Khmer culture, civilization (part3)
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Transcript of Khmer culture, civilization (part3)
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University of Cambodia
Lectured by:
Mut Somoeun, M.Ed
KHM 140: Khmer Culture
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THE ORIGIN OF CAMBODIA
Indian Prince (Hun Tein) Cambodian Princess (Liv Yi)
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WHAT IS RELIGION?
The belief in and worship of a superhuman
controlling power, esp a personal God or gods
Faith, belief, divinity, worship, creed, teaching,
doctrine, theology
A particular system of faith and worship
A pursuit/ interest followed with great devotion
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WHAT IS RELIGION?
Religion is the set of beliefs, feelings, dogmas and practices that define the relations between human being and sacred or divinity.
A given religion is defined by specific elements of a
community of believers: dogmas, sacred books, rites, worship, sacrament, moral prescription, interdicts, organization.
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WHY RELIGION EXISTS?
Human Fear
Human Knowledge
Problems & Solutions
Power (Human & God)
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RELIGIONS IN CAMBODIA
Buddhism (90-95% of the population)
Christianity
Islam
Brahmanism & Hinduism
Animism (Tribal Groups)
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BUDDHISM IN CAMBODIA
Originated from India (Theravada) during the 3rd Century of BE to the mainland (Malayu/ S Burma)
1st Century (Hun Tein & Liv Yi)– 6th Century, 2 monks named Sanghabal & Mantrasen to China as Buddhist missionaries
Theravada almost disappeared in late 9th century (Mahayana existed) and in late 13th century CE a son of Jayavarman 7 (Tamalindra) became a monk then went to study Buddhism in Srilangka)
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BUDDHISM IS THE PREDOMINANT RELIGION IN CAMBODIA In each family, the oldest son is expected to spend
several months as a monk in order to provide merit for his family.
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THREE FUNDAMENTALS OF BUDDHISM
In Tribitaka based on Cause & Effect No doing all bad things
Vinaya (Buddhist Code of Conduct) Doing all good things
Sutra (narrative, explanation...) Purifying mind
Aphidhamma (mind cultivation)
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NOBLE EIGHTFOLD PATHS (អដ្ឋង្គិកមគ្គ) right understanding right thought right speech right action right living right effort right mindfulness right concentration
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BRAHMANISM & HINDUISM
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BRAHMANISM & HINDUISM
Originated from India since the 1st king in Funan Kingdom period
3 Gods are the most important in Brahmanism: Vishnu, Siva (Isor) and Brahma = sacrifices
Prominently seen the practice of Brhmanism in Chenla period (6th CE – Angkor period)
Brahmanism & king coronation & other ceremonies in kingdom (temple)
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HINDUISM
Hinduism is the combinations of Brahman doctrine
& Buddhist doctrine plus others
Most kings from Chenla (6th CE) – Angkor period
practiced Brahmanism + Hinduism; esp in
coronation & building temples (the largest Hindu
temple – Angkor Toch)
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THE DEVARAJA CULT
In 802, Jayavarman II proclaimed himself god-king of Cambodia. He did so through a Hindu ritual involving worship of Shiva, king of the gods.
A royal cult developed, involved an annual festival during which a statue of Shiva was paraded thru the capital city.
The ceremony not only proclaimed the devaraja but Cambodia’ permanent separation from Java.
Ritually sanctifying a symbol of the devaraja.
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CHRISTIANITY
Established by a man named Jesus or Jesus Christ in
545 of BE in Palestine & died at the age of 30.
Flowed into Cambodia in 16th century CE (1570) in
the reign of King Satha I (Longvek)
In the time of French protectorate (1863-1953)
The most prominent canon is Bible
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ISLAM
Established in Arabic land by a man named Mohamed/ Mohamad in 570 CE & died in 632
Islam existed in Cambodia by Cham people since the 19th century CE
Cham used to rule Khmer in 1177 – 1181 Jayavarman VII gained back.
The most prominent canon is Quo An/ Qoran)
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ANIMISM (TRIBAL GROUPS)
The tribal/ indigenous groups and live in the high land/ mountainous areas.
They believe in various invisible spirits, who some are benevolent and malevolent.
They associate spirits with rice, soil, water, fire, stones, paths, and so forth. Sorcerers or specialists in each village contact these spirits and prescribe ways to appease them.
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QUESTIONS?