODUCTION .................................................................................................. 83
7.2 MONITORING ...................................................................................................... 83
7.3 MONITORING INDICATORS (BIOPHYSICAL AND COMMUNITY BASED
INDICATORS) ............................................................................................................ 83
7.4 DEVELOPING PERFORMANCE INDICATORS ...................................................... 83
7.5 RESPONSIBILITIES ............................................................................................... 84
7.6 MONITORING PLAN ............................................................................................ 84
7.7 EVALUATION ...................................................................................................... 89
7.8 REVIEW ............................................................................................................... 89
REFERENCES ............................................................................................................ 90
APPENDICES ............................................................................................................. 91
Appendix 1: List of plant species found in Kibiri Forest ............................................ 91
Appendix 2: Common shrubs and invasive species in Kibiri Forest ......................... 93
Appendix 3: Mammal species of Kibiri Forest ........................................................... 93
Appendix 4: Reptiles and amphibians species of Kibiri Forest ................................. 94
Appendix 5: Key birds species of Kibiri forest .......................................................... 94
Appendix 6: Kibiri Forest Plantation Data Sheet as at 31st March 2015 ...................... 95
Appendix 7a: List of the Local Planning Team, Kibiri PFMP ...................................... 97
Appendix 7b: List of participants during awareness workshop on Kibiri PFMP
held on 26th January 2012 at Mukumu Salvation Army Church .................................. 97
Appendix 7c: List of participants during sensitization meeting on 8/02/2013 ........... 98
Appendix 7d: List of participants in Community Forest Zonation at Kibiri ................ 99
Kibiri Participatory Forest Management Plan 2015 – 2019 Page | xi
LIST OF FIGURES
Figure 1.1a: Community Sensitization meeting ........................................................... 3
Figure 1.1b: Kibiri LPT Sketching forest resources ................................................... 16
Figure 1.1c: Kibiri LPT discussing draft PFMP with the head, management
plans, KFS.................................................................................................................. 16
Figure 1.2: Kibiri CFA structure. ............................................................................... 17
Figure 1.3: Kibiri Forest Location Map ...................................................................... 18
Figure 1.4: Map showing Kibiri Forest as part of Kakamega Forest Ecosystem......... 19
Figure 1.5: Kibiri Forest Drainage Pattern ................................................................. 21
Figure 1.6: Kibiri Forest Resources Map showing plantation areas ........................... 26
Figure 1.7: Bee keeping project run by the Kibiri CFA ............................................. 27
Figure 1.8: Nature Kenya handing over Motorbikes to Kibiri CFA for forest
protection ................................................................................................................. 30
Figure 1.9a: Plate on Kibiri Forest Station Office Block ............................................. 30
Figure 1.9b: Forest Rangers at Musunji outpost ........................................................ 31
Figure 1.10: Kibiri CFA officials trying out Computer with accessories & office
furniture donated by Nature Kenya ........................................................................... 31
Figure 1.11a: Debarked pine in forest plantation ...................................................... 35
Figure 1.11b: Charcoal kiln being destroyed in Kibiri forest .................................... 36
Figure 1.11c: Unauthorized livestock grazing in young plantation ............................ 36
Figure 2.1: Literacy level in Kibiri ............................................................................. 40
Figure 2.2 Well-being categories in Kibiri ................................................................ 40
Figure 2.3 Usage of energy saving jikos by well-being categories .......................... 42
Figure 4.1: Community Kibiri Forest Zonation Sketch Map ....................................... 55
Figure 5.1: Plate on capacity building for Kibiri Community scouts .......................... 58
Figure 5.2a: Community members raising seedlings in Kaptisi group nursery ....... 61
Figure 5.2b: Seedlings planted in Kibiri Kaptisi area ................................................ 61
Figure 5.3: Plate on round wood plantation ............................................................... 63
Figure 5.4: Plate on 3 stone jiko & improved jikos .................................................... 66
Figure 5.5: Plate on community scouts & KFS rangers on joint forest patrol .............. 70
Figure 5.6: Plate on Forest ranger’s houses at Musunji outpost ................................. 72
Figure 6.1: Institutional arrangements for PFMP implementation .............................. 82
Kibiri Participatory Forest Management Plan 2015 – 2019 Page | xii
LIST OF TABLES
Table 1.1 Excisions in Kibiri Forest ........................................................................... 20
Table 1.2 Indicator Species for disturbance of Kibiri forest ...................................... 10
Table 1.3: Proposed sites for ecotourism .................................................................. 25
Table 1.4: Status of forest roads in Kibiri ................................................................... 29
Table 1.5: Human resources at Kibiri Forest Station .................................................. 32
Table 3.1 Stakeholders identified as the key implementers of the plan .................... 44
Table 4.1 Rationale for Zoning .................................................................................. 56
Table 5.1: Management interventions on Nature Reserve protection
programme ............................................................................................................... 59
Table 5.2: Management interventions on Forest Conservation programme ............. 61
Table 5.3: Management interventions on productive programme ............................ 63
Table 5.4: Management options within intervention zone ......................................... 67
Table 5.5: Management interventions on community participation programme ....... 68
Table 5.6: Management interventions on Infrastructure, Equipment and Human
Resources Development Programme ........................................................................ 72
Table 5.7: Management interventions on partnership and networking
programme ............................................................................................................... 75
Table 5.8: Research and monitoring interventions strategies ................................... 77
Table 7.1: Kibiri PFMP Monitoring Matrix ................................................................. 85
Kibiri Participatory Forest Management Plan 2015 – 2019 Page | xiii
ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS
BIOTA Biodiversity Transect Analysis and Monitoring
CBD Convention on Biological Diversity
CBO Community Based Organization
CDF Constituency Development Fund
EMCA Environmental Management and Coordination Act
FAC Forest Adjacent Community
GEF Global Environment Facility
GoK Government of Kenya
HIV Human Immune Virus
IBA Important Bird Area
IGA Income Generating Activity
K-PFMP Kibiri Participatory Forest Management Plan
KEFRI Kenya Forestry Research Institute
KFS Kenya Forest Service
KIFCON Kenya Indigenous Forest Conservation
KWS Kenya Wildlife Service
MDGs Millennium Development Goals
MoALF Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock and Fisheries
NBE Nature based Enterprise
NGO Non-Governmental Organizations
NK Nature Kenya
NMK National Museums of Kenya
NTFP Non Timber Forest Products
PELIS Plantation Establishment and Livelihoods Improvement Scheme
PFM Participatory Forest Management
PFMP Participatory Forest Management Plan
UNDP United Nations Development Programme
WRMA Water Resource Management Authority
WRUA Water Resource Users Association
Page | 14
CHAPTER 1.0 BACKGROUND INFORMATION
1.1 DESCRIPTION OF THE PLAN
1.1.1 Name of the Management Plan
The name of the management plan shall be Kibiri Participatory Forest Management
Plan (K-PFMP).
1.1.2 Period/Term of the Management Plan
Upon approval of this plan and signing of Forest Management Agreement, it shall be
implemented for period of Five (5) years (2015 – 2019).
1.1.3 Legal Authority for Preparation of the Plan
Section 35 (1) of the Forests Act, 2005 provides that every state, local authority and
provisional forest shall be managed in accordance plan that complies with the
requirement prescribed under the rules made under the Act. Kibiri forest is a state
forest and therefore required to comply with the clause. The Forests (Participation in
Sustainable Forest Management) Rules, 2009 provides the guidelines for the
development of this plan.
1.1.4 Justification and Purpose of the PFMP
Kibiri forest plays a significant role in the livelihoods of the majority of the
community members adjacent to this forest and beyond hence their need to
participate in its management and conservation.
Section 46 of the Forests Act, 2005 provides for registration of a community forest
association under the Societies Act and that it may apply to the Director of KFS for
permission to participate in the management and conservation of a state owned
forest. The Act requires the application to be accompanied by a management plan or
a draft management plan, hence the need to develop this K-PFMP.
The Forest Management Plan is a requirement for Kibiri CFA to meet the conditions
stipulated in Section 35 (3) of the Forests Act, 2005 for signing Forest Management
Agreement with Kenya Forest Service (KFS). Besides, the plan will give guidelines
for preparation and implementation of annual work plans and budgets for proper
management Kibiri forest in a participatory manner.
1.1.5 Methodology and Approaches to the Development of the Kibiri PFMP
The process of drafting the management plan for Kibiri forest started in the year 2012
and it was participatory involving various stakeholders among them is the forest
adjacent community, Kenya Forest Service, County Government of Vihiga, Nature
Kenya, Kenya Forestry Research Institute, Kenya Wildlife Service, NEMA, WRMA and
Ministry of Agriculture. There was a stakeholders meeting to initiate the process of
developing Kibiri PFMP and the formation of Local Planning Team (LPT) to spearhead
the process. Members of the LPT consisted of representatives from key institutions in
the field of forestry and environment, local administration and CFA officials
representing the community.
LPT members were assigned roles and responsibilities mainly to collect information
required in the development of PFMP. There were also, five village level meetings to
sensitize the wider community living adjacent to the forest on PFMP process and
development of Kibiri PFMP. The first meeting was held at Muhudu sub-location at
the shopping centre, the second meeting was held at Isekuti shopping centre, third
meeting held in Makuchi sub-location at PAG Church, the fourth meeting held in
Musasa at Friends Church and the last village meeting held at Kaptis, Shiru Sub-
location.
Socio-economic surveys were conducted on the households adjacent to the forest, an
exercise led by KEFRI officers from Kakamega assisted by the community members
as enumerators. The criteria of collecting socio-economic data were developed by
KEFRI in consultation with other stakeholders and local communities in a meeting.
The CFA and the village elders were involved in mapping of the wealth and well-
being ranking of the community which were subjected to questionnaires.
Community members were also involved during biodiversity assessment in the
forest that was being led by research scientist from KWS. KFS survey team
conducted forest zonation in collaboration with CFA members who assisted in
identifying the various resources found in the forest. After the production of the
reports on socio- economics survey, biodiversity assessment and forest zonation,
meetings were organized to feed back the results to the community.
Five LPT meetings were held to consolidate data that lead to production of the zero
draft Kibiri PFMP. A secretariat was constituted to edit the draft plan. Another
meeting was organized between the LPT and KFS staff from the planning section from
the headquarters where LPT was taken through the draft plan by the KFS staff and a
number of comments were raised to be addressed by the team. Comments that were
raised during the meeting were incorporated in the document before sending to KFS
planning section at headquarters for further proof reading. In July 2015 a validation
meeting for the draft plan was then held in Musasa where it was wholly presented to
the wider stakeholders of Kibiri forest for their final input. It was then sent to KFS
headquarters for printing and approval by the Director. Figures 1a, b and c are
plates showing the plan development process of the plan.
Figure 1.1a: Community Sensitization meeting
Figure 1.1b: Kibiri LPT Sketching forest resources
Figure 1.1c: Kibiri LPT discussing the draft PFMP with
head of management plans, KFS
1.1.6 Funding of the Kibiri PFMP
The preparation of the Kibiri Forest Participatory Forest Management Plan was
funded by GEF/UNDP through Nature Kenya. The K-PFMP will be implemented using
funds from the Kenya Forest Service, County Government of Vihiga, the Community
and other stakeholders with interests in Kibiri Forest. Proposals for funding will be
prepared and presented to various funding partners. The funding and support may
be for a specific programme or constitute a number of them.
1.1.7 Structure of Kibiri CFA
Kibiri CFA is formed by Forest Adjacent Community members surrounding Kibiri
forest. The members are organized into various forest user groups with interests in the
various resources they get from the forest. The CFA therefore has organs to ensure its
members are adequately represented and enable effective functioning, as shown in
figure 1.2
Figure 1.2: Kibiri CFA Structure
CFA EXECUTIVE
COMMITTEE
USER GROUPS AND
COMMUNITY SCOUTS
ADVISORY
COMMITTEE
CFA MANAGEMENT
COMMITTEE
CFA MEMBERS
1.2 DESCRIPTION OF KIBIRI FOREST
1.2.1 Geographic location of Kibiri
Kibiri forest is located in Vihiga County, Hamisi Sub-county, Shaviringa Division,
Muhudu and Shaviringa Locations as shown in figure 1.3.
Kibiri forest station is approximately 30 km from Mbale town and along the
Chavakali-Kapsabet road at Musasa market. The forest lies to the South East of the
Forest Ecosystem in Vihiga County separated by Yala River.
Figure 1.3: Kibiri Forest Location Map
Source: KFS survey department
The forest is part of Kakamega Forest Ecosystem and was hived out of the main
Kakamega forest when the then Vihiga district was officially separated from the
larger former Kakamega District. Its administrative office is at Kibiri forest station
(0˚9’16.88’’N, 34˚52’19.25’’E) about 1km from Musasa Market. It borders Kakamega
Forest block on the North, with Yala River forming a natural boundary, borders
Kapsabet-Chavakali road to the west and Nandi Central Sub-county to the South East.
The boundary round the forest is 39 km in perimeter. Figure 1.4 shows the location of
Kibiri relative to the larger Kakamega Forest Ecosystem.
Figure 1.4: Map showing Kibiri Forest as part of Kakamega Forest Ecosystem
Source: BIOTA Atlas, 2010
1.2.2 Legal and Administrative status
The forest was gazetted in 1932 together with the larger Kakamega Forest and was
declared to be a forest area by Proclamation No. 14 of 13th February 1933 which set
aside 23,777.3 hectares out of which 3,691.3 ha is the Kibiri Forest block.
Part of Kibiri forest has been excised for settlement and construction of a secondary
school over the years but formal degazzetment has not been done. A total of 126.7 ha
of forest land has been excised of the stated purposes as shown in table 1.1
Table 1.1 Excisions in Kibiri Forest
Title of the excision Area (Ha) Reason Remarks
Kaptik Secondary
School (L/R 206/94)
9.5 Construction of the public
secondary school
Degazzetment
to be effected
Shiru settlement
scheme (boundary plan
No. 180/215)
103.2 Settled people from Vihiga
District Headquarters and
County hospital
Degazzetment
to be effected
Shaviringa settlement 14.0 To settle people moved from
the land occupied by
Mudete tea factory and Moi
Girls High School – Vokoli
Degazzetment
to be effected
Total 126.7
Kibiri forest is managed by the Forest Station Manager reports directly to Vihiga
Ecosystem Conservator who is subsequently responsible to the Head of Western
Conservancy. For purposes of forest protection, Kibiri is divided into four beats
namely; Station, Yala, Musunji and Shiru. The Station and Yala beats are managed by
forest rangers in the forest station while the other two have built forest rangers outpost.
1.2.3 Physical description of Kibiri Forest
Kibiri Forest is the largest forest block in Vihiga County, covering an area of 3,691.3 ha.
It is part of the larger Kakamega tropical rain forest separated only by Yala River to the
North.
1.2.3.1 Climate
The area has high levels of annual rainfall. Forest receives annual rainfall of between
1500 mm to 2000mm with 1977mm recorded in 2014. Rainfall is bimodal with the
heaviest fall in April to June, with a slightly drier June and a second peak of short rains
in September-October. January and February are the driest months.
Temperature is fairly constant throughout the year, with a mean daily minimum of
about 150 C and mean daily maximums of about 260C.
1.2.3.2 Topography
Kibiri Forest lies in a generally sloppy ground. Its landscape is characterized by hills,
slopes and occasional valleys of between 10 and 20% slope. The elevation ranges
between 1470 to 1600 meters above sea level. The general trend of slopping of the
ground is westwards as evidenced by the flow of the streams and River Yala.
1.2.3.3 Geology and soils
The geology of Kibiri forest can be described by underlying rocks that include basalt,
phenolites and ancient gneisses of the Kavirondo and Nyanzian Systems which are
associated with gold bearing quartz veins. These rock formations are overlaid by a
layer of clay-loam soils. These soils are generally clay-rich and are associated with
humid tropical climates and often support forested areas.
1.2.3.4 Hydrology
The forest is an important watershed for Lake Victoria as it is the origin of several
streams that drain into River Yala which in turn empties into the lake. River Yala forms
the boundary between Kibiri and Kakamega forests as it passes from the Nandi
escarpments where it originates. The Yala tributaries in Kibiri include; Itsava, Mwala,
Lujesi (Yordan), Malovi, Sirwa, Lurungula, Ishianda, Lunyu, Ishirongo, Malungu,
Musanyi and Ijiviri streams. These streams are used by community at various points for
livestock consumption, domestic use and small-scale agricultural irrigation. There is
need to develop sub-catchment management plans for them for implementation by
Water Resource Users Associations (WRUAs). Figure 1.5 shows the drainage pattern of
the rivers within Kibiri forest.
Figure 1.5: Kibiri Forest Drainage Pattern
Source: KFS Survey department
1.2.4 Biodiversity
Due to its connection to the Kakamega forest, whose origin is the Guinea – Congolian
rain forest ecosystem, Kibiri forest habours many species that are related to the
Central and West African flora and fauna. The forest also hosts a number of endemic
species of animals and plants that are not found anywhere else in the World. However,
it is no longer a primary forest but middle-aged secondary forest due to past
disturbance in the forest hence most of the fauna and flora species are the secondary
forest species. Few of the primary forest species are found within Yala Nature Reserve
of Kibiri forest.
1.2.4.1 Description of Forest Flora
The forest has both indigenous trees and exotic tree species. Exotic trees cover about
500 ha and include species such as Cuppressus lusitanica, Pinus patula, Eucalyptus
saligna and Bischofia javonica. Indigenous forest cover 3,124.8 Ha and mainly include
species like Maesopsis eminii, Olea welwitschii, Fagara microphila (Zanthozylum
gilletti), Cordia abbysinica, Croton megalocarpus, Markhamia lutea, Trichilia roka and
Spathodea nilotica among others.
It is home to the locally threatened Elgon teak - Olea capensis and rare Prunus africana,
which are species of special conservation concern. These species are prone to over
exploitation due to their high quality timber and medicinal value.
More than 60 species of trees have been recorded in the forest refer to appendix 1,
majority being of medicinal importance such as Croton megalocarpus, Prunus africana,
Trichilia emetica, Zanthoxylum gilletii. Barks, leaves, roots and seeds of these
mentioned trees have medicinal properties used in treating various diseases that
include prostate cancer, common flu, stomach ache, chest problems. The forest is also
covered by bamboo that adds to 0.5 ha and the rest is degraded area
Forest succession and regeneration
From the studies done in Kibiri Forest the findings shows that there is a succession of
tree species and lianas as highlighted below;
I. Funtumia africana and Craibia brownii indicate past disturbance according to
(Mutangah 1996).
II. Polyscias fulva and Alangium chinese mainly grow in gaps and along disturbed
forest edges and therefore an indicator of gaps or disturbance (Althof, 2005).
III. Diaspyros abyssinica and Strychnos usambarensis are considered a climax
species of mature old forest.
IV. The occurrence of adult specimen of tree lianas species Stephania abyssinica,
Secamone punchulata and Smilax anceps in a forest indicate a young succession
stage.
V. In contrast the record of slow growing lianas species like Tiliacora funifera,
Culcasia falcifolia and Hippocratea africana indicates older climax stages. The
table below summarizes the disturbance indicator species.
Table 1.2 Indicator Species for disturbance of Kibiri forest
Life forms High disturbance Low disturbance
Lianas Stephania abyssinica Tiliacora funifera
Lianas Secsmone punchulata Culcasia falcifolia
Lianas Smilax anceps Hippocraeta Africana
Herbs Afromomum mala Impatiens stuhlmannii
Shrubs Acanthus pubscens Acanthus eminnens
Trees Polyscias fulva Diaspyros abyssinica
Trees Alangium Chinese Strychnos usambarensis
Source: Althof 2005
1.2.4.1.2 Plantation forest
Plantation forest in Kibiri covering 500Ha was initiated by the Kenya Forest Service to
provide wood for industrial development on sustainable yield. This is meant to provide
tangible benefits of the forest products to both the republic and local community in the
area. Kibiri forest plantation development began in 1968 with planting of Prunus
africana. Exotic species were then planted for production of timber, pulpwood, fuel
wood, poles. The main plantation tree species in Kibiri forest are Cupressus lusitanica,
Pinus patula, and Eucalptus saligna. There is also significant area under Bischofia
javonica.
1.2.4.1.3 Riverine indicators
These are the flora species that tend to indicate water conditions in the environment
therefore are water indicators species. Some of these species that are found within
Kibiri include Ficus sur, Ficus lutea, Polyscias fulva.
1.2.4.1.4 Deep forest flora species
The area had a Canopy of about 40m in height with about 85% projected foliage cover
(PFC). Although there was some open canopy due to illegal logging, the following tree
species are in the deep forest Craterer spermum, Ficus thoningii and Funtumia latifolia
1.2.4.1.5 Shrubs and invasive species
Shrub area had about 2.5 m in height with about 1% Projected Foliage Cover (PFC).
Shrubs and invasive species might have been introduced by human activities in the
forest. Common shrubs and invasive species found in Kibiri forest are Harungana
madagascariensis, Lantana trifolia, Lantana camara and Solanum incanum for more species refer to appendix 2.
1.2.4.2 Description of Fauna
Kibiri forest is part of the larger Kakamega Forest Ecosystem that is a rainforest habitat
that host unique animals that are found nowhere else in Kenya. Birds are numerous with
almost over 400 different species. The forest is also characterized by high insect
diversity. However, many animal groups have not yet been studied in depth, and this
applies particularly to insects and arachnids.
Some of the most common fauna found in Kibiri forest are: Blue Monkey –
Cercopithecus mitis; Black and White Colobus – Colobus guereza; Olive Baboon – Papio
anubis; Mountain Fruit Bat – Rousettus lanosus; Verreaux’s Eagle – Owl – Bubo lacteus;
Black-and-White-casqued Hornbill – Bycanistes subcylindricus; Pale Flycatcher –
Melaenornis pallidus; Montane Side-striped Chameleon – Chamaeleo ellioti;
Rhinoceros-horned Viper – Bitis nasicornis; Gaboon Viper – Bitis gabonica; Olive Sand
Snake – Psammophis mossambicus; Lineolate Blind Snake – Typhlops lineolatus; Spotted
Toad – Amietrophynus maculatus; Common Tree Frog – Hyperoliusviridiflavus; Jumping
spider – Menemerus congoensis. Hippopotamus seasonally come to the forest along
river Yala from Lake Victoria. These are just but a few of the animal species found in the forest. Refer to appendix 3 and 4. Pottos (Perodicticus potto ibeanus) are nocturnal
and much harder to detect. Baboons (Papio cynocephalus anubis) are also present in
some parts of the forest and are well known for crop destruction in the farms adjacent
to the forest.
The forest is also home to globally threatened bird species such as Turner's
Eremomela (Eremomela turneri) and Chapin's Flycatcher (Muscicapa lendu); a further
15 species are regionally threatened, and 46 species known in Kenya only from the
adjacent Kakamega forest. Most of these species are found in plantations of mixed
indigenous tree species. Many bird species are crucial for the forest ecosystem,
because most tree species depend on birds for seed dispersal. In this regard, the
Black-and-white-casqued Hornbill (Bycanistes subcylindricus) is an important species
for seed dispersal in Kibiri Forest. List of birds that were observed in Kibiri forest during survey are attached in appendix 5.
The forest is also home to butterflies, moths, dragonflies, ants, termites, beetles and
bees. The ants play an important ecological function of predation, scavenging and
seed dispersal. One such example is the army ant Dorylus (Anomma) wilverthi also
called ‘driver ant’ or ‘safari ant’. Termites also play the role of invertebrate
decomposers and have an impact on soil properties and nutrient cycling. Bees assist in
pollination that impacts plant demography, population genetics and plant community
composition.
1.2.5 Description of Ecotourism sites
The Forest is a unique sanctuary for many endemic insects, plants and birds not found
anywhere else, since it is the same ecosystem as the larger Kakamega forest. Between
10 to 20% of the animal species in the forest are unique to this forest. The huge variety
of birds, reptiles and insects make it a specialist potential for eco-tourism attraction for
bird watchers and wildlife photographers. Large mammals are, however, rare. Also,
the unique cultural practices of the neighboring communities and natural features
portray a great ecotourism potential. Community participation in ecotourism activities
in the forest can greatly contribute to its social and economic development, but only if
the activities are well planned, organized, coordinated and managed. Examples
include the cultural sites, the Tiriki Circumcision sites, sacred groves and shrines. The
Tiriki sacred forests are forest patches used mainly as circumcision sites by the Tiriki
sub-tribe of the Luhya community.
The Local community also has rich indigenous knowledge on the forest, which can be
of great value and interest to tourists. Community tour guiding can be a viable option
for ensuring that Ecotourism benefits the local community, if they are properly trained
and nurtured. Table 1.3 shows some proposed sites for ecotourism.
Table 1.3: Proposed sites for ecotourism
Name of site Current utilization Remarks
“Island” on R. Yala
Mushihirira
Settlement Although the area is outside
the gazzetted forest, it can still
be an attraction site
Waterfalls at Tindinyo
and Shiru
Studies done for hydro-
electric power generation
Potential for recreation as
waterfalls
Historically used for stone
milling of maize (turbines)
Part of it is situated in private
land and is recommended for
picnic site and promotion as a
monument.
Kapkatoi “Island” on R.
Yala with adjacent
waterfall
None Generation of power and
sport fishing, camping
Abandoned gold mines Dormant Proposed for nature trails
targeting the gold mines and
caves
Hippo and big trees in
Yala Nature Reserve
Biodiversity conservation Proposed nature trails
Boat rowing
(proposed)- Yala
None Proposed for development on
sections of River Yala (public
–private partnership)
Sport fishing- Yala
river
Currently done on
subsistence basis
Big fish exists but promotion
needs to be done
Cultural sites
(proposed)
Circumcision Proposed for ecotourism –
cultural centre proposed at
glade next to Forest station
Eco-lodge (proposed)
at Chevunyulu glade
near River Yala
None To be developed once
ecotourism is established.
1.3 DESCRIPTION OF FOREST RESOURCES
1.3.1 Stocking of the forest
Kibiri Forest is majorly indigenous forest with some areas under plantations. In the
early 70s part of the indigenous forest of Kibiri were cut to give room for tea zone but
later on the area was reforested with plantations of indigenous species mainly Prunus
africana and exotic trees such as Eucalyptus, Pines, Cypress & Bischofia javanica were
planted. Figure 1.6 shows map of Kibiri forest with the plantation areas highlighted and
as well as other forest resources in the forest.
Figure 1.6: Kibiri Forest Resources Map showing plantation areas
Source: KFS survey department
1.3.2 Non-wood forest products
Non-wood forest products that are being extracted from the forest by the local
communities are as follows:
Honey: this is harvested and used as food and a source of income. Beekeeping in Kibiri
has been practiced from time immemorial. The traditional beekeepers use simple
hives often made from hollowed logs. The empty hives are placed high up on trees,
become occupied by passing swarms and in due course are harvested by the
beekeepers. This method of honey harvesting may destroy the colony and result in a
poor yield of low quality hive products. However hives have improved with time which
allows harvesting without destroying the bees. Within the forest there is an apiary site
at Musasa next to Vihiga Ecosystem Conservator’s office with langstroth hives. Other
user groups also have apiaries in various parts of the forest. Beekeepers aim for the
highest grade of honey to maximize returns from beekeeping.
Mushrooms-Locally in Kibiri they are known as “Bwoba’’, within the forest mushrooms
grow in the wild especially in the glade area and collection of mushrooms takes place
during the months of March to May. Mushrooms are a valuable source of food and their
cultivation can be a viable small-scale business, but investing in a mushroom growing
scheme can be risky therefore feasibility study looking at potential markets and
supply chains should be done as well as production plan to ensure continuous
production is encouraged.
The forest also has traditional vegetables used as food especially during the dry
seasons. Some of vegetables found within the forest are: Cleome gynandra (tsisaka),
Corchorus olitorius (murere) (Inderema), Solanum nigram (lisutsa), Nirunda,
likhuvayiga, Shirietso, etc.
Wild fruits such as guavas are also used as food;
Ropes are extracted from shrubs such as Dombeya spp. and are used for thatching
grass houses.
Medicinal herbs are being extracted in the forest from small plants to big trees that
include: Croton megalocarpus, Prunus africana (Mwiritsa), Trichilia emetica,
Zanthoxylum gilletii. Barks, leaves, roots and seeds of these mentioned trees have
medicinal properties used in treating various diseases. Another famous medicinal
plant is Mondia whytei which is a slow growing vine that used to be abundant in Kibiri
Forest but is now getting scarce. Main threat to the species has been over exploitation
by local communities for subsistence and commercial purposes. The main threats to
mondia farming are over exploitation. Mondia is used as a traditional remedy to
improve appetite and libido. In areas where it is used medicinally, the most commonly
cited use is as an aphrodisiac and an antidepressant. It is currently being harvested
unsustainably from the wild and this could advocate for planting Mondia at own farm
Figure 1.7: Bee keeping project run by the Kibiri CFA
level. Community members adjacent to the forest could cultivate Mondia to meet the
increasing demand. Within the forest it is harvested in Yala nature reserve. Value
addition is recommended through processing into powder and other forms followed
by packaging. Mondia whytei roots are sold in other towns in Kenya.
Glades are utilized as grazing areas and a source of thatching grass. Kibiri forest has
two major glades that include Jidereri and Kamulembe glades. Glades are thought to
have been originated due to the edaphic situation, the climatic conditions in history or
the anthropogenic influence. Some glades were dominated by pseudo termites which
is the indicator of natural glades. Kenya Forest Service had tried to grow indigenous
trees such as Olea capensis, Prunus africana and Harungana madagascarensis in the
glade but their attempts were unsuccessful. This could imply that the soil cover the
marrum rock is too thin to provide enough drainage and depth to support trees.
Sand/ Murram which are used for construction purposes, mining takes place along
River Yala.
Water: the forest is a water catchment for several streams and River Yala which
provide water for the community and institutions in the locality. People with livestock
depend on the water from these streams for drinking and domestic use.
Other non-wood forest products include: Soil for smearing mud walls, Clay for
pottery, Gold from abandoned pits, Palm leaves, Grass for livestock and thatching,
Wild Cocoons for butterfly rearing, Crippers for cultural rituals during circumcision,
and Seeds and wildings for tree nurseries.
1.3.3 Forest infrastructure and equipment
This section deals with the various infrastructure and equipment in Kibiri Forest. These
include: roads, firefighting equipment and fire towers, vehicles, buildings, CFA office,
dispensary, power (electricity), water, bridges and culverts, machinery e.g. tractors,
office furniture and tree nursery.
Roads: Roads in Kibiri are fairly maintained although during rainy periods some
become impassable. The forest road network covers about 23km. Road connecting
from Chavakali – Kapsabet highway to the station is all-weather road maintained by
Kenya Rural Roads Authority, but the roads within the station which are supposed to be
maintained by KFS are in a dilapidated state. Some of the roads lack connecting
bridges (only temporal ones exist). Some of the roads are impassable especially
during rainy season. The roads are affected by a lot of soil erosion and cattle ruts.
There are a few bridges and the existing bridges are in poor condition, while on the
other hand, some sections of the minor roads that cross rivers/streams require
bridges. The status of the roads in the station is as presented in table 1.4.
Table 1.4: Status of forest roads in Kibiri
Road Approx. length
(Km)
Status
1 Musasa- station- Muyer 8 Poor inside forest
2 Yala- Makuchi 3 Poor, Lacks connecting bridge
3 Yala- Kamulembe 4 Poor, Lacks connecting bridge
4 Yala- Siekuti 3 Poor, Lacks connecting bridge
5 Station- Matangi-Yala 8 Poor
6 Matangi- Musunji- Kaptisi 8 Poor, Lack connecting bridge
TOTAL 34
Firefighting equipment: Historically, incidences of fire outbreaks have been relatively
low and the few that occur occasionally happen during the dry spell (December to
February).More often than not, the outbreaks are associated with those grazing in the
forest and those collecting honey from trees in the forest (not using modern methods of
honey harvesting). The forest station, however, does have any fire tower or firefighting
equipment. During fire incidences, the community members are mobilized to fight the
fire. Forest scouts will be handy to inform the authorities in case of outbreaks. A fire
tower is proposed at Maanzalala- Shigulu.
Vehicles: The station has one vehicle and a tractor that is aged and is frequently
grounded and has high maintenance and operation costs. The vehicle is supplemented
with motorbikes from the Ecosystem Conservator’s office and the CFA. These also
require frequent maintenance and can be easily written off as not road-worthy. The
vehicle can only serve within the county and the neighboring counties but cannot do
long distance due to the aforementioned reasons. The CFA has two motorbikes
donated by Nature Kenya purchased through GEF/UNDP Project. These are shown in
the figure 1.8 below during their handing over.
Electricity: Kibiri forest station is within the main electricity grid but so far
electrification has not been effected to the forest station. The transformer is within the
600m range.
Communication: Kibiri forest station is well served with the main mobile service
providers’ network although some areas of the forest do not receive good network
coverage. There is no infrastructure for radio communication and the security system
uses mobile cell phones for communication. There is also need for modern
communication gadgets.
Buildings: Most buildings in the forest are ancient and require rehabilitation or
overhaul. The buildings are inadequate (numbers), especially staff houses. For the
residential buildings there are two permanent housing units and four temporary ones.
They are all in poor state, worn out, lacking paint, and leaking roofs.
For non-residential buildings, there is one office block which has the forester’s office,
Forest rangers office with an armory room, clerical office and a store. The station has
one temporary pit latrine which is in poor condition.
Figure 1.8: Nature Kenya handing over Motorbikes to Kibiri CFA for forest
protection
Figure 1.9a: Plate on Kibiri Forest Station Office Block
Equipment and Office furniture: The CFA has one computer with accessories, office
desk, chairs, cabinet but all these are stationed in a rented office due to lack of
electricity and security within the station. Furniture in the KFS office is old and requires
replacement.
Figure 1.10: Kibiri CFA officials trying out a computer with
accessories & office furniture donated by Nature Kenya
Figure 1.9b: Forest Rangers at Musunji outpost
Water: The forest is endowed with many streams, which the community fetch water for
domestic use and for their animals. The forest staffs also make use of these streams and
rely on rain water for domestic use and other uses within the station (e.g. tree
nurseries). There is no connection to the main water supply.
Health Services: The forest has no health facility but there are a number of health
facilities (mainly private) distributed around the forest. Kaimosi Mission Hospital is the
largest health facility closest to the forest and is about 10Km from the forest station.
1.3.4 Human resources
Kibiri forest station has the following work force as indicated in table 1.4 below:
Table 1.5: Human resources at Kibiri Forest Station
Category In place Proposed Variance
Forest station Manager 1 1 0
Assistant Forest station Manager 0 1 1
Forest guards 13 20 7
Nursery workers 3 10 7
Support staff 2 5 3
Clerks 0 1 1
Driver 0 2 2
Store man 0 1 1
Community scouts 13 20 7
The Forest Station Manager and Forest rangers have undergone training in their areas
of operation. Tree Nursery workers and support staff have undergone basic training in
their areas of operation and refresher courses are highly recommended. Community
forest scouts have received training from GEF/UNDP and CDTF funded projects but
there is need to train seven community forest scouts and they should be provided with
first aid kits, gumboots and raincoats. Replacement of worn out uniform need to be
addressed and more advanced training in forest patrol is needed.
There is need to increase the current staff numbers as indicated in the table above;
most of the current staffs require further training in various aspects. Some of the
current staffs are approaching retirement age but most are below 40 years of age
though their motivation is low considering their working environment. There is need to
put emphasis on advancement in knowledge and skills by identifying the individual
skills required for continuous improvement. There is need to provide opportunities for
the staff to strengthen the skills required. There is need to improve the conditions at
their work place by providing the best tools, equipment and devices that enhance
their efficiency and productivity.
1.3.5 History of the forest
The forest covered most of the land with few settlements around the forest that
extended to Kakamega where Isukha people stayed & Nandi where the Nandi people
lived. The people who lived around Kibiri forest were Luhya tribe of the clan called
Vatirichi. There were no specific names given to the forest as a whole but different
parts of the forest were called names relating to the clans living around them.
However, one name that just referred to forest (which included the Nandi forest) is
Muliru. People mainly chose to settle in areas with fertile soils and abundance of wild
animals since most practiced farming and hunting. Some of the animals were not only
hunted for food but for cultural ceremonies. For instance, the black and white colobus
monkey was hunted for its skin that was worn by traditional circumcisers and
respected elders.
Before the colonial era, the forest was mainly used for cultural festivals and other forms
of exploitation were not allowed. The common use of the forest by the community was
hunting of wild animals, fruit and vegetable gathering. Some harvested honey mainly
from natural hives (bees made hives in trunks of trees or underground). Herbal
medicine was practiced by some clans but only medicine men were allowed to collect
herbal medicine after performing some ritual. It was not open for everyone.
In 1902 the first missionaries settled at Kaimosi, (these were from Germany). They
fenced off the Kaimosi area and started planting trees and introduced Eucalyptus. They
introduced an artificial forest and a farm to upgrade the local breeds of animals. Later
on they introduced education programmes which they implemented alongside the
church, thus the community moved closer. More whites come in from America and
Britain. These altered the original boundaries while working out roads.
In 1914 First World War started between the Germany & British and many programmes
were disrupted. After the First World War, the Germans left leaving behind
missionaries from America & Britain.
In 1920’s the British missionaries, in a meeting at Musasa, asked the community about
the ownership of the land at Kibiri, which by then, was known as “Ijevukung’u” or
“Ijivili”, because there were two big Eucalyptus trees that would be seen from a far
distance, and it was a source of two rivers running to different directions. The Tiriki old
men told him that the big forest was no-man’s land but was for culture and the future
generations.
The white men asked the community to identify someone who would help conserve the
forest on behalf of the community. One old man called Nandwa was chosen to allow the
preserve it for the future utilization of the Tirilki children’s, but meanwhile they be
allowed to use the place for protecting the trees.
In 1932 Nandwa and another Mzee called Shidungu from Isukha (Kakamega) were
asked to survey only places where farming could not do well, and also could be
protected as water catchments. That is why the boundaries are not straight. After
surveying the forest, marks were put in all corners; later trees (Eucalyptus) were
planted all-round the forest. By 1934 and all those staying in the marked areas were
asked to move from there and settle where other people were.
To evacuate the forest inhabitants, they were cheated that the forest was to be sprayed
with insecticides to eliminate tsetse flies (locally called Visimbiri) that spread
diseases. The white men who joined in later were not missionaries but were workers
who were running away from the war.
Between 1934 and 1935 despite the arrangements there was Gold prospecting in the
forest. And most young men were recruited to join mining company that came from
Kakamega, Rosters mines. Logging was introduced, and the logs transported to mining
areas, and in return, the community was allowed to cultivate in the areas where trees
had been cut. The community was also allowed to access whatever they wanted in the
forest but not to live in the forest. Hunting for bush meat was allowed provided one was
working with the mining company. The white men asked the community leaders
(called Walugongo), to fine offenders, whenever they were found. They were fined
meat by the village leaders, later it was two shillings (KSh.2/=). Walugongo was a
community leader who was at the level of the present-day Assistant Chief.
After the Second World War, in 1945, the white men recruited Forest Rangers from the
community to take much control over the forest, as they continued with mining and
prospecting. In 1946, since logging was too high, the rangers enforced orders by
arresting whoever was found in the forest, except those cultivating in the cleared
areas. In some cases the White men would spray finger millet grown by the local
community with drugs to prohibit germination.
Mining continued until 1960’s when the Mau Mau war erupted in some parts of the
country. Kaimosi area was not affected by this war to a great extent except that there
was forced labour in the mining areas. After independence, the Kenyan Government
took over Forest protection. The community continued to utilize the Forest but some
people went back to their places since the remaining whites became friendly.
However, the Kenyan Government stopped the community from settling in the forest
and forcefully evacuated them. However, cultivation was still being done at a fee.
Surveying was done by the Government to mark the forest area. In 1969 forest
cultivation was introduced at Chevunyulu area, and the community was allowed to pay
some money to plough in the forest. At this time the Government introduced exotic
species in the forest to replace the indigenous trees. The community did not like it but
force was used.
In 1970 the following areas were marked for cultivation: Lusiola, Shiru and Musasa. In
1972 Imesuluri area was marked which was followed by Imesitsi in 1974. Between 1985
and 1988 there was logging of exotic trees – Cyprus, pine and eucalyptus by
companies from outside the area and cultivation went on. Within this period, people
were settled from other areas to create room for the expansion of schools, district
headquarters and other social amenities. This was mainly politically motivated.
Logging was, however, stopped in 1988.
In 1990 survey for Nyayo Tea Zone was done though the tea was not planted. These
areas were later on opened up between 1992 and 1995 for community cultivation along
the forest boundaries. Cultivation in the forest was officially authorized in 2013 under
PELIS programme whereby the CFA organized community members to cultivate crops
as they establish and tend young plantations in clear-felled areas.
1.4 THREATS AND CONSTRAINTS
1.4.1 Threats
Kibiri Forest is a critical habitat for endemic, rare, threatened and endangered species
that include birds, mammals, snakes and plants. Considerable resources and efforts
have been invested in improving the management of the Kibiri forest in the past years.
Although some successes have been achieved, tremendous threats and pressures on
the forest still remain. Some of the threats include;
The depletion of forest resources and degradation: These are mainly compounded
by problems of charcoal burning, timber poaching, over grazing and grazing in young
plantations; debarking especially in pine plantations while looking for resins.
Encroachment: some of the local communities where their farms bordering the forest
have interfered with the forest boundary mainly at Kamulembe, Shaviringa, Kaptisi,
Shiru, Kapkatoi and Musunji areas. The most affected areas are where they were
excised but have not been formally degazzetted.
Poor attitude towards forest conservation and protection by some members of the
community who still engage in destructive activities and poor land use practices
Human– wildlife conflicts: Farms bordering the forest usually suffer crop loss by
animals such as baboons and monkeys. Some community members react by hunting
down these problematic animals leading to constant conflicts. Figures 11a, b and c
show some of the evidence of threats to the forest.
Figure 1.11a: Debarked pine in forest plantation
Figure 1.11b: Charcoal kiln being destroyed in Kibiri forest
Figure 1.11c: Unauthorized livestock grazing in young
plantation
1.4.2 Management constraints
The main management constraints include;
Inadequate personnel and training: There is need to recruit drivers, a clerical officer,
a storekeeper and community forest scouts to address role overlap and to improve on
service delivery and customer satisfaction.
Inadequate office facilities: Within the forest station there is one office block that is ill
equipped with very poor pit latrine. The CFA has a rented office with computer and its
accessories at Kamulembe.
Inadequate staff housing: There is no forester’s house within the station but Kenya
Forest Service rangers live in houses that are in poor state, worn out, and lacking paint.
Lack of necessary and appropriate buildings and equipment: the forest station
lacks adequate building and amenities to make the staff comfortable and efficient it
their work. There is in no electric power to the station and the road network is in a
dilapidated state. There is no piped water system and there is heavy reliance on rain
water and water from streams/rivers. The station also lacks adequate transport and
communication means to respond to emergencies such as forest fire outbreaks or
illegal activities.
1.5 VALUE OF THE FOREST
The forest is of high value to the neighbouring community, government and the
international community. Some of the values of the forest are:
1.5.1 Watershed
The forest is an important watershed for some of the rivers that flow into Lake Victoria,
especially the River Yala. The forest is part of the Lake Victoria Basin River Yala is the
major river that passes through the forest on its way to Lake Victoria. It originates from
the Nandi escarpments and as is passes through Kibiri forest several streams feed it.
These tributaries in Kibiri include; Itsava, Mwala, Yordan, Malovi Sirwa, Lurungula,
Ishianda and Igiviri streams. The forest adjacent community fetches water for domestic
use and for their animals from the forest.
1.5.2 Biodiversity reservoir
Kibiri Forest is part of the Kakamega Forest Ecosystem hence is an Important Bird Area
(IBA), has endemic flora and fauna and its one of the remaining tropical moist forest.
1.5.3 Eco-tourism
Kibiri Forest is a potential eco-tourism area, there are a number of attraction sites in
the forest which visitors can visit these include waterfalls, historic and cultural mining
and cave sites and Tiriki Cultural Shrines. The forest has similar characteristics of that
of Kakamega forest block hence good for bird watching, nature walks and night walk
to view the nocturnal wildlife
1.5.4 Research and Education Values
Several research studies have been carried out in the forest by research institutions
and Universities. The forest is still rich for research due to its uniqueness.
1.5.5 Other values of the forest
Other values of the forest include;
• aesthetic value to the people,
• supports tea belt,
• regulates microclimate that supports agricultural activities in the area,
• unique fauna and flora, it is one of the Important Bird Area (IBA)
• provision of fuelwood, timber, poles and non-wood forest products
CHAPTER 2.0 SOCIO-ECONOMIC DESCRIPTION
2.1 INTRODUCTION
This section describes the social, economic and cultural characteristics of the
community adjacent and dependent on Kibiri forest. Amongst the community socio-
economic attributes captured include: household and family sizes, education levels,
employment status and types, average daily household expenditure, average
monthly income, main sources of income amongst other socio-economic aspects of
the community members. Dependence on the forest by the community was also
assessed together with other benefits associated with forest resources. All these
were assessed in relation to Kibiri forest.
2.2 KIBIRI FOREST ADJACENT COMMUNITY
Most of the communities belong to the Tiriki Sub-Tribe of the wider Luyha tribe of
Western Kenya. There are also minority migrant communities of Maragoli and Idakho
sub-tribes, and the Luo who settled or married in the area.
The general ethnic composition of the Kibiri community the Tirikis (92%) and minority
Maragoli and Idaho sub-tribes of the Luyha Tribe(6%); and Luo (2%) .Kibiri region is
considered Tiriki ancestral land and the minority Maragoli and Idakho may have been
immigrants from other areas who bought land and settled. The household size of Kibiri
community ranges from 1-13 members.
Most of Kibiri community households are male-headed (72.2%) while 26.6% are
female- headed, this indicates that major decisions are made by men at the family
level. There is need to mainstream and empower women on all aspects that affect their
livelihood and general wellbeing. These was confirmed by the gender of the survey
respondents that indicated that male respondents were higher (65%) compared to
female respondents at 35%. This was attributed to other activities like tending the
farms, collecting firewood, fetching water from the streams or doing small-scale
business in the shopping centers or market places.
2.3 EDUCATIONAL CHARACTERISTICS
The literacy levels were high in the community, with a high number of community
members attaining class 8 (78%) and 22% having reached at least secondary level
(Figure 2.1). This was attributed to poverty and cultural issues that denied the
community access to educational advancement.
Figure 2.1: Literacy level in Kibiri
2.4 WELL-BEING CATEGORY AND DESCRIPTION OF ECONOMIC
ACTIVITIES
The Kibiri community grouped their members according to the following wealth
categories; very rich (A) rich (B), poor (C) and very poor (D). The majority of the
community members were in category C and D (figure2.2) .This categorization
found the utilization of the forest to be more by the poor and very poor to meet
their livelihood needs.
Figure 2.2 Well-being categories in Kibiri
In terms of occupation and livelihood characteristics, most communiy members
are subsistence farmers (46%), engagaed as casual workers (23%) and domestic
house workers (19%). Quite a few are engaged in business/trade (6%)and
registered wage earners in governmant or private establishments (5%). The
region is endowed with good soils and climate that is conducive to agriculture
hence the large number engaged in subsistence farming. Due to the small land
sizes, very few keep cattle. The high poverty has resulted in the low number
engaged in wage employment.
The main cash crop grown is tea, especially among the very poor and poor wealth
categories, while mixed farming for subsistence is prefered among the very poor,
rich, poor and very poor categories. However, the very rich and rich grow very
little sugarcane and tea, and practise mixed farming. This may suggest that they
have other income streams other than cash crops, probably indicating
engagement in business, transport, services or real estate ventures.
The preferred subsistence crops in Kibiri were maize, beans, and bananas. Other
crops were onions, sweet potatoes and cassava. Average land owning is 1 – 3
acres per household
2.5 COMMUNITY FOREST PRODUCT UTILIZATION
2.5.1 Access to forest land
The community does not have access to forest land for cultivation for all wealth
categories. There is need to strengthen CFAs and fast track PELIS programme by
KFS to enable access to forestland for adequate community participation. Other
utilization of the forest include; grazing, sand harvesting, medicinal plants,
harvesting woody products.
2.5.2 Main uses of trees
The main uses of trees in the community are for timber, firewood, poles ,fruits
and herbs (81%). However, most respondents (75%) indicated that demand was
not adequately met from the forest and pointed to other sources of the products
includingown farmlands or purchase .
2.5.3 Main types of energy sources
Generally, firewood is used for cooking and lighting by about 86% of the
community.with use paraffin, gas and charcoal (13%) for their energy needs
while 1% uses elecricity.There is over reliance on fuelwood energy hence the
need to promote energy-saving interventions aimed at efficient utilization of
existing sources. The main sources of fuelwood is the forest (46%) and collection
from the farmlands (39%). Other sources are sawdust (5%), market (5%) and
bought from individuals (5%).
The type of fuelwood is mainly dry collected from fallen trees (65%). Others are
collected from felled trees that have dried (25%). A small proportion is obtained
from wet, cut and pruned trees (4%).
The main sources of charcoal are bought from individuals (53%), from the market
(25%) and farmlands (20%). A small proportion (2%) is obtained from the forest
indicating increasing awareness by the community on conservation of the forest.
The average fuelwood consumption was found to be 1-2 headloads/stacks per
week (82%). Others consummed 3-4 headloads/stacks per week (17%) and more
than 6 headloads/stacks per week (1%); these are mainly small scale hotels and
eateries
2.5.3.1 Tree species used for firewood
The most preffered firewood species are mainly Eucalyptus, Polyscias fulva and
Croton spp. (Misutsu) (62%), followed by Celtis africana (Shunza), Vitex keniensis
(Muhulu). Very few people preffered exotic species, mainly cypress and pines.
2.5.3.2 Awareness on Energy Saving Jikos
Awareness on Energy Saving Jikos (ESJs) is high across all wealth categories.
However, there exist some lack of awareness on the same though in small proportions.
The very rich and very poor wealth categories were not frequently using enegry
saving jikos. However, some rich, poor and very poor used ESJs, though in small
percentage as shown in figure 2.3. Those who responded (Yes) means they are aware
of ESJs and (No) are not aware of ESJs.
Figure 2.3 Usage of energy saving jikos by well-being categories
Some of the notable challenges experienced while using devices were: capacity
of the devices was small, there was lack of awareness on the ESJs and the
equipments were not durable.
2.5.4 Frequency of forest visits
The community visited the forest daily at 34% while weekly visits were (40%)
while 19% have never visited the forest .this shows that a majority of the
community members depend on the forest for their livelihood needs.
Community members visited the forest for the following forest products and
services:
• Grazing
• Collection of water
• Harvest honey
• Collect fuel wood
• Collect medicinal plants
• cultural services
• Collect timber
• Cut poles and posts
• Socio-cultural utilization of the forest e.g. Initiation
• Sand
• Collection of wildlings
• Fruits
• Silk worm
• Mushrooms
2.5.5 Benefit from the forest
Most of the community members who have never benefitted from the forest gave
suggestions on the pottential products and services that would be important to
include as : protection for water catchment (54%), ecotourism (17%) and
utilisation of forest products (9%). The solution they suggested to reduce
deforrestation was through the promotion and use of energy saving devices(8%)
CHAPTER 3.0 STAKEHOLDER ANALYSIS
Stakeholders play various important roles in the management and utilization of
resources in Kibiri forest. The important stakeholders range from local groups,
government institutions, Non-governmental organizations, research institutions,
private companies and the county governments. The integration and good
working relationship of different stakeholders would ensure:
• Resource ownership
• Promotion of environmental accountability
• Collective decision making
• Sustained long-term resource management on sustainable basis
• Strengthened social security, respected traditional user-rights and access
Table 3.1 Stakeholders identified as the key implementers of the plan
Name of stakeholder Roles and responsibility Remarks
Category: Primary
Kenya Forest Service Forest management
Policy formulation, Enforcement
of the Forest Act 2005
Awareness and sensitization
Financing operations and
resource mobilisation
Licensing of access and use of
forests
Monitoring and Evaluation
Ecotourism development in the
forest
Key implementer of the
PFMP with Community
Community (Kibiri
CFA)
Protection (community scouts)
Conflicts resolution
Raising seedling and tree
planting
Community mobilization
Resource mobilization
Sensitization and awareness
Manage IGAs (ecotourism etc)
Key stakeholder in
partnership with KFS.
CFA to sign FMA with
KFS
NGOs interested in
conservation
Financial support to IGAs Relevant NGOs
NEMA Enforcement of EMCA 1999
Awareness creation on
Regulation of environmental laws
Kenya Wildlife Service Protection of wildlife
Human-wildlife conflicts
Key stakeholder
Name of stakeholder Roles and responsibility Remarks
resolution
Enforcement of Wildlife
Conservation and Management
Act 2013
Wildlife enterprise licensing
County Government of
Vihiga
Financial support
Community mobilization
Key stakeholder
Category: Secondary
Research Institutions
eg. KEFRI
Research, information
dissemination and capacity
building
KEFRI
Ministry of
Agriculture, Livestock
and Fisheries
Promote modern and
appropriate crop and livestock
production practices
Ministry of Agriculture,
Livestock and
Fisheries is now under
the County
Government
Private sector Rehabilitation
Co-financing
Consumers of forest products
Support the
implementation of FMP
Programmes
WRMA and WRUAs Conservation of water
catchments
Enforcement of water Act 2002
Education (awareness creation)
Advice on proper
management of water
resources
Institutions (Learning
and faith-based)
Research
Awareness
Formation of environmental
clubs
Channel for information
dissemination and
environmental
curriculum
Ministry of Interior
and National
Coordination
Mobilization
Maintenance of law and order
Conflict resolution and
management
Ministry of Interior and
National Coordination
Forest Adjacent
Community
Undertake forest conservation
Utilizing the forest resources
National Land
Commission
Issuance of the land title deeds
including forest land
Custodians of the public lands
CHAPTER 4.0 MANAGEMENT OBJECTIVES AND PLAN COSIDERATIONS
This Participatory Forest Management Plan for Kibiri forest offers an opportunity for the
local community and other stakeholders to get involved in planning, management and
utilization of the forest with the aim of improving livelihoods, ecosystem health and
equitable resource distribution. This plan will ensure:
• Conservation goals are attained with minimum conflicts between the managing
institutions, the communities and the other stakeholders involved.
• Inclusion of the forest adjacent communities through the CFA and the other
stakeholders in decision making.
• Livelihood improvement.
• Resource distribution
• Sustainable forest management
4.1 VISION
To be the best co –managed, developed and sustainably utilized forest in Kenya
4.2 OVERALL OBJECTIVE
To enhance participatory approach in the management of Kibiri forest to achieve the
desired socio-economic, environmental benefits to the people.
Specific objectives
1. Contribute to poverty reduction, employment creation and improvement of
livelihoods through sustainable use, conservation and management of forests and
trees.
2. Contribute to sustainable land use through soil, water and biodiversity conservation,
and tree planting through the sustainable management of forests
3. Promote the participation of the private sector, communities and other stakeholders
in forest management to conserve water catchment areas.
4. Promote forest extension to farmers to produce timber, wood-fuel and other forest
products for income and ease pressure on forests.
5. Promote forest research, training and education to ensure vibrant forest ecosystems.
4.3 PLAN CONSIDERATIONS
4.3.1 Policies and Legal Framework
Sustainable conservation and management of Kibiri forest will depend on the accurate
situation analysis, the enabling policy and legislative framework and the management
measures put in place to redress challenges facing the forest. The government’s
commitment to conserve and sustainably manage natural resource is clear and has
been demonstrated through promotion of awareness creation and enactment of
various laws and implementation of relevant policies.
4.3.1.1 Kenya Constitution 2010
Chapter 6 (Bill of rights) Section 67 of the Constitution gives every person the right to:
(a) A clean and safe environment;
(b)Have the environment protected, for the benefit of present and future generations,
through legislative and other measures that—
(i)prevent pollution and ecological degradation;
(ii) Promote conservation; and
(iii) Secure ecologically sustainable development and use of natural resources; and
This constitution enshrines a number of rights that every citizen enjoys, one of which,
in Section 42, is to have the environment protected for the benefit of present and future
generations through legislative and other measures. Under Section 69, the Constitution
also obligates the State in respect of the environment to:
a) ensure sustainable exploitation, utilisation, management and conservation of the
environment and natural resources, and ensure the equitable sharing of accruing
benefits;
b) work to achieve and maintain a tree cover of at least ten per cent of the land area of
Kenya;
c) protect and enhance intellectual property in, and indigenous knowledge of,
biodiversity and the genetic resources of the communities;
d) encourage public participation in the management, protection and conservation of the
environment;
e) protect genetic resources and biological diversity; f) establish systems of environmental impact assessment, environmental audit and
monitoring of the environment;
g) eliminate processes and activities that are likely to endanger the environment; and
h) Utilise the environment and natural resources for the benefit of the people of Kenya.
4.3.1.2 Forests Act, 2005
There are various sections of this Act that provide for guidelines and opportunites for
participatory forest management and conservation. These provisions allow for the
Director KFS with the approval of the Board to enter into an agreement with any person
for joint management of any forest which may enjoin such person to use or refrain from
using such forest or any part thereof in a particular manner in order to ensure the
conservation of biodiversity. The Act also allows a member of a forest community
together with other members or persons resident in the same area, to register a
community forest association under the Societies Act, which may apply to the Director
for Permission to participate in the conservation and management of a state forest or
local authority forest in accordance with the provisions of this Act. Where there is no
management plan in respect of the area, or where the association proposes that there
be a new management plan, the application shall be accompanied by a draft
management plan.
The Forests Act, 2005 is the guiding legislation in forestry sector. There is also a draft
forest policy, 2014 that has guided forestry in Kenya.
4.3.1.3 Sessional Paper No 1 of 2007 on Forest Policy
The objectives of the Draft forest policy are to:-
(a) Contribute to poverty reduction, employment creation and improvement of
livelihoods through sustainable use, conservation and management of forests
and trees;
(b) Contribute to sustainable land use through soil, water and biodiversity
conservation, and tree planting through the sustainable management of forests
and trees;
(c) Promote the participation of the private sector, communities and other
stakeholders in forest management to conserve water catchment areas, create
employment, reduce poverty and ensure the sustainability of the forest sector;
(d) Promote farm forestry to produce timber, woodfuel and other forest products;
(e) Promote forest extension to enable farmers and other forest stakeholders to
benefit from forest management approaches and technologies; and
(f) Promote forest research, training and education to ensure a vibrant forest
sector.
The Act provides for the establishment, development, sustainable management,
utilization as well as conservation of forest resources for the socio-economic
development of the country while taking into account that:-
Under the Act, Kenya Forest Service was established to spearhead forestry
development in the country. The Service collaborates with other agencies in
promoting sustainable forest management and enforcing forest-related laws, rules and
regulations in the country..
The Forests Act provides for stakeholder participation in forest management. It
recognizes Community Forest Associations (CFAs) as major stakeholders in the
management and conservation of forests and provides for their participation through
joint management agreements, as well as representation in Forest Conservation
Committees. Joint management arrangements will be developed to ensure
communities benefit, while protecting the forest estate for purposes of water, soil and
bio-diversity conservation, carbon sequestration and sustainable production of wood
and non-wood forest products.
4.3.1.4 Sessional Paper No. 6 of 1999 on Environment and Development
Every person in Kenya is entitled to a clean and healthy environment and has a duty to
safeguard and enhance the environment. As envisioned in the paper, Kenya should
strive to move along the path of sustainable development which aims at meeting the
needs of the current generation without compromising the ability of the resource base
to meet those of future generations. The overall goal is hence to integrate
environmental concerns into the national planning and management processes and
provide guidelines for environmentally sustainable development.
The draft environmental policy is geared towards sound environmental management
for sustainable development. This is envisaged in the principle of prudent use, which
requires that the present day usage should not “compromise the needs of the future
generations”.
The policy envisages the use of the “polluter pays principle”, where one is expected
to make good any damage made to the environment.
The policy aims at integrating environmental aspects into national development plans.
The broad objectives of the national environmental policy include:
• Optimal use of natural land and water resources in improving the quality of
human environment;
• Sustainable use of natural resources to meet the needs of the present
generations while preserving their ability to meet the needs of future
generations;
• Integration of environmental conservation and economic activities into the
process of sustainable development; and
• Meet national goals and international obligations by conserving bio-
diversity, arresting desertification, mitigating effects of disasters, protecting
the ozone layer and maintaining an ecological balance on earth.
4.3.1.5 The National Land Policy
The National Land Policy adopted by the cabinet as Sessional Paper No. 3 of 2009,
acknowledges environmental problems faced by Kenya. These include degradation of
natural resources such as forests, wildlife, water, marine and coastal resources as well
as soil erosion and the pollution of air, water and land. In its section 129 the policy
provides for ecosystem protection, urban environment management, environmental
assessment and audits to be undertaken to conserve and manage the environment.
4.3.1.6 Environmental Management and Coordination Act (EMCA), 1999
Environmental Management and Co-ordination Act No. 8 of 1999, provide a legal and
institutional framework for the management of the environmental related matters. It is
the framework law on environment.
The main objectives of the Act are to:
• Provide guidelines for the establishment of an appropriate legal and
institutional framework for the management of the environment in Kenya;
• Provide a framework legislation for over 70 statutes in Kenya that contain
environmental provisions; and
• Provide guidelines for environmental impact assessment, environmental
audit and monitoring, environmental quality standards and environmental
protection orders.
• Enforce compliance with the provisions of the act.
Under EMCA there are various regulations as follows:
a) The Environmental (Impact Assessment and Audit) Regulations, 2003
The regulation provides the basic procedures for carrying out Environmental Impact
Assessments (EIAs) and Environmental Audits (EAs).
b) Environmental Management and Coordination (Water Quality) Regulations, 2006
Regulation 8 of these regulations provides for compliance with water quality
standards.
c) Environmental Management and Coordination (Waste Management) Regulations,
2006
Part II, 4 (1) of the Regulations states that no person shall dispose of any waste on a
public highway, street, road, recreational area or in any public place except in a
designated receptacle.
4.3.1.7 Water Policy (Sessional Paper No. 1 of 1999) and Water Act 2002
The main objective of the water policy is the supply and the distribution of water
resources throughout Kenya. It recognizes that increased human activity in the
catchment areas has reduced forest cover and hence is a threat to water resources.
Water Act lays out a mechanism for development of a national water resources
management strategy, for the protection, management, use, development,
conservation and control of water resources. The national strategy shall encompass a
mechanism for determination of important water catchments as a link to the forest
sector. The strategy devolves the authority over the conservation of such catchment to
local stakeholders who manage the catchments in collaboration with the water
management authority, also established under the Act. The strength of this Act is in its
endeavor to promote participatory forest management in water catchment areas
through Water Resource Users Association (WRUAs). This is achieved through the
devolution of roles and responsibilities to the stakeholders.
In furtherance to the Water Act 2002, the Ministry of Water and Irrigation and Water
Resources Management Authority (WRMA) in collaboration with other stakeholders
prepared a set of regulations which were gazetted in September 2007 to give
guidelines on water permit acquisition and adherence to specified conditions and
enforcement of user fee charges.
4.3.1.8 County Governments Act, 2012
The Act empowers county governments to protect the environment and natural
resources with a view to establishing a durable and sustainable system of
development. In addition, the county governments are responsible for development
planning and control including the county spatial plans.
4.3.1.9 The Land Act, 2012
The Act in section 19 provides for conservation of land based natural resources. This is
executed through the National Land Commission.
4.3.1.10 Physical Planning Act (1996)
The Act provides for the preparation and implementation of physical development
plans and for connected purposes. Section 5 (1) f which state;
Require local authorities to ensure the proper execution of physical development
control and preservation orders.
It creates harmonious coexistence as it provides for:
� Planning for conservation
� Human settlements
� Planning for public utilities
� Planning for public purposes
� Planning for transportation
4.3.1.11 The Agriculture Act, CAP 318 (1955)
This is an Act of Parliament that promotes and maintains a stable agriculture, providing
for the conservation of the soil and its fertility and stimulates the development of
agricultural land in accordance with the accepted practices of good land management
and good husbandry.
4.3.1.12 The Agriculture (Farm Forestry) Rules, 2009
The objective and purpose of these Rules is to promote the establishment and
sustainable management of farm forestry for the purposes of maintaining a compulsory
farm tree cover of at least 10 percent of any agricultural land holding; conserving
water, soil and biodiversity; protecting riverbanks, shorelines, riparian and wetland
areas; sustainable production of wood, charcoal and non-wood products; providing
fruits and fodder; and carbon sequestration and other environmental services. The
rules require that every person who owns or occupies agricultural land shall establish
and maintain a minimum of 10 percent of the land under farm forestry which may
include trees on soil conservation structures or rangeland and cropland in any suitable
configurations provided that the species of trees or varieties planted shall not have
adverse effects on water sources, crops, livestock, soil fertility and the neighborhood
and should not be of invasive nature, and that no agricultural landowner or occupier
shall grow or maintain any Eucalyptus species in wetlands and riparian areas.
4.3.1.13 The Wildlife (Conservation and Management) Act 2013
The Wildlife (Conservation and Management) Act Cap 376 of the Laws of Kenya and the
1989 amendment is the Principal Act regulating wildlife conservation and management
in Kenya.
• The Act also establishes Kenya Wildlife Service (KWS) as the implementing agency.
• The Act provides protection, conservation and management of wildlife.
• This Act controls disturbance of animals and prohibit burning, damage to objects of
scientific interest, introduction of plants and animals and damage to structure are
prohibited.
• The Act supports environmental conservation.
• Wildlife is important in terms of economic growth.
• Kenya Wildlife Service has the mandate to conserve, offer security to wildlife, and
educate community on wildlife benefits and assessment of animal conservancies.
4.3.1.14 Tourist Industry Licensing Code (Cap 63)
Section 3 of this Act covers issues relating to license required for certain tourist
enterprises. Subsection 1 states that: No person shall on or after the appointed day
carry on, or assist in carrying on, any regulated tourist enterprise otherwise than under
and in accordance with the terms of a license issued to him and for the time being in
force.
Subsection 3 refers to carrying on an enterprise activity in subsection (1) of this section
includes negotiating, soliciting, canvassing or accepting business for that enterprise
and engaging in correspondence with a person who may become a customer of that
enterprise, or with the agent of such a person, concerning business of that enterprise.
4.3.1.15 Grass Fires Act, Cap 327
Section 3 of this Act prohibits the burning of vegetation without authority in the forest.
Subsection 1 states that: No person shall set fire to any vegetation which is not his
property unless he has lawful authority so to do. Subsection 2 further states that: No
person shall willfully or negligently kindle any fire which by spreading, may damage
or destroy the property of any other person.
4.3.1.16 Energy Act of 2006
This Act in Section 103:(Renewable energy)mainly promotes the development and use
of renewable energy technologies, including but not limited to biomass, biodiesel,
bioethanol, charcoal, fuel wood, solar, wind, tidal waves, hydropower, biogas and
municipal waste
4.3.2 Linkages with relevant existing planning documents
This plan has been developed in consideration of other existing planning documents.
4.3.2.1Links to Kenya Forest Service strategic plan 2009 to 2014 and Draft Strategic
Plan
The Kenya Forest Service strategic plan 2009 to 2014 details the direction of forest
conservation in Kenya. The plan is implemented through ecosystem based plans that
are implemented through the participatory forest management plans. This
management plan will contribute towards the strategic plan of KFS while still meeting
the needs of the Forest Adjacent Communities (FAC).
This management plan will also relate to the draft strategic plan 2015-2019 once it
becomes effective.
4.3.2.2 Millennium Development Goals (MDGs)-(Sustainable Development Goals
(SDG)
In September 2000, the United Nations general Assembly adopted the Millennium
Declaration on core development issues including development and poverty
reduction. Among the eight MDGs, goal number seven seeks to ensure Environmental
Sustainability and forests conservation is key to addressing this. These goals are
envisaged to be attained by the year 2015 that responds to the world’s main
development challenges.
Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) are a proposed set of targets relating to future
international development. The 17 goals by a UN General Assembly’s Open Working
Group are to replace the MDGs on expiry at the end of 2015. This plan will relate
directly to both Goal 13 ‘Take urgent action to combat climate change and its impacts’,
and goal 15 ‘Protect, restore and promote sustainable use of terrestrial ecosystems,
sustainably manage forests, combat desertification, and halt and reverse land
degradation and halt biodiversity loss’.
4.3.2.3 Kenya’s Vision 2030
Vision 2030 is the country’s new development blueprint covering the period 2008-
2030. It is based on 3 key pillars; Economic Pillar, Social Pillar, and Political Pillar. The
economic, social and political pillars of Kenya Vision 2030 are anchored on the
following foundations: macroeconomic stability; continuity in governance reforms;
enhanced equity and wealth creation opportunities for the poor; infrastructure;
energy; science, technology and innovation (STI); land reform; human resources
development; security and public sector reforms.
4.3.2.4 National Environment Action Plan (NEAP) 2009 – 2013 and Draft County
Environment Action Plan (CEAP) 2015-2019
The NEAP highlights priority themes and activities for the country towards achieving
sustainable development. Key highlights in the themes are Human settlements, human
and environmental health, human settlement and environmental pollution,
infrastructure, and energy supply.
Challenges include: averting land degradation; controlling air and water pollution;
preventing loss of biodiversity; maintenance of aesthetic values; radiation emissions;
enforcement of legislation; and solid and liquid waste management.
Proposed interventions in CEAP include: integration of environmental concerns into
projects, programmes and activities; enforce regulations; promote cleaner production
technologies; rehabilitation of degraded areas; control and mitigation of radiation
emissions; encourage public private partnership; encourage use of appropriate
building technologies and materials; and improvement of sanitary accommodation and
hygiene promotion.
4.3.3 Linkage with regional and international agreements and conventions
4.3.3.1 Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and
Flora (CITES)
Its aim is to ensure that international trade in specimens of wild animals and plants
does not threaten their survival and it accords varying degrees of protection to more
than 33,000 species of animals and plants.
4.3.3.2 Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD)
The Convention has three main goals:
1. conservation of biological diversity (or biodiversity);
2. sustainable use of its components; and
3. fair and equitable sharing of benefits arising from genetic resources
4.3.3.3 Rio Declaration on Environment
The Rio Declaration consisted of 27 principles intended to guide future sustainable
development around the world. Some of the relevant principles include;
Environmental Protection in the Development Process, Public Participation and
Indigenous Peoples.
4.3.3.4 Lake Victoria Basin Commission
The East African Community established the Lake Victoria Basin Commission in 2001
as a mechanism for coordinating the various interventions on the Lake and its Basin
and serving as a centre for promotion of investments and information sharing among
the various stakeholders. The commission envisages a broad partnership of the local
communities around the Lake, the East African Community and its Partner States as
well as the development partners. The commission’s activities are focusing on the
harmonization of policies and laws on the management of the environment in the Lake
and its catchment area, continuation of the environmental management of the Lake,
including control and eradication of the water hyacinth, management and conservation
of aquatic resources including fisheries, economic activities in the development of
fishing, industry, agriculture and tourism and development of infrastructure, including
revamping the transport system on and around the Lake.
The Commission further places emphasis on poverty eradication and the participation
of the local communities. It is expected to make a significant contribution towards
reduction of poverty by uplifting the living standards of the people of the Lake region.
This is to be achieved through economic growth, investments and sustainable
development practices that are cognizant of the environment.
4.4 PROBLEM ANALYSIS
Considerable resources and efforts have been invested in improving the management
of the Kibiri Forest Station in the past years. Although some successes have been
achieved, tremendous threats and pressures on the forest remain. The main source of
this pressure arises from the depletion of resources and degradation of the forest. The
major threats and pressures facing the forest are as follows:
• Inaccessibility to some of the parts of the forest where illegal activities are
happening this due to poor road network.
• Inadequate staffing, there are few rangers in comparable to the area to be covered.
• Inadequate Forest Rangers posts. The station has only three outposts manning an
area of 3,691.6 ha. There is a need of at least one extra outpost.
• There is no mechanisms in place for cost benefit sharing between the local
communities and KFS
• High population density and poverty level in the surrounding forest areas hence
exerting pressure in the forest
• Attitudinal change towards forest conservation by the Forest Adjacent dwellers
• Excisions – process not finalized through degazettement of the forest land
• High dropout of school going children rate who engage in illegal forest activities.
The management plan aims at addressing the above issues in addition to sustaining
forest management in the area.
4.7 FOREST MANAGEMENT AND UTILIZATION ZONATION
Kibiri forest was divided into various utilization and management zones through
participatory approach.
The table 4.1 shows the zones and the zones identified during the development of this
management plan and the criteria used in the zonation of Kibiri forest. Participatory
zonation ketch map done during the PFMP development is presented in Figure 4.1.
Figure 4.1: Community Kibiri Forest Zonation Sketch Map
Source: Kibiri PFMP Local Planning Team
Table 4.1 Rationale for Zoning
Zone Criteria Management
objective
Management
options
Responsible
body
Plantation
forest
Areas designated
for commercial
forest production
• Standing
plantation
• Backlog areas
Commercial
Production of wood
products
Commercial
production and
extraction of wood
and NWFP
-PFM
-PELIS
-Plantation
management
research
KFS, KEFRI,
NK
Natural
forest
a) Total protection
• Yala Nature
reserve
• Water
catchments
To Protect and
conserve unique
biodiversity and
water sources
• Nature based
enterprises
• Research and
education
KFS, KWS,
Community
Research
institutions
b) Conservation
area
• Degraded NF
areas
• Low
biodiversity
• Natural forest
not designated
for total
protection
Rehabilitate
degraded areas
and support
community
livelihood
• Rehabilitation
• Utilization NTFP
KFS, KWS,
Community,
Research
institutions,
NGOs
Glades Natural grasslands
areas
Sustainable
utilization • Controlled
grazing
• Controlled
grass cutting
• Some of the
glades can be
left for wildlife
utilization
(grazers)
KFS,
community
Interventio
n zone
Community
farmlands of up to
a maximum of 2 Km
from the forest
boundary
Promote tree
planting and IGAs
to reduce pressure
to the forest
On-farm tree
planting
-nature based
enterprises
Efficient fuel wood
use
Conservation
education
Community
participation
KFS, NGOs,
Community,
KEFRI,
Relevant
Govt line
Ministries,
private
sector
Kibiri Participatory Forest Management Plan 2015 – 2019 Page | 57
CHAPTER 5.0 MANAGEMENT PROGRAMMES
The management programmes describes the objectives, strategies, activities
and lead institution in each of the programme highlighted below.
5.1 NATURE RESERVE PROTECTION PROGRAMME
5.1.1 Background
Kibiri Forest has high diversity of both flora and fauna, some of which are
endemic, threatened and endangered. Ecological management programme is
therefore, necessary for the avoidance of disturbance to the ecological niche of
various flora and fauna species to prevent extinction of threatened and
endangered species present in the forest ecosystem. Many species of plants
and animals have become locally extinct and some though present are rare to
find. Some of the threatened animal species are birds such as Turner's
Eremomela (Eremomela turneri) and Chapin's Flycatcher (Muscicapa lendu);
dragon fly species such as Onychogomphus styx and Chlorocnemis pauli; and a
species of monkey such as Pottos (Perodicticus potto ibeanus).
In addition, Elgon Teak (Olea capensis) and Prunus africana are among the
threatened plant species. The KFS has therefore, zoned designated natural
forest as protection zone and core protection zone for conservation purposes.
These areas also act as water catchment areas for numerous streams that
originate from the forest and River Yala that passes through the forest which
forms part of the Lake Victoria North Catchment.
Forest protection deals with ensuring forest resources are not destroyed by
human, animals, fires, pests and diseases. The KFS has rangers who carry out
forest protection. However, it is difficult to patrol the expansive forest boundary
line, but with the community participating in protection, this task will become
more manageable.
The protection and conservation of these threatened species has provided
opportunities for ecological research and education. Awareness creation
among communities neighbouring the forest on the importance of protecting
and conserving these natural resources has been intensified. There is need to
embrace to the principle of Payment of Environmental Services (PES).
5.1.2 Management Challenges
Currently the forest faces the following challenges: encroachment by the
surrounding community; lack of attitude change towards forest conservation
and protection; and lack of comprehensive database (species, degraded and
vulnerable areas) on the status of the forest. Other challenges include absence
of programmes to save threatened, endangered, vulnerable or almost extinct
diversity species; and inadequate community involvement in endangered and
endemic species management of the forest.
Kibiri Participatory Forest Management Plan 2015 – 2019 Page | 58
The aforementioned are attributed to pressure on land due to increase in
population, poverty, and absence of clear guidelines on the engagement of
communities in the management of the forest. Similarly, the government
through the KFS has not put in place mechanisms for developing programmes
in forest management due to underfunding, inadequate staff and equipment,
insufficient capacity building of staff and research programmes, lack of
political good will and interference.
5.1.3 Programme Objectives
The objectives are as follows:
Objective 1: To enhance protection of key biodiversity in Yala Nature Reserve
and water catchments for sustained ecological service.
Objective 2: To build capacity of the community in wildlife and forest protection
and management
The actions to be take to address the above objectives are shown in Table 5.1
Figure 5.1: Plate on capacity building for Kibiri Community scouts
Kibiri Participatory Forest Management Plan 2015 – 2019 Page | 59
Table 5.1: Management interventions on Nature Reserve protection
programme
Management
objective
Activities/Actions Indicators Responsible
agency
Time
frame
1. To enhance
protection of key
biodiversity in Yala
Nature Reserve
and water
catchments for
sustained ecological service.
� Enhance organized
patrols and
surveillance by forest rangers and
community forest
guards against illegal activities, fires, pests
and diseases
� Patrol
schedules
� Patrol reports
KFS, CFA 2015-2019
� Identify and restrict access to areas with
threatened,
endangered and vulnerable species.
Declare some areas as refuge areas for the
treatment and
propagation of such species
� No. of threatened
species
identified
KFS, KWS, CFA , NMK & Research
institutions
2015-2019
� Promote payment for
Ecosystem services.
� IGAs initiated. County
Government,
KFS, NGOs, Private
2015-2019
� Delineating and
putting up a perimeter fence around Yala
nature reserve and
other biodiversity hotspots.
� Km of fence
done
KFS, CFA, NGOs,
County Government
2016-2019
� Promotion of
alternative livelihood options for community
members adjacent to
the forest.
� No of livelihood
projects initiated/ NBEs
KFS & CFA May 2015
2.To build capacity
of the community
on forest
protection and
management
wildlife and
� Organize trainings for
community scouts to
enhance their capacity for wildlife
conservation and
protection.
� No. of trainings,
no. of scouts
trained
KFS, KWS, CFA 2015-2018
� Initiate arrangements
for remuneration of
community scouts for purposes of
motivating them
towards wildlife protection
� Payment roll CFA, KFS 2015-2019
Create awareness on
biodiversity
conservation to forest
Number of
awareness
meetings
CFA, KFS, NGOs 2015-2019
Kibiri Participatory Forest Management Plan 2015 – 2019 Page | 60
Management
objective
Activities/Actions Indicators Responsible
agency
Time
frame
adjacent dwellers
� Facilitating the
establishment of community
sanctuaries which can
be used as a source of income from tourists
and for educating of
the local community members
� Level of
incomes.
County
Government, KFS, Private
sector, NGOs
2016-2018
� Create awareness to
the community members on the
importance of natural
forests
� No. of meetings
organized
KFS, CFA 2015-2019
� Create awareness for the community to
understand the Wildlife and Forest
legislation and
policies
� No. sensitizations
meetings & barazas, list of
attendance,
attitude change
KFS, KWS, CFA 2015-2017
FOREST CONSERVATION PROGRAMME
5.2.1 Introduction
The PFMP is intended to address the identified degraded forest areas for
purpose of restoration. Some of these degraded areas are water sources that
contributes to River Yala, the main river which forms the boundary between
Kibiri and Kakamega Forests. Successful restoration of these areas will require
identification and implementation of nature-based enterprises.
In order to implement the restoration programme, there is need to organize
community sensitization meetings; incorporate CFAs/CBOs; establish tree
nurseries; promote on farm tree planting and charcoal production; initiation of
population, increase programmes such as species reintroduction; and
monitoring and evaluation by regularly counting of the species and developing
a population trend inventory.
5.2.2 Management Challenges
Overdependence on the forest by the communities living adjacent to the forest
is a major challenge to restoration of degraded areas. Small land holdings
prevalent among communities surrounding the forest may curtail promotion of
farm tree planting. Other challenges that face the management of Kibiri forest
are over grazing, poaching of wildlife), prospecting for gold, clearance of
riverbank vegetation among other threats.
Kibiri Participatory Forest Management Plan 2015 – 2019 Page | 61
Figure 5.2b: Seedlings planted in
Kamulembe, Kibiri Forest
5.2.3 Programme Objectives
Objective 1: To conserve, rehabilitate and restore forest ecosystem to ensure
improved and effective ecological performance.
Objective 2: To promote sustainable utilization of the natural forest to improve
Livelihoods
The actions to be take to address the above objectives are shown in Table 5.2
Table 5.2: Management interventions on Forest Conservation programme
Management objective
Activities/Action Indicators Responsible agency
Time frame
1.To conserve,
rehabilitate and
restore forest
ecosystem to ensure
improved and
effective ecological
performance
Conducting community
awareness campaigns on need to conserve
and rehabilitate degraded forest and
catchment areas and
appropriate soil protection,
conservation and
erosion control methods.
No. of
campaigns/barazas conducted
County
Government, KFS, WRMA,
WRUAs & CFA
2015-2019
Identifying and
mapping degraded parts of forest for
purposes of planning
rehabilitation.
Report and map KFS, CFA,
WRMA, NEMA, WRUAs, Scouts,
MoALF
2015-2017
Figure 5.2a Community members
raising seedlings at Kaptisi tree
nursery
Kibiri Participatory Forest Management Plan 2015 – 2019 Page | 62
Management
objective
Activities/Action Indicators Responsible
agency
Time
frame
Community
involvement in forest rehabilitation work
through enrichment
planting, gabions construction, planting
on river banks etc
Ha/ km/
seedlings planted
KFS, County
Government, WRMA, WRUAs &
CFA
2015-2019
2.To promote
sustainable
utilization of the
natural forest to
improve livelihoods
Ecotourism
development in the forest
No. of tour
guides trained Tourism facilities
developed
County
Government, KFS, KWS, CFA,
private sector & NGOs
2016-2019
Promote payment of
environmental
services.
Earnings from
environmental
services.
KFS, private
sector, CFA &
NGOs
2016-2019
Promote sustainable
harvesting of herbal
medicine
No. of permits
issued to
herbalist
CFA, KFS &
Herbalist
2015-2019
Sustainable soil, water
and sand harvesting
No. of permits
issued to
extractors
KFS, MoALF,
Water services,
private sector
2015-2019
5.3 PRODUCTIVE PROGRAMME
There was intention of creating a buffer zone by planting tea zones around the
forest. The programme was however, shelved due to lack of funding.
Establishment of plantations was therefore, introduced to provide round wood
for industrial development and support livelihood thus consequently abating
further encroachment into the natural forest.
5.3.1 Background
Kibiri Forest is located in an area with a very high population density, a factor
that has led to encroachment and degradation of the forest. There is scarcity of
land for food production and this exerts pressure to the forest. The KFS has
introduced the Plantation Establishment for Livelihood Support (PELIS)
Programme, formerly known as “Shamba System”. The introduction of this
system in Kibiri Forest will be of great benefit to the local community and will
reduce their impact on the forest by improving their livelihoods and creating a
sense of forest ownership, which will enhance effective protection and
management of the forest and its resources
5.3.2 Management Challenges
There is high demand for round wood from the local and external market. A
rapid population growth rate against a finite land resource has led to illegal
activities and subsequent degradation. Introduction of the PELIS programme
Kibiri Participatory Forest Management Plan 2015 – 2019 Page | 63
Figure 5.3: Plate on round wood plantation at Kibiri
has enhanced restoration of degraded areas in the forest due to benefits
accrued from the programme by farmers.
5.3.3 Programme Objectives
Objective 1: To produce high quality plantations for industrial development and
revenue generation
Objective 2: To improve the livelihood of the community as they contribute to
sustainable management of plantations
Table5.3: Management interventions on productive programme
Management objective
Activities Indicators Responsible agency
Time frame
To produce high
quality plantations
for industrial
development and
revenue generation
� Control damage to plantation by wildlife
and domestic animals
Percentage of the survival
rate
KFS, KWS CFA, KEFRI, KEPHIS,
seed companies,
MoALF, KARI
2015-2019
� Prepare, implement
and update plantation
management plan
� Plan in place
and used
� Plan regularly updated
KFS, CFA 2015-2019
� Improve seedlings
production in tree nurseries in Kibiri
� No. of
nurseries established
� No. of tree
seedlings produced
KFS, CFA,
NGOs, County
government
2015-2019
� Prepare and
implement AWPs for plantation sivilcultural
activities
No. of trees
pruned, thinned &
harvested
KFS, CFA 2015-2019
� Clear backlog in
plantation establishment
Ha planted KFS 2015 -2019
� Maximize on revenue generation from
Revenue records
KFS, CFA 2015 - 2019
Kibiri Participatory Forest Management Plan 2015 – 2019 Page | 64
Management
objective
Activities Indicators Responsible
agency
Time
frame
plantations sale
� Protect plantations
from fires, windfalls, diseases and pests
Lengths in
kilometers for fire breaks
Pest/ diseases
surveillance reports
KFS, CFA, KEFRI,
NGOs & private sector
2015 - 2019
To improve the
livelihood of the
community as they
contribute to
sustainable
management of
plantations
� Identifying and
engaging community in economic activities in
plantation plans
Acreage under
PELIS Ha Pruned by
CFA
Fire breaks cleared
KFS, CFA 2015 -2019
� Streamline and
manage PELIS
� Guidelines
enacted � No conflicts
reported/
solved � Seedlings
survival
� Quantity of crops
harvested
KFS 2015 -2019
5.4 INTERVENTION ZONE PROGRAMME
5.4.1 Background
Sustainable protection and conservation of Kibiri Forest requires
implementation of various intervention measures with the communities
adjacent to the forest. These measures must focus on easing the current
pressure exerted on the forest and abatement of further encroachment onto the
forestland.
The measures must therefore, provide products, services and/ or their
alternatives currently sourced from the forest such as provision of building
materials such as poles through promotion of on-farm tree growing and
initiation of income generating activities such as apiculture. Other measures
include promotion of alternative energy sources to address the problem of tree
felling in search of fuel wood.
The measures must also have an inbuilt component of training and capacity
building to support community institutions in forestry programmes and
Community Participatory Forest Management (PFM) institutions. Poverty is a
challenge to conservation of resources and the measures must therefore,
support livelihood activities. At intervention zone the local communities
practices Nature Based Enterprises (NBEs) and sustainable agriculture as one
way of reducing pressure on the forest. The livelihoods of the local
Kibiri Participatory Forest Management Plan 2015 – 2019 Page | 65
communities are expected to improve through NBEs. The NBEs include bee
keeping, fish farming, woodlots establishment for commercial, ecotourism and
production of energy saving devices.
5.4.2 Management Challenges
The major challenge faced by the community is human wildlife conflicts that
are raiding of farms by monkeys and snake bites. These human–wildlife
conflicts increase the risks of human – human conflict, especially between the
community and KFS/ KWS rangers.
Limited knowledge and skills in on-farm forestry among community members
has also affected their participation in effective protection and conservation of
the forest. Also, land size per household are small thus limit large scale NBEs
and woodlot plantation.
5.4.3 Programme Objectives
Objective 1: To promote farm forestry, energy saving devices and nature-based
enterprises.
Objective 2: To undertake Measures to reduce Human – Wildlife conflicts in
Kibiri Forest.
Kibiri Participatory Forest Management Plan 2015 – 2019 Page | 66
Figure 5.4: Plate on 3 stone jiko & improved jikos
Kibiri Participatory Forest Management Plan 2015 – 2019 Page | 67
Table 5.4: Management options within intervention zone
Management
objective
Activities/Action Indicators Responsible
agency
Time
frame
To promote farm
forestry, energy
saving devices and
nature-based
enterprises
� Promote tree
nursery enterprises
for seedlings production by
individuals and groups
� No. tree
nurseries
� No seedlings raised for sale
KFS, CFA,
NGOs, County
government
2015-2019
� Promote on farm
tree planting
including carbon credit programmes
� Ha of farmlands
panted
� No farmers planting trees
KFS, County
Government,
CFA, NGOs, Private
institutions
2015- 2019
� Promote on farm charcoal production
� No. of movement
permits issued
KFS,CFA 2015-2019
� Collaborate with stakeholders to
initiate nature based
enterprises
� No of NBEs initiated
� No of
community members
benefiting.
KFS, County Government,
CFA, NGOs,
Private institutions.
2015- 2019
To undertake
Measures to reduce
Human – Wildlife
conflicts in Kibiri
Forest
� Community sensitization on how
to report, handle,
and coexist with wildlife
� Attendance lists � No of game
farms
� No of reports received
KWS, County government,
KFS, CFA, Min
of Interior and coordination
2015- 2019
� Provision of
assistance/
compensation to wildlife destruction
� No of
complaints
received and addressed
KWS, County
government,
KWS, CFA, Min of Interior and
coordination
2015- 2019
� Create awareness for the community to
understand the
Wildlife and Forest legislation and
policies
� No. sensitizations
meetings &
barazas, � Attendance list
KFS, KWS, CFA, County
Government.
2015-2017
5.5 COMMUNITY PARTICIPATION PROGRAMME
5.5.1 Background
Community participation has become a key aspect of promoting Natural Resource
Management and Conservation. In the case of Kibiri Forest, it is important to fully
involve the community in forest management and conservation, given the
prevailing poor socio-economic condition that make it a potential threat to the
forest and its resources. Without an adequate plan for fully involving the
Kibiri Participatory Forest Management Plan 2015 – 2019 Page | 68
community in forest management and conservation, the forest may be under
threat of invasion and degradation since most of the community members fully
depend on the forest as their main source of livelihood.
5.5.2 Management Challenges
Community participation faces the following challenges:
• Inadequate understanding and access to the Forests Act 2005 and related
legislation such as EMCA 1999, Water Act 2002, Wildlife Conservation and
Management Act 2013 and Agriculture Act (Cap 318)
• Inadequate understanding and knowledge on environmental conservation
• Negative attitude towards conservation since Forest Adjacent Communities do
not see direct benefits
• Partial application of the law for instance in penalizing offenders
• Poor governance and low capacity of the CFA
• Inadequate involvement of community in forest management
5.5.3 Programme objectives
Objective: To ensure community participate in Kibiri Forest management and
conservation
The following are the strategies used to address the objective;
1. Use of participatory and collaborative approaches to Kibiri forest
management
2. To assist the community establish nature based enterprises
3. To capacity build the community on value addition to non woody forest
products
4. To improve governance in community groups
5. To integrate community groups in forest protection
The proposed strategies to address the above challenges are shown in Table 5.5
below:
Table 5.5: Management interventions on community participation programme
Management
strategies
Activities/Action Indicators Responsible
agency
Time
frame
Management objective: To ensure community participate in Kibiri Forest
conservation and management
Participatory and
collaborative
approaches to forest management
Strengthening local
community institutions
especially the Community forest
resources user groups
Reduced
conflicts, regular
meetings
KFS & CFA 2015-2019
The community assisted to establish
Identification of potential IGAs
Baseline information
KFS, County Government and
2015
Kibiri Participatory Forest Management Plan 2015 – 2019 Page | 69
Management
strategies
Activities/Action Indicators Responsible
agency
Time
frame
nature based
enterprises (NBEs)
CFA
Supporting the
implementation of the IGAs
Level of
household incomes
KFS, County
Government, CFA and NGOs
2015-2019
Value addition of the
products
Increase of the
volume sold & incomes
KFS, County
Government, CFA, private
sector and
NGOs
2016-2019
Linking with potential markets
No. of the buyers, quantity
of the products sold
KFS, County Government,
CFA and NGOs
2017
Capacity building
the community on
value addition to non woody forest
products
Organizing and
funding of community
forest user groups, training workshops
and seminars
Number of
workshops/semi
nars organized, No. of the trained
persons
KFS, County
government,
NGOs and Kibiri CFA
2015-2018
Establishing systems and mechanisms for
capital access to
facilitate non woody forest products value
addition
Improved products
KFS, private sector
2015-2018
Improve governance in
community groups
Carry out organization capacity assessment
for the CFA
No. of the meetings, no. of
participants
KFS, NGOs & CFA
2015-2016
Identify capacity building needs
No. of meetings held
KFS, NGOs & CFA
2015
Train to address needs Number of
trainings &
participants
KFS, NGOs &
CFA
2015-2016
Exchange
programme to learn
from experiences of
others
Number of
exchange visits
KFS, County
government,
NGOs & CFA
2015 -2016
Develop strategic plan
for the CFA
No. of meetings,
strategic plan in
place
KFS, County
government,
NGOs & CFA
2016-2017
Define the roles and
responsibilities of the
user groups.
Reduced
conflicts
KFS & CFA 2015
Develop mechanisms
for benefit sharing
amongst CFA members
Benefit sharing
mechanism in
place
KFS, County
Government &
CFA
2015-2016
Promote advocacy
programme within the
CFA
No. of advocacy
awareness
meetings
KFS, County
government,
NGOs & CFA
2015-2019
Integrating
community groups
Involving community
forest user groups in
Reduced forest
threats
KFS and Kibiri
CFA
2015-2019
Kibiri Participatory Forest Management Plan 2015 – 2019 Page | 70
Figure 5.5: Plate on community scouts & KFS rangers on a joint patrol in the
forest
Management
strategies
Activities/Action Indicators Responsible
agency
Time
frame
in Forest protection forest security
programmes
Formation of a Community Forest
Security Committee to
enhance community involvement in forest
security protection
Regular meetings, no. of
forest cases
addressed
KFS, KWS, Interior &
Coordination and
CFA
2015
Initiation of arrangements for
funding and support of
the Community Forest Security Committee in
its functions
Number of proposal
developed
KFS, County government,
Relevant NGOs
and Kibiri CFA
2015-2019
Recruit, train and facilitate community
forest scouts
Number of scouts trained
KFS, County government,
Relevant NGOs
and CFA
2015-2019
Joint patrols Number of
patrols organized
and done
KFS, County
government,
KWS, Interior & Coordination
&CFA
2015-2019
Advocate for
impartiality of application of forest
rules
Number of
warning letters issued to the
forest officers
KFS & County
Government
2015-2019
Kibiri Participatory Forest Management Plan 2015 – 2019 Page | 71
5.6 INFRASTRUCTURE, EQUIPMENT AND HUMAN RESOURCES
DEVELOPMENT PROGRAMME
5.6.1 Background
This section deals with the various infrastructure and equipment in Kibiri forest.
These include: roads, firefighting equipment and fire towers, vehicles, buildings
(residential and non-residential buildings), CFA office, dispensary, power
(electricity), water, bridges and culverts, machinery e.g. tractors, office furniture
and tree nursery.
5.6.2 Management Challenges
Transport and communication equipment and general infrastructure and human
resources are vital for the effective performance of any system. Kibiri Forest
Station has quite a number of challenges that include: human resources,
equipment and general infrastructure. Roads are well maintained although during
rainy periods some become impassable. Road connecting from Chavakali –
Kapsabet highway to the station is all-weather road maintained by Kenya Rural
Roads Authority, but the roads within the station which are supposed to be
maintained by KFS are in a dilapidated state. Some of the roads lack connecting
bridges (only temporal ones exist).
The station has one vehicle and a tractor that is aged and is frequently grounded
and has high maintenance and operation costs. Most buildings in the forest are
ancient and require rehabilitation or overhaul. The station is within the main
electricity grid but so far electrification has not been effected and while it is well
served with the main mobile service providers’ network although some areas of
the forest do not receive good network coverage. There is no infrastructure for
radio communication. There is no connection to the main water supply. The CFA
has one computer with accessories, office desk, chairs, cabinet but all these are
stationed in a rented office due to lack of electricity and security within the
station. Furniture in the KFS office is old and requires replacement. The forest also
has no health facility.
There are limitations for both personnel and infrastructure needs. For instance,
the ratio of rangers to the forest area is very low. For example, Kibiri Forest has a
ranger to area ratio of 1:284.0ha. Other areas of concern include: the state of the
main and access roads, fire towers and rating boards, vehicles, offices,
communication equipment, residential houses and electricity and water
connections. Addressing these challenges will greatly assist in the effective
management of Kibiri Forest.
5.6.3 Programme objectives
Objective: To strengthen and maintain infrastructure, equipment, human resource
and local community institutions for effective management and conservation of Kibiri
Forest
The following are the strategies used to address the objective;
1. To assess the infrastructure and staffing needs for the forest
Kibiri Participatory Forest Management Plan 2015 – 2019 Page | 72
2. To ensure adequate infrastructure.
3. To ensure adequate staff for effective forest management
4. To ensure welfare of the staff is improve
The proposed strategies to address the above challenges are shown in Table 5.6
Table 5.6: Management interventions on Infrastructure, Equipment and Human
Resources Development Programme
Management strategies
Activities/Action Indicators Responsible agency
Time frame
Management objective: To strengthen and maintain infrastructure, equipment,
human resource and local community institutions for effective management and conservation of Kibiri Forest
Assessment of infrastructure and
staffing needs for
the forest
Undertake inventory of resources at the station
and for the entire
forest
Inventory reports prepared
KFS & CFA 2015
Make inventories of available
infrastructure and
personnel
No. of infrastructures
and personnel
documented
KFS & CFA 2015
Assess the staffing
level requirement for
the forest
Employment/red
eployment of
staff
KFS 2015-2019
Assess the training
needs of the staff
No. of meetings
held
KFS 2015
Undertake a survey of
infrastructure needs
Reports written KFS & CFA 2015
Figure 5.6: Plate on Forest ranger’s houses at Musunji outpost
Kibiri Participatory Forest Management Plan 2015 – 2019 Page | 73
Management
strategies
Activities/Action Indicators Responsible
agency
Time
frame
Maintain proper record of the vehicle
and other machine maintenance
Condition of the vehicle
KFS 2015-2019
Ensure adequate infrastructure
Repair the roads
serving the forest
Length of
kilometers
maintained
KFS,
County
Government, Kenya
Rural
Roads Authority
2015-2019
Grading and fixing of
culverts for all main roads serving the
forest
Length in
kilometers graded, No. of
culverts installed
KFS, County
Government, Kenya Rural
Roads Authority
2015
Rehabilitation, clearing bushes,
creation and
maintenance of drains for all roads
Length in kilometers
cleared, man-
days
KFS 2015
Installation and
maintenance of water supply infrastructure
Consistent water
supply Vihiga County
Water services
Company
2015-2016
Purchase vehicle for the forest especially
for patrol and local
transport and travel activities
log-book of bought vehicle
KFS 2016
Liaise with Kenya
Power to ensure electricity supply at
the forest stations
Availability of
electric power KFS,
Kenya
Power
2015
Construct fire tower at higher points
within the forest.
No. of fire towers constructed
KFS 2015
Provide at least four fire rating boards
Number of fire rates erected
KFS 2015-2016
Provision of
equipment such as
computers, GPS, radio sets and digital
cameras
Number of
computers, GPS,
radio sets & digital cameras
purchased and
maintained.
KFS, County
Government,
private sector &
NGOs
2015-2019
Construct and equip
health facility in the
forest station
Health facility put
up and
operational
KFS, County
Government
2015-2019
Ensure adequate
staff for effective
forest
management
Determine optimal
staffing levels
Number of the
current staff
KFS 2015
Deploy/ Recruit more
staff to address the problem of staff
Letters of
appointment
KFS 2015-2019
Kibiri Participatory Forest Management Plan 2015 – 2019 Page | 74
Management
strategies
Activities/Action Indicators Responsible
agency
Time
frame
shortage
Encourage team
building between
CFA and all the stakeholders
Number of team
build meetings
KFS and CFA 2015-2019
Conduct regular
trainings and seminars for staff
Number of
trainings/seminars
KFS, CFA, NGOs 2015-2019
Improve welfare of
the staff
Provide amenities to
the staff at the station
Provision of
housing
KFS, County
government, Private sector &
NGOs
2015-2019
Ensure staff needs
and views are taken into consideration
and action taken
Level of
satisfaction by staff
KFS 2015-2019
Provide necessary equipment and
occupational gear for
working
Number of equipment
provided
KFS, County government,
Private sector &
NGOs
2016
Improve staff
remuneration
package
Letters of
promotion
KFS 2015-2019
5.7 PARTNERSHIPS AND NETWORKING PROGRAMME
5.7.1 Background
There are various partners in Kibiri forest as described in the stakeholders’
analysis. Despite having several institutional partners undertaking issues relating
to forest protection, conservation and management, there is minimal
collaboration and focus in approach. To implement the management plan, a
coordinated partnership arrangement is crucial. The partners include those in
public, private sector, nongovernmental organization, community members and
development partners. The stakeholders’ analysis identified roles and
responsibilities for each partner. The programme objective is to develop
partnership arrangements for effective implementation.
5.7.2 Management Challenges
Challenges in partnership arrangements include; conflict among stakeholders,
poor leadership, lack of institutional framework to support partnership, lack of
commitment, inadequate funding to support meetings, seminars and other forums
inadequate participation and poor communication.
Kibiri Participatory Forest Management Plan 2015 – 2019 Page | 75
5.7.3 Programme objectives
Objective: To develop synergy among stakeholders for efficient implementation
of the plan
The following are the strategies used to address the objective;
1. Building institutional arrangement for partnership
2. Strengthening partnerships
3. Improve Networking with stakeholders and other CFAs
The proposed strategies and actions to address the above challenges are shown
in Table 5.7 below.
Table 5.7: Management interventions on partnership and networking
programme
Management
strategies
Activities/Action Indicators Responsible
agency
Time
frame
Management objective: To develop synergy among stakeholders for efficient implementation of the plan
Building institutional
arrangement for
partnership
• Identify potential
partners
Number of partners
identified
KFS & CFA 2015
� Develop working
modalities e.g. MOU, management
agreement
Signed MoUs &
agreements
KFS, CFA &
Other stakeholders
2015-2017
Strengthening partnerships
• Joint planning and
implementation
Number of meetings
KFS, CFA & Other
stakeholders
2015-2019
� Form a stakeholder
forum for Kibiri Forest station
Number of
forums held
KFS, CFA &
Other stakeholders
2015-2019
� CFA to formalize
partnership with other stakeholders
Partnership
agreement signed
KFS, CFA &
Other stakeholders
2015-2017
� Develop forest
management agreement between
CFA and KFS
Signed
Management agreement
KFS & CFA 2015
� Develop an
elaborate sharing scheme/ mechanism
to ensure fairness and equity in
distribution of costs
and benefits.
Costs and
benefits sharing mechanism
developed
KFS & CFA 2015
Improve Networking with
stakeholders and other CFAs
• Joint meeting between CFAs and
Number of meetings held,
Number of forums organized
KFS, CFA & Other
stakeholders
2015
Kibiri Participatory Forest Management Plan 2015 – 2019 Page | 76
Management
strategies
Activities/Action Indicators Responsible
agency
Time
frame
other stakeholders.
• Organize and
conduct exchange
visits for learning and experience
sharing.
Number of
exchange visits
KFS, CFA &
Other
stakeholders
2015-2019
� Enhance networking skills within
partners.
Number of trainings
conducted
KFS, CFA & Other
stakeholders
2015-2019
5.8 RESEARCH AND MONITORING PROGRAMME
5.8.1 Background
This programme will mainly entail information and data collection and
dissemination on flora and fauna species of interest in Kibiri Forest and
monitoring of their trends and distribution in the forest.
Research forms a crucial programme in the plan and is aimed at filling the
knowledge gaps that will ensure effective management. In Kibiri Forest, research
and monitoring has been conducted through institutions and projects such as the
BIOTA, research institutions and universities.
Following are some of the monitoring and research activities recently carried out
for the forest:
• Forest inventory (indigenous and exotic trees)
• Monitoring of degraded and rehabilitated sites
• Studies on forest regeneration
• Socio-economic study of forest adjacent communities.
• Biodiversity surveys.
5.8.2 Management Challenges
• Low facilitation and funding
• Inadequate dissemination of research findings
• Uncoordinated research and monitoring
• Lack of prioritization of research areas
• Inadequate inventory of biodiversity
• Pests and diseases management
• Inadequate regular biodiversity monitoring
Kibiri Participatory Forest Management Plan 2015 – 2019 Page | 77
5.8.3 Programme objectives
Objective: To undertake research to solve problems affecting Kibiri forest and
improve forest management.
The strategies proposed are; undertake applied research within the forest,
disseminate research findings and develop monitoring systems.
The proposed strategies and actions to address the above challenges are shown
in Table 5.8
Table 5.8: Research and monitoring interventions strategies
Management strategies
Activities/Action Indicators Responsible agency
Time frame
Management objective: To undertake research to solve problems affecting Kibiri forest and improve forest management Undertake applied research
• Conduct detailed survey on flora and fauna existing in the
forest
Number of flora
& fauna
recorded
NMK, KFS,
KWS, KEFRI,
NGOs,
Universities
2015-2016
• Identify and classify
wildlife according to their conservation
status (endemism,
threat category and so on)
Studies
conducted to
identify status
of species
NMK, KWS 2015-2016
• Conduct studies to inform on
improved/participatory forest management
practices
Studies
conducted
NMK, KFS, KWS
& CFA
2015-2016
• Conduct studies on water resources
(Quality and quantity)
Status of water
quality
WRMA, WRUAs 2015-2016
• Conduct studies on soil conditions to
determine the forest
health
Status of forest
health
KEFRI, KFS,
CFA
2015-2016
• Develop innovative
incentive
mechanisms (PELIS,
Carbon Credits,
employment of
youth, IGAs)
Levels of
income
KFS, CFA 2015-2016
Disseminate
research findings
and innovations
• Organize informative public meetings to
disseminate research
findings and innovations
Number of
meetings
KFS, NMK, KEFRI,
CFA & NGOs
2016-2017
• Develop feedback Scheduled for KFS, NMK, KEFRI 2017
Kibiri Participatory Forest Management Plan 2015 – 2019 Page | 78
Management
strategies
Activities/Action Indicators Responsible
agency
Time
frame
mechanism feedbacks & CFA
• Publish findings in journals and through
popular media (brochures, leaflets,
posters, radio
programmes)
Number of
publications/media programmes
KFS, CFA, Media
& NGOs
2018
• Electronic posting/circulation of results on websites of
relevant institutions
Website developed/numb
er of visits to website
KFS, CFA, Private sector
2018
• Synthesize findings for use for public education and within
learning institutions
Number of publications
distributed
CFA, Schools, WCK
2018
Promote Forest
Monitoring • Develop indicators for
monitoring forest
condition
Forest condition
indicators developed
NMK, KFS, KEFRI,
CFA, NGOs
2016
• Develop monitoring
protocols
Monitoring
protocols in
place
NMK, KFS, KEFRI,
CFA, NGOs
2017
• Involve community members in monitoring activities
Number of trained CFA
members
NMK, CFA 2017
• Make monitoring a regular activity to
closely check any
changes in the forest ecosystem
Data collected NMK, KFS, KEFRI,
CFA, NGOs
2017-2019
• Document and widely disseminate forest
condition trends
Number of
dissemination meetings
NMK, KFS, KEFRI,
CFA, NGOs
2019
Kibiri Participatory Forest Management Plan 2015 – 2019 Page | 79
CHAPTER 6.0 PLAN IMPLEMENTATION
INTRODUCTION
Planning is an essential part of the management process. The management
plan is the main instrument that specifies how management is to be conducted
in the future. In forestry, Participatory Forest Management Plans (PFMPs) are
often instruments not just for planning but also for operational management.
These plans don’t just document the way to reach management goals in the
future (strategic), but also describe how to manage the forest in the present
(tactical). This chapter provides an over view of crosscutting issues which
include: gender mainstreaming, Reproductive Health, Nutrition and H.I.V/
AIDS, Marginalized groups; Indigenous Knowledge and Institutional
arrangements for Plan Implementation that takes into account a collaborative
approach of lead institutions (KFS and Kibiri CFA). Government agencies, non-
governmental organizations, private companies and county government
6.1 CROSS-CUTTING ISSUES
Some of the cross-cutting issues include: gender mainstreaming, Reproductive
Health, Nutrition and H.I.V/ AIDS, Marginalized groups, Indigenous Knowledge
6.1.1 Gender mainstreaming
Taking action on gender involves Identification of the people involved in PFMP.
The first step is to adopt democratic elections-mirroring the number of
constitutional aspects e.g. women, men and youth representatives in the Kibiri
CFA. The PFMP should put into account different outcomes and impacts it will
have on men, women, young men, young women and the forest adjacent
community in Kibiri forest and all other stakeholders who might be involved
during its implementation.
Mainstreaming takes into account aspects of planning and this ensures that the
process takes into account number of men, women, young men, young women
etc. Planning uses gender analysis tool (SWOT analysis - strength, weaknesses,
opportunities and threats which are applicable during implementation process.
Other things to consider are timing of the PFMP-activities at certain times can
limit participation of men and women or how roles and responsibilities are
allocated.
In the implementation phase there are some aspects that ensure gender
continues to be taken into account.
• Gender balance amongst participants (during trainings, cross visit,
meetings, workshops etc.)
• Everybody from the target group participates in the PFMP.
• Kibiri CFA community is mixed (sexes, background, roles and
responsibilities) so that there is a better overview of the needs of the
target forest adjacent community group.
Kibiri Participatory Forest Management Plan 2015 – 2019 Page | 80
The follow up phase of the PFMP is the point where identification of what needs
to be done ensures that the PFMP is sustainable.
6.1.2 Reproductive Health, Nutrition and HIV/AIDS
The Kibiri PFMP needs to adopt Health, Nutrition & HIV/AIDS programs to
provide health education and palliative care to ensure that individuals and
communities have the knowledge and resources to lead healthy lives. The
focus of these efforts will be on communities where malnutrition is high and the
need for family planning, reproductive health and HIV/AIDS awareness and
education is evident.
The following areas of health skills, maternal and child health and nutrition,
family planning, adolescent reproductive health and HIV/AIDS should be
emphasized. In particular, emphasis of the service will be to at-risk
populations, such as orphans and vulnerable children (OVCs) and people
living with HIV/AIDS (PLHIVs).
The importance of comprehensive, holistic care should be strongly reflected in
the program design. The plan should not only provide education and
assistance in health care, but also train community leaders and individuals to
develop expertise in home-based care and support, such as maternal and child care, psychosocial counseling, or HIV/AIDS-related care, compassionate
Agroforestry so that they can help their communities lead healthier lives.
The primary objectives of the Health, Nutrition & HIV/AIDS programs will be to:
1. Reduce prevalence of malnutrition
2. Reduce levels of morbidity
3. Improve infant and young child feeding and care practices for women
and children
4. Prevent and manage diseases, including HIV/AIDS
5. Promote sound nutrition and healthy lifestyles
6.1.3 Marginalized groups
The group needs to be included in all activities of the Kibiri CFA as now it is
their right in the new Kenya Constitution 2010.
6.1.4 Indigenous Knowledge
Cultural, norms and practices, customary rights, intellectual property rights
Indigenous people with a historical continuity of resource-use practices often
possess a broad knowledge base of the behavior of complex ecological
systems in their own localities.
This knowledge has accumulated through a long series of observations
transmitted from generation to generation. Indigenous people have depended
for long periods of time on local environments for the provisions of a variety of
resources; they have developed a stake in conserving and in some cases,
enhancing biodiversity.
Kibiri Participatory Forest Management Plan 2015 – 2019 Page | 81
Indigenous people are aware that biological diversity is a crucial factor in
generating the ecological services and natural resources on which they
depend on.
Indigenous people are aware of a large variety of uses of local biodiversity
including medicinal uses which have been incorporated in the modern medical
industry.
The PFMP will enhance indigenous conservation measures such as;
� Total protection of riparian areas and cultural forests such as the Tiriki
cultural sites.
� Protection of some tree species such as Ficus spp as it offers food and
shelter to a wide range of birds, bats and primates.
6.2 RESOURCE MOBILIZATION
There will be need for developing proposals for donor and government
interventions in financing or supporting the acquisition of the various resources
required for the effective implementation and achievement of the objectives of
the management programmes.
Resource mobilization will be primarily the responsibility of both Kibiri CFA
and KFS, with assistance from other stakeholders’ e.g. County government of
Vihiga, NGOs and private sector that shall be playing the lead roles.
6.3 INSTITUTIONAL ARRANGEMENTS FOR PLAN IMPLEMENTATION
The lead institutions for implementing this PFMP are mainly Kenya Forest
Service, Kibiri CFA, the County Government of Vihiga, KWS and relevant
NGOs. Other institutions and Stakeholders include: NEMA, MMUST, WRMA,
KEFRI, Agriculture, Environment and Mineral Resources, National Museums of
Kenya, Finanacial institutions, private sectors Research Institutions and
International organizations. Figure6.1 presents possible arrangement and
interraction during the Plan implementation. The successful implementation of
this plan will require a collaborative approach to be initiated and coordinated
by the Lead institutions (i.e. KFS and Kibiri CFA).
Kibiri Participatory Forest Management Plan 2015 – 2019 Page | 82
Figure 6.1: Institutional arrangements for PFMP implementation
Head of Conservancy
(Western)
Ecosystem Conservator,
KFS (Vihiga County)
Forest Station Manager
(Kibiri Forest Station)
Local Level Forest
Management
Committee
Forest Conservation
Committee (FCC)
Non-
Governmental
Organizations
(NGOs)
Line Government
Agencies
Water, KWS, NEMA,
Agriculture, KEFRI,
WMRA
Donors/
Development
Agencies
Kibiri
CFA
County
Government of
Vihiga
Kibiri Participatory Forest Management Plan 2015 – 2019 Page | 83
CHAPTER 7 PLAN MONITORING AND EVALUATION
7.1 INTRODUCTION
The Kibiri Forest Participatory Forest Management Plan sets the basis and
manner in which the community represented by the Kibiri CFA will be able to
sustainably utilize forest resources available in the forest. The plan is basically
a guide for any agreement that is to be made between KFS and the community
that is highly dependent on the forest. The plan will assist the stakeholders
come to sound decisions as far as the management of the forest is concerned.
The forest is an important natural and cultural asset for the community and the
nation as a whole. Thus, it should be understood that forest resource
management and cultural resource management are interdependent
processes. Cultural resources refers to a wide variety of values attached to the
forest and uses including but not limited to tree preservation, public access,
recreation, animal welfare, aesthetic and spiritual values and education. The
plan is to provide ways for the management units to fulfill their mission of
stewardship in the Kibiri Forest which is an important water catchment for Lake
Victoria, in harmony with other stakeholders.
This plan has been developed in consultation with various stakeholders
including KIBIRI CFA, Relevant NGOs, Kenya Wildlife Service (KWS), Kenya
Forest Service (KFS), National Museums of Kenya (NMK), KEFRI, WRMA, NEMA,
KEEP, MOA, research and learning institutions. The planning process has been
a long term process and was provoked by the conflicts between the community
and the forest management and the many threats to the forest ecosystem
coupled with serious and/or irreversible environmental damage emanating
from utilization of the forest.
7.2 MONITORING
There is need to prepare a Monitoring tool with verifiable indicators, a time
schedule which will guide the monitoring process. Monitoring will be done
regularly by relevant parties including research and learning institutions.
Resource mobilization will be vital for the monitoring process to facilitate the
implementation of this plan.
7.3 MONITORING INDICATORS (BIOPHYSICAL AND COMMUNITY BASED
INDICATORS)
Monitoring indicators will measure the Participatory forest management plan’s
impact, outcomes, outputs and inputs that will be monitored during
implementation that will be used to assess progress towards management
objectives and help to identify problems during implementation of the PFMP.
7.4 DEVELOPING PERFORMANCE INDICATORS
During the plan implementation impact-indicators will be identified to provide
a basis upon which the plan performance can be measured. Performance
indicators will be based on the various actions proposed in the forest
Kibiri Participatory Forest Management Plan 2015 – 2019 Page | 84
management programmes which are aimed at achieving the objectives of the
programmes.
7.5 RESPONSIBILITIES
KFS, KWS and other partners in the management of the Kibiri Forest will
provide the necessary assistance in the monitoring of the plan progress. UNDP-
GEF through Nature Kenya funded the preparation of this Kibiri Forest
Participatory Forest Management Plan. The implementation of this plan will be
on the basis of a signed Forest Management Agreement (FMA) and monitoring
and evaluation modalities which should be determined by the parties to the
agreement.
7.6 MONITORING PLAN
The matrix in Table 7.1 below presents the programmes, indicators of success,
means of verification, the organizations responsible and the assumptions.
Evaluation will be based on assessment of the achievement of the monitoring
indicators.
Kibiri Participatory Forest Management Plan 2015 – 2019 Page | 85
Table 7.1: Kibiri PFMP Monitoring Matrix
Programmes Indicators of Success Means of
verification
Assumptions Time
Frame Nature Reserve Protection
Programme
Objective 1: To enhance
protection key biodiversity in
Yala Nature Reserve and water
catchments for sustained
ecological service
Objective 2: To build capacity of
the community in wildlife and
forest protection and
management
� State/ quality of the natural forest
� Quality of water in streams
� Area protected for natural regeneration.
� KFS, KWS and CFA
records
� Photographs
� Maps
� Monitoring and evaluation reports
� The Plan is
successfully
implemented
� Good working relationship between
stakeholders
� Availability of Financial, material and
human resources
2015-2019
Forest Conservation Programme
Objective 1: To conserve, rehabilitate and restore forest
ecosystem to ensure
improved and effective ecological performance
Objective 2: To promote
sustainable utilization of the natural forest to improve
Livelihoods.
� Area rehabilitated
� Status of ecosystem improved.
� Disturbance cases to Kibiri Forest Decreased
� Encroachment in Kibiri Forest Reduced
� Community participation and involvement in forest protection and management increased
� Reforestation efforts and forest cover
increased
� Endangered and endemic species
� Endangered and endemic species
adequately protected
� Monitoring surveys
� Consultative meetings
� Measurement of
forest cover
� Photographs
� Maps
� Monitoring surveys
� Regular census
� Monitoring and
evaluation reports
� There will be full cooperation by all
stakeholders involved
� Availability of
Financial, material and human resources
� There will be full
cooperation by all
stakeholders involved
� Availability of Financial, material and
human resources
� There will be full
cooperation by all stakeholders involved
2015-2019
Kibiri Participatory Forest Management Plan 2015 – 2019 Page | 86
Programmes Indicators of Success Means of
verification
Assumptions Time
Frame � Availability of
Financial, material and human resources
Productive Programme
Objective 1: To establish- high
quality plantations for industrial
development and revenue
generation
Objective 2: To improve the
livelihood of the community as
they contribute to sustainable
management of plantations
� Area established with plantations
� Quality of plantations
� Survival counts
� Income generated from sales of forest
resources
� Quantity of crops harvested
� Surveys,
� KFS records
� Resource inventory
� The Plan is
successfully
implemented
� Availability of funds for plantation
development
2015-2019
Intervention Zone Programme
Objective: To promote and
capacity – build the community in
nature based enterprises hence
reduce pressure on the forest
� Access of the Kibiri forest community members
to forest resources
� Community members benefit from forest
resources and products
� Improved livelihood of Kibiri forest community members
� Reduced incidences of forest destruction
� Income generated by forest resource user
groups
� Number and types of products in the market
� Number and type of technologies adopted
� Number of people employed
� Total income generated from the community
� Surveys
� KFS, KWS and KIBIRI
CFA records and
reports
� Community feedback meetings
� There is full
collaboration from all
stakeholders
� Availability of funds for initiating income
generating projects
2015-2019
Kibiri Participatory Forest Management Plan 2015 – 2019 Page | 87
Programmes Indicators of Success Means of
verification
Assumptions Time
Frame
utilization of forest resources
Protection and Security
Programme
Objective: To ensure the safety of
Kibiri forest resources and other
important infrastructure in the
Forest using a collaborative
approach
� Incidences of fire outbreak reported
� Incidences of illegal harvesting reported
� Performance of the forest Rangers and
Community scouts
� Incidences of illegal wildlife hunting and
destruction reported
� KFS, KWS and CFA
records and
reports
� Police records
� The Plan is
successfully
implemented
� Cooperation from CFA/ community
members
� Availability of
firefighting equipment and other required
resources required
2015-2019
Community Participation Programme
Objective: To ensure community
participation in Kibiri Forest
management and conservation
� Increased Knowledge of the community on the forest and all its available resources and the
procedures required to access the resources
� Composition of governance and decision-
making structure
� Enhanced community relations between KFS and KWS Rangers and management.
� KFS, KWS and CFA records
� Community
feedback meetings
� Surveys
� Number of
community members involved
in forest conservation
programmes.
� The Plan is successfully
implemented
� Cooperation from
CFA/ community members
� Good working
relationship between KFS and CFA
� Availability of funds
2015-2019
Infrastructure, Equipment and
Human Resources Development Programme
Objective 1: To strengthen and
maintain infrastructure,
equipment, and local community
institutions for effective
� Number and type of infrastructure developed
� Number of people employed
� Number of people trained
� Number of community scouts
� KFS, KWS, CFA and
WRMA records
� Monitoring and evaluation reports
� The Plan is
successfully implemented
� Availability of funds
2015-2019
Kibiri Participatory Forest Management Plan 2015 – 2019 Page | 88
Programmes Indicators of Success Means of
verification
Assumptions Time
Frame
management and conservation of
Kibiri Forest.
Objective 2: To enhance the
capacity of human resource and
local community for effective
management of Kibiri forest
� Resources available for forest management
Partnership and Networking
Programme
Objective: To develop synergy
among stakeholders for efficient
implementation of the plan.
• Potential partners identified.
� Memorandum of understanding and
management agreements developed
� Stakeholder forum for Kibiri Forest station conducted.
� An elaborate benefit sharing
scheme/mechanism to ensure fairness and equity in distribution of costs and benefits is
developed.
� Joint meeting between CFAs and other stakeholders conducted.
� Number of exchange visits conducted.
� Signed MoUs &
agreements � Partnership
agreement signed � Number of meetings
held /exchange
visits � Number of forums
organized
� There will be full
cooperation by all stakeholders involved.
2015-2019
Research and Monitoring Programme
Objective: To undertake research
to solve problems affecting Kibiri
forest and improve forest
management
� Number and type of research and surveys undertaken
� Technologies innovated and adopted
� State/ quality of the forest ecosystem
� New knowledge on the forest and its
components adopted
� Research reports
� Monitoring and evaluation reports
� Updated status maps
� The Plan is successfully
completed
� All stakeholders will
fully collaborate
� Availability of funds
2015-2019
Kibiri Participatory Forest Management Plan 2015 – 2019 Page | 89
7.7 EVALUATION
Evaluation of the progress of the plan will be very important to address
emerging issues as far as the plan implementation is concerned. The purpose
of evaluation is to broadly establish the impact of plan’s interventions on the
lives of the Kibiri Forest Community members and on the status of the forest as
an ecosystem. In evaluation it will be important to assess the plan rationale/
appropriateness with respect to the needs of the community so as to establish
the extent to which it relates to the identified community needs, to check the
soundness of the plan design, assess the extent to which key pre-conditions for
plan success (assumptions) were assessed and accounted for in advance and
determine the suitability of the objectives and activities in responding to
community-defined development priorities.
7.8 REVIEW
The PFMP will be reviewed following its expiry in 2019. This will be guided by
the end term review report and those from continuous monitoring. Monitoring
will be done continuously through reports while evaluation will be done mid-
term and at the end of the five year implementation period. User friendly
monitoring and evaluation tools will be developed to assist the community in
carrying out monitoring and evaluation.
Kibiri Participatory Forest Management Plan 2015 – 2019 Page | 90
REFERENCES
Agriculture Act (Cap. 318): The Agriculture (Farm Forestry) Rules, 2009
Energy Act, 2006: Section 103 (Renewable Energy)
Environmental Management and Co-Ordination Act Chapter 8 of 1999:
Section 44 (Protection of hill tops, hill sides, mountain areas and forests);
Section 48 (Protection of forests); Section 49. (Conservation of energy and
planting of trees or woodlots); Section 50 (Conservation of biological
diversity); Section 72 (Water and pollution prohibition); Water Quality
Regulations, 2006 and Waste Management Regulations, 2006
Grass Fires Act (Cap 327): Section 3 (Burning of Vegetation without Authority)
Forests Act 2005: Sections 35, 36 and 45
Holstein et al. (2010)A Short Guide to Kibiri Forest. BIOTA East Africa
Kakamega Forest Ecosystem Management Plan, 2010-2020 (November
2010 edition) by KFE Managers, KFE Stakeholders, KWS Biodiversity Planning
Department,KFS Planning Department
Schaab, G et al. (2010)The BIOTA East Africa Atlas. Karlsruhe University of
Applied Sciences: Karlsruhe Germany
Tourist Industry Licensing (Cap 381): Section 3 (License required for certain
tourist enterprises) and The Tourism Industry Licensing Regulations
Water Act (Cap 372): Section 14 (Catchment Areas) and Section 17 (Protection
Areas)
Wildlife (Conservation and Management) Act (Cap 376): Section 15
(Protection Areas)
http://www.wikipedia.org (Kyoto_Protocol.htm,CITES.htm,
Rio_Declaration_on_Environment_and_Development.htm,
Convention_on_Biological_Diversity.htm
Kibiri Participatory Forest Management Plan 2015 – 2019 Page | 91
APPENDICES
Appendix 1: List of plant species found in Kibiri Forest
Scientific Name Local Name
Acacia abyssinica Munyenya
Acanthus pubescens Marakalu
Albizia coriaria Mubele
Albizia gummifera Mukhunzuli
Anitiaris toxicaria Mulundu
Annona senegalensis Muvulu
Anthoclasta vogelii- Murhembe
Apodytes dimidiata Masaba
Azadirachta indica Mwarubaini
Bersama abyssinica Shirikamabinga
Bischofia japonica Muhulu
Blighia unijugata Shiarambatsa
Bridelia micrantha Shikangania
Caesalpinia decapetala Luavari
Capparis tomentosa Shikhumbumbu
Carissia tomentosa Shikata
Casaeria battiscombei Mnamasinzi
Cassia bicapsularis Imbindi
Celtis africana Mweyu
Celtis gomphophylla Musaa
Celtis mildbraedii Shunza
Clausena anisata Shisimbari
Clerodendrum johnstonii Lusala
Clerodendrum myricoides Shisilangokho
Combretum collinum Shiraha
Combretum molle Mukhungula/Shiraha
Cordia africana Mukomari
Craibia brownii Muhande
Craterer spermum Shilingilitsa
Croton macrostachyus Musutsu
Croton megalocarpus Musine
Cupressus lucitanica Mudarakwa
Dodonaea viscosa Muendu
Dombeya burgessiae Mukusa
Dyospyros abyssinica Lusui
Ehretia cymosa Shikhutu
Entada abyssinica Musembe
Eriobotrya japonica Logat
Erithrina abissinica Mrembe
Erythrina abyssinica Murembe
Eucalyptus saligna Ikambi
Kibiri Participatory Forest Management Plan 2015 – 2019 Page | 92
Scientific Name Local Name
Euclea divinorum Muswa
Fagaropsis angolensis Shingulutsi
Ficus lutea Mugumo
Ficus sur Mukhuyu
Ficus thonningii Lutoto
Funtumia africana Mutondo
Funtumia latifolia Mutondo
Garcinia livingstonei Eshimwani
Gardenia volkensii Shiuna
Grewia bicolor Lulala
Hurugana madagascarensis Musila
Lepisanthes senegalensis Musaretsi
Maesopsis eminii Mutere
Mangifera indica Liembe
Manilkara butugi Lunduli
Markhamia lutea Lusiola
Melanthera scandens Shikhakala
Milicia excelsa Murumba
Mimusops bagshawei Ludolia
Monodora myristica Lubushi
Neobotonia macrocalyx Mubohu
Nuxia congesta Lubambo
Nuxia congesta Mmonyo
Olea capensis Mutukuyu
Phoenix reclinata Lishindu
Oncoba routledgei Shirakula
Piliostigma thoningii Mboyela
Pinus patula Ipainati
Plectranthus barbatus Shilokha
Podocarpus latifolius Mutarai
Polyscias fulva Mwanzu
Premna angolensis Mungalikuru
Prunus africana Mwiritsa
Psidium guajava Lipera
Ricinus communis Libono/ Mubonebone
Rubus niveus Butunduli
Sapium ellipticum Mugoso/Musasa
Sesbania sesban Lukhule
Spathodea campanulata Mutsulia
Tabenaemontana stapficana Kunandere
Tabenaemontana ventricosa Shitondo
Terminalia brownii Shiraha
Terminalia mollis- Olokhongwe
Trema orientalis Musakala
Trichilia emetica Munyama
Kibiri Participatory Forest Management Plan 2015 – 2019 Page | 93
Scientific Name Local Name
Tuhonia divasifoli Maua malulu
Vengueria apiculata Shikomoli or Shimanyamunyi
Vengueria infausta Shikomoli
Vepris nobilis Mutaro
Vernonia amygdalina Musuritsa
Vitex doniana Mufutu/ Muholu
Vitex fischeri Mufutu
Warburgia ugandensis Apachi
Ximeni americana Muruli
Zanthroxylum gilletii Shikhuma
Zanthroxylum milbraedii Shisimbari
Zanthroxylum rebescens Shingulutsa or Shungoma
Appendix 2: Common shrubs and invasive species in Kibiri Forest
Scientific name Local name English name
Harungana madagascariensis Musila Traveller’s palm
Vernonia auriculifolia Musuritsa
Lantana trifolia Landana Lantana
Lantana camara Landana Lantana
Solanum incanum Indulandula Sodom’s apple
Solanum terminale Indulandula Sodom’s apple
Solanum mauritianum Indulandula Tobacco weed
Solanum giganteum Indulandula Sodom’s apple
Appendix 3: Mammal species of Kibiri Forest
Primates Common name
Local name Occurrence
Cercopithecus ascanius
schmidti
Red tail
monkey
Ikhunga Common
Cercopithecus mitis
stuhdlmanni
Blue monkey Isialume Common
Chlorocebus pygerythrus Vervet monkey Common along the
forest edge
Colobous guereza Black and white
colobous
Induvili Common
Papio cynocephalus Anubis olive baboon Inguji Common
Perodicticus potto Ibeanus Eastern potto Nocturnal
Kibiri Participatory Forest Management Plan 2015 – 2019 Page | 94
Appendix 4: Reptiles and amphibians species of Kibiri Forest
Scientific name Common name
Snakes
Atheris hispida Rough-scaled Bush Viper
Atheris squamigera Green Bush Viper
Bitis gabonica Gabon Viper
Dentroaspis jamesoni kaimosea Jameson’s Mamba
Pseudohaje goldii Gold’s Cobra Lizards/Geckos/Frogs
Adolfus africanus Multi-scaled Forest Lizard
Afrixalus osorioi Forest Tree Frog
Agama kaimosae Kaimosi Agama
Leptopelis mackayi Kibiri Forest Tree Frog
Lygosoma fernandi Red-flanked Skink
Appendix 5: Key birds species of Kibiri forest
Scientific name Common name Local name
1) Globally threatened species
Muscicapa lendu Chapin’s flycatcher Shinabukoshe 2) Regional threatened species
Campephaga quiscalina Purple throated cuckoo shrike Linamasaa
Dyaphorophyia concreta
Yellow bellied white eye
Phyllastrephus hypochloris Toro olive greenbul
Sheppardia poliotrera Grey winged robin Lirole
Tyto capensis African grass owl Likhule
Glaucidium tephronotum Red- chested owlet
3) Important seed dispersing birds
Andropadus latirostris Yellow whiskered greenbull
Buccanodon duchaillui Yellow spotted barbet Irondo
Bycanister subcylindicus Black and white casqued hornbill Ling’ang’a
Pycnonotus barbatus Common bulbul Likholove
African thrush Lirole
4) Ant following birds
Alethe poloicephala Brown- chested alethe
Blenda syndactyla Red tailed bristlebill
Neocossyphus poensis White tail ant thrush Lirole
Sheppardia aequatorialis Equatorial akalat
Sheppardia paloiptera Grey-winged robin
Page | 95
Kibiri Participatory Forest Management Plan 2015 – 2019
Appendix 6:Kibiri Forest Plantation Data Sheet as at 31st March 2015
STATION
SUB-
COMPARTMENT SPECIES
PLANTING
YEAR AGE DENSITY M.DBH M.HT AREA REMARKS / RECOMMENDATIONS
KIBIRI KIBIRI 1J P.PAT 2001 14 550 205 17.7 9.3
KIBIRI KIBIRI 1K CUP.LUS 2001 14 325 236.5 14.14 5
KIBIRI KIBIRI 1K 1 P.PAT 2001 14 325 236.5 14.14 2.9
KIBIRI KIBIRI 1M CUP.LUS 2001 14 500 226.4 17.3 3.1
KIBIRI KIBIRI 1N CUP.LUS 2001 14 50 207.9 11.2 3.2 Seriously poached
KIBIRI KIBIRI 1N 1 P.PAT 2001 14 50 207.9 11.2 2
KIBIRI KIBIRI 1R P.PAT 2004 11 250 103 8.12 4.2 poorly established
KIBIRI KIBIRI 1S P.PAT 1997 18 550 207.9 19.7 12.6
KIBIRI KIBIRI 1T CUP.LUS 2014 1 1800 5 surveyed but not mapped
KIBIRI KIBIRI 1V unstocked 8.1 Under Pelis
KIBIRI KIBIRI 2E CUP.LUS 2014 1 500 5 YET TO BE SURVEYED AND MAPPED
KIBIRI KIBIRI 2F CUP.LUS 2005 10 150 136.6 8.05 11.3
KIBIRI KIBIRI 4C unstocked 10.1 Under Pelis
KIBIRI KIBIRI 4D unstocked 12.5 Under Pelis
KIBIRI KIBIRI 4E CUP.LUS 1997 18 275 280 19.2 4.9
KIBIRI KIBIRI 4F CUP.LUS 1985 30 150 4 Unmapped
KIBIRI KIBIRI 4G E.SAL 1993/2014 22/1 100 1.5 Unmapped, Coppice management
KIBIRI KIBIRI 4H E.SAL 1993/2014 22/1 100 2 Unmapped, Coppice management
KIBIRI KIBIRI 5A Bischofia 2014 1 200 10 Unmapped, replanting recommended
KIBIRI KIBIRI 5G unstocked 9.3 Under Pelis
KIBIRI KIBIRI 5H unstocked 11.4 Under Pelis
KIBIRI KIBIRI 5F CUP.LUS 2014 1 1200 30 Surveyed but not mapped
KIBIRI KIBIRI 6A CUP.LUS 1982 33 30 _ _ 2.75 highly poached
KIBIRI KIBIRI 6B CUP.LUS 2004 11 550 79.1 7.4 2.2
KIBIRI KIBIRI 6C CUP.LUS 1994 21 200 302.4 24.6 14 Thinned 2014
KIBIRI KIBIRI 6G P.PAT 2001 14 350 152 14.03 6.4 Thinned 2014
KIBIRI KIBIRI 6E P.PAT 2009 6 200 — — 1.1 unmapped, scattered pine
KIBIRI KIBIRI 6F CUP.LUS 2004 11 550 88.5 7.3 8.7
KIBIRI KIBIRI 6D CUP.LUS 1993 22 350 313.9 24.05 6.3
KIBIRI KIBIRI 7A CUP.LUS 1993 22 350 279.8 21.6 2.1
KIBIRI KIBIRI 7A 1 G.ROBUSTA 1993 22 300 2
KIBIRI KIBIRI 7B E.SAL 1982/ 2014 33/ 1 100 7 Coppice management
Kibiri Participatory Forest Management Plan 2015 – 2019 Page | 96
STATION
SUB-
COMPARTMENT SPECIES
PLANTING
YEAR AGE DENSITY M.DBH M.HT AREA REMARKS / RECOMMENDATIONS
KIBIRI KIBIRI 9A CUP.LUS 2005 10 600 — — 9.2
KIBIRI KIBIRI 9B P.PAT 2001 14 100 212 16 10.1
KIBIRI KIBIRI 9C CUP.LUS 2006 9 9 67.6 5.3 12.8 poorly established/ written off
KIBIRI KIBIRI 9D P.PAT 1995 20 200 221 16.3 5
KIBIRI KIBIRI 9D 1 CUP.LUS 1995 20 200 224.8 14.9 5.5
KIBIRI KIBIRI 9E CUP.LUS 1997 18 75 260.6 14.3 9
KIBIRI KIBIRI 9F CUP.LUS 1994 21 300 216.3 13.2 26
KIBIRI KIBIRI 9G P.PAT 2003 12 100 188.9 15.9 0.5 poorly established
KIBIRI KIBIRI 9H P.PAT 1995 20 250 239 17.7 23
KIBIRI KIBIRI 9I E.SAL 2008 7 50 — — 2 poorly established/ written off
KIBIRI KIBIRI 9J E.SAL 2008 7 800 — — 0.7
KIBIRI KIBIRI 9K E.SAL 2008 7 1500 — — 6.2
KIBIRI KIBIRI 9L CUP.LUS 2008 7 700 — — 14.1
KIBIRI KIBIRI 9M P.PAT 1996 19 200 209.4 13.5 2
KIBIRI KIBIRI 9N P.PAT 1995 20 325 238.8 22.7 3.5
KIBIRI KIBIRI 9O CUP.LUS 2000 15 300 224.6 11.7 3.4
KIBIRI KIBIRI 10A CUP.LUS 1985 30 25 200 6 8.85 F.G CAMP, Scatered trees
KIBIRI KIBIRI 11A E.SAL 1979 36 75 545.3 35.8 6.5 overmature
KIBIRI KIBIRI 11B CUP.LUS 1990 25 25 365.4 19.5 4.3 Scatered
KIBIRI KIBIRI 11C CUP.LUS 1998 17 150 289.7 19.7 5.2
KIBIRI KIBIRI 11D E.SAL 1990 / 2014 25/ 1 150 12.5 Coppice management
KIBIRI KIBIRI 11E P.PAT 1994 21 50 308 12.3 2 Not on ground
KIBIRI KIBIRI 11F P.PAT 1994 21 550 256.17 23.6 10.3
KIBIRI KIBIRI 12A CUP.LUS 1989 26 450 236.1 17.8 30.3 F.G CAMP, severe windthrow
KIBIRI KIBIRI 12B CUP.LUS 1989 26 975 244.1 16.8 25.6
KIBIRI KIBIRI 12C P.PAT 1989 26 125 300.3 19.5 17.4
KIBIRI KIBIRI 12D CUP.LUS 1999 16 400 207.4 13.3 5.1
KIBIRI KIBIRI 12E E.SAL 1999 16 125 366.6 26.75 1.2 mature
KIBIRI KIBIRI 12F E.SAL 1999 16 75 333.7 24.7 1.2 mature
KIBIRI KIBIRI 12G CUP.LUS 2001 14 80 216.3 13.3 3.2
KIBIRI KIBIRI 12H P.PAT 2001 14 300 234 19.8 10.2
KIBIRI KIBIRI 12I Bischofia 2014 1 40 20 Unmapped, replanting recommended
516.8
Kibiri Participatory Forest Management Plan 2015 – 2019 Page | 97
Appendix 7a: List of the Local Planning Team, Kibiri PFMP
Name Organization/ Institution
Okello Belle (Dr) KFS
William Cheptoo KFS
Mattew Ogutu KFS
Boaz C. Mung’aya KFS
Wellington Mahelo KFS
Johnson Manyabi Kibiri CFA
Julius M. Luvayo Kibiri CFA
Clement Mmaitsi Kibiri CFA
James O Maua KEFRI-Kakamega
Charles Koech KEFRI
Anastacia Mwaura KWS-Kakamega
Herman Kiruaye WRMA
Protus Musawa NEMA
Lincolin Inganza Onzere MoA
Joel Siele Nature Kenya
Leonard Muhanga Nature Kenya
Jennifer Adero Nature Kenya
Appendix 7b: List of participants during awareness workshop on Kibiri PFMP
held on 26th January 2012 at Mukumu Salvation Army Church
No Name Organization/Institution
1 Linus Musoltsa Lovetsani Kibiri- CFA
2 Stephen M. Bulemi Shiru
3 Clement Mmaitsi KibiriCFA
4 Matayo Malenya Kibiri CFA
5 Aziresi Atsango Kibiri CFA Treasurer
6 Florah Imeli Mushanga
7 Jerida Sharamba Kibiri CFA Member
8 Sarah Bitolwa Salvation Army Church
9 Shadrack Muyonga Kibiri CFA
10 Julius M. Luvayo Kibiri CFA
11 Edwrd Mwanje Kibiri CFA
12 Dorah Khavere Kibiri CFA
13 Dolokagi Isalikho Musunju CFA
14 Esmashi Mwashi Jumba
15 Margret Shiru
16 Samuel Mbagaya Kibiri CFA
17 Rev. Paulo Matasi Kibiri CFA
Kibiri Participatory Forest Management Plan 2015 – 2019 Page | 98
No Name Organization/Institution
18 Jacob Inyanje Kibiri CFA
19 Leya Lihanda Kibiri CFA
20 Paul Muchi Kibiri CFA
21 Peter Shirievi Kibiri CFA
22 Daniel Asembekha Kibiri CFA
23 Meshack Kalubembe Kibiri CFA
24 Paul Maseche Kibiri CFA
25 Caston Jumba Kibiri CFA
26 George Managa Kibiri CFA
27 Matthew Ogutu KFS - Vihiga
28 Ojuang Nyibule Kakamega Forest National
Reserve
29 James Maua KEFRI-Kakamega
30 Victoria Lukhale KFS- Kakamega
31 S.K Sang Forester Kibiri
32 M.M Matu KFS–Vihiga
33 W.K Mahelo KFS- Hamisi
34 Joel Siele Nature Kenya-Kakamega
35 Jennifer Adero Nature Kenya-Kakamega
36 Esther Nikuche Assistant Chief -Shiru
37 Leonard Muhanga Nature Kenya
38 Johnson A. Mayabi Kibiri CFA
39 Joseph Thomas KFS Vihiga
40 Jamin Wanjala KWS - Kakamega
41 Nelson Ndung KFS - Vihiga
42 Eunice Wendo Kibiri CFA
43 Mebo Khavungwi Kibiri CFA
Appendix 7c: List of participants during community sensitization meeting on
Kibiri PFMP held at Makuchi on 8/02/2013
No. Name Organization/Institution
1 Jeniffer Adero Nature Kenya
2 Simon Sesi Kibiri CFA-scout
3 James Murunga Kibiri CFA
4 Ezekiel Shidiaoaia Kibiri CFA
5 James Mategeya Kibiri CFA
6 Johnstone Malasi Kibiri CFA
7 Kenneth Muhunami Kibiri CFA
8 Esna Musitu Kibiri CFA
9 Seba Lutishi Kibiri CFA
Kibiri Participatory Forest Management Plan 2015 – 2019 Page | 99
No. Name Organization/Institution
10 Esther Musi Kibiri CFA
11 Saphania Munene Kibiri CFA
12 Ketray Khadiala Kibiri CFA
13 Esnah Jamoti Kibiri CFA
14 Josephine tsiji Kibiri CFA
15 Mukofu Margret Kibiri CFA- scout
16 Racheal Khayosa Kibiri CFA
17 Petronillah Shilevi Kibiri CFA
18 Samwel sore Kibiri CFA
19 Tom Ambani Kibiri CFA
20 Corrinieles Nalisi Kibiri CFA
21 Ipeter Shilievi Kibiri CFA
22 Edward Mwashi Kibiri CFA
23 Tsaji Mirriam Kibiri CFA
24 Biliah Mutunga Kibiri CFA
25 Heron Simani Kibiri CFA
26 Peter Murula Kibiri CFA
27 Imbadu Dedan Tiriki Cultural Forest
28 Solomon MEG
29 Philemon Shamale Kibiri CFA
30 Amos Kisia Kibiri CFA
31 Sungu Jonestone Kibiri CFA
32 Julius Luingi Kibiri CFA
33 Agrey Musene Kibiri CFA
34 Solomon Aswan APEC
35 Musasa Gideon Tea farmers enterprise
36 Musa Kamukwa Village elder
37 Rev. Paul Matasi Kibiri CFA
38 John Likoti CFA- member
39 Moses Isiiye MoALF
40 Seth Jiveti Assistant chief
41 Leonard Muhanga Nature Kenya
42 Julius Luvayo Kibiri CFA
43 Joel Siele Nature Kenya
44 Phillip Towett KFS
Appendix 7d: List of participants in Community Forest Zonation at Kibiri on
01/05/2014
No Name Organization/Institution
1 Joel Siele Nature Kenya
2 Jane Jobita KFS HQ
3 Evans Kegode KFS HQ
Kibiri Participatory Forest Management Plan 2015 – 2019 Page | 100
No Name Organization/Institution
4 Fred Nyongesa KFS HQ
5 Jeniffer Adero Nature Kenya
6 Winny Sambaya Nature Kenya
7 Florah Indasi Kibiri CFA-Mushanga group
8 Julius Luvayo Kibiri CFA
9 Johnson A. Mayabi CFA-KIBIRI
10 Florence Luingwa CFA KIBIRI
11 Rose Khavele CFA-KIBIRI
12 Catherene Vujete CFA-KIBIRI
13 Meshack Alubembe CFA-KIBIRI
14 Atseles Atsangu CFA-KIBIRI
15 Bali Willypitus Ass.Chief-Muhudu
16 Rev .Paul Madasi CFA-KIBIRI
17 Edward Mwashi CFA-KIBIRI
18 Paul Maseche CFA-KIBIRI
19 Esther Nikoche Ass.Chief
20 Seth Chiveti Ass.Chief
21 Leonard Muhanga Nature Kenya
22 Boaz C. Mung’aya KFS
23 Saekwo N.Elias KFS
24 Benard Wandati KFS
25 Solomon Mbagaya Kibiri CFA
26 Sgt.Kibet Chebii KFS
27 Jared Sajita Nature Kenya
28 Dennis Okoit KFS
29 Jastas Kisia CFA-KIBIRI