Qu trnh izome ho#T A *?Lai cam anEm xin tran trong gui lai cam an tai cac thay co giao Khoa cong nghe hoa hoc trnong DHBK Ha noi, da tao dieu kien thuan lgi cho em trong suot thai gian hoc tap va nghien cum tai trnang.Dac biet em xin bay to long biet an tai thay giao:PGS.TS. Le Van Hieu cung cac thay, co trong bo mon Hum ca - Hoa dau da tan tinh giup da trong thai gian em lam do an tot nghiep tai bo mon. Tuy nhien do kha nang va thai gian co han nen do an tot nghiep cua em khong tranh khoi nhung thieu sot.Em rat mong dngc cac thay, co giao trong bo mon, hoi dong bao ve tot nghiep va cac ban sinh vien dong gop y kien de do an tot nghiep cua em dngc hoan chinh han.Em xin chan thanh cam anSinh vien:Bo giao due va dao taoTruong dai hoc bach khoa ha noiCong hoa xa hoi chu nghia viet namdoc lap - tu do - hanh phucNhiem vu Thiet ke tot nghiepHo va ten sinh vien: Nguyen Xuan Anh Khoa: 43Khoa: Cong Nghe Hoa HocNganh hoc: Cong Nghe Huu Co - Hoa DauDau de thiet ke:Thiet ke phan xuong Isome hoaCac so lieu ban dau:Cong suat 350.000tan/namNoi dung cac phan thuyet minh va tmh toanGioi thieu chungTong quanTmh toan : + Tmh can bang vat chat+ Tmh can bang nhiet luongThiet ke xay dungAn toan lao dongTmh toan kinh teCac loai ban ve do thi (ghi ro cac loai ban ve ve kfch thutfc ban ve):1 ban ve day truyen cong nghe A0 1 ban ve thiet bi chmh A 1 ban ve mat bang xay dung A0Can bo huung danHo va ten can boPhan:Cong ngheTS. Le Van HieuXay dungTS. Le Van HieuKinh teTS. Le Van HieuNgay giao nhiem vu thiet ke: 10/2/2003Ngay hoan thanh nhiem vu:Ngay... thang... nam 2003.Chu nhiem khoaCan bo huung dan(Ky ten va ghi ro ho ten)(Ky ten va ghi ro ho ten)Ket qua danh gia:Sinh vien da hoan thanh- Qua trinh thiet ke:(va nop toan bo ban thiet ke cho khoa)Diem duyet:Ban ve thiet ke:Ngaythangnam 2003Mo1 dauGioi thieu Qua trinh iSome hoaQua trinh isome hoa n-parafin duoc dung de nang cao tri so octan cua phan doan pentan-hexan cua phan xang soi den 700C, dong thdi cung cho phep nhan cac izo-parafin rieng biet nhu isopentan va isobutan tu nguyen lieu cho qua trinh tong hop cao su isopren, isobutan la nguon nguyen lieu tot cho qua trinh alkyl hoa, hoac de nhan izobuten cho qua tong hop MTBE.Nhu da neu tren, cong nghiep che bien dau dung hai qua trinh chu dao de nhan xang co tri so octan cao la qua trinh reforming xuc tac va cracking xuc tac. Nhung do nhu cau ve xang chat luong cao ngay cang tang, trong khi do phan C5 - C6 cua cong nghiep che bien dau ngay cang co so luong lon ma lai khong the dat tri so octan cao khi ap dung cac qua trinh tren. Truoc day phan doan nay chi duoc dung de pha tron vao xang voi muc dfch dat du ap suat hoi bao hoa cua xang va thanh phan cat, con tri so octan cua phan nay khong du cao. Cac so lieu trich dan o bang sau cho thay ro dieu nay.Bang l.Tri so octan va diem soi cua hydrocacbon C5, C10.Cau tu*Diem soiRONMONC5: n-pentan3661.761.92-metylbutan (izopentan)2892.90.3C6: n-hexan66.7524.8262-metylpentan (izohexan)60.373.473.43-metylpentan63.2574.574.32.2-dimetylbutan (neohexan)49.7394.593.52.3-dimetylbutan5810.394Cac so lieu cua bang cho thay, thfch hop nhat cho qua trinh nhan xang chat luong cao thi phan doan n-C5-C6 nhan duoc trong khu lien hop loc hoa dau can phai duoc cho qua trinh isome hoa.Cong nghe che bien dau mo ra doi vao nam 1859, va cho den nay the gioi da khai thac va che bien mot so luong dau khong lo, voi toc do tang trudng hang thap nien rat nhanh chong (tang gap doi trong khoang 10 nam cho den nam 1980). Nganh cong nghiep dau do tang trudng nhanh da trd thanh nganh cong nghiep mui nhon cua the ky 20. Dac biet sau Dai chien The gioi II, cong nghiep dau kh phat trien nham dap ung hai muc tieu chmh la:Cung cap cac san pham nang luong cho nhu cau ve nhien lieu dong co, nhien lieu cong nghiep va cac san pham ve dau mo boi tron.Cung cap cac hoa chat co ban cho nganh tong hop hoa dau va hoa hoc, tao ra su thay doi lon ve co cau phat trien cac chung loai san pham cua nganh hoa chat, vat lieu.Trong so cac san pham nang luong dau mo, truoc het phai ke toi nhien lieu xang, mot loai nhien lieu co vai tro vo cung quan trong trong doi song. Trong chien tranh the gioi thu hai, yeu cau ve xang may bay tang len rat nhieu, dieu do da thuc day qua trinh isome hoa nham che bien n-butan thanh izobutan de pha vao xang. Sau chien tranh, nguoi ta lai chu y den qua trinh nay chi tu nam 1950 trd lai day. Mot mat la do phai nang cao hon nua chat luong cua xang oto va xang may bay. Mat khac nguoi ta can nhan izopentan de san xuat cao su nhan tao.Xang loai tot bao gom hon hop hydrocacbon thom cua reforming xuc tac va phan doan soi thap co du do boc cho dong co xang. Cac cau tu nhe cua hon hop can co tri so octan du cao de khong gay ra kich no. Phan doan nhe cua xang cracking xuc tac hay nhiet phan deu thoa man yeu cau nay.Trong cac phan xudng hay nha may che bien dau ma khong co day chuyen cracking thi can thiet phai co day chuyen che bien va su dung izoparrafin C5 va C6. Cac cau tu nay co tri so octan du cao, co do boc va nhay voi PTE (TOC) va do la uu diem so voi cac cau tu khac cua xang chua pha tron. De nhan duoc izoC5 , C6 ngudi ta co the dung qua trinh isome hoa. Uu diem cua qua trinh nay la: Bien doi hydrocacbon mach thang thanh cau tu co cau truc nhanh la cau tu co tri so octan cao. Nhd the lam nang cao dang ke hieu suat va chat luong xang. Ngay nay d nudc ta nganh cong nghiep khai thac va che bien dang tren da phat trien ma hien nay luong condensate ngay cang nhieu do do ta can phai thuc hien chuyen chung thanh nhien lieu co tri so ON cao. Vi thanh phan chu yeu cua condensate la cac cau tu n-C54C6 (n- parafin) nen no co tri so octan tuong doi thap bdi the ta phai thuc hien isome hoa de tang tri so octan.Chmh vi tam quan trong nay, trong cong nghiep che bien dau, qua trinh isome hoa da duoc rat nhieu cong ty ldn tren the gidi chu trong nghien cuu va phat trien, cu the nhu: UOP, Shell, Bp.... Do vay, vdi de tai Thiet ke phan xudng isome hoa se phan nao giup sinh vien hieu duoc vai trO cua qua trinh isome hoa trong loc hoa dau va su phat trien cua no.Co sd ly thuyet cua qua trinh Isome hoaDac trong ve nhiet dong hoc [I,224]Cac phan ung isome hoa n-pentan va n-hexan la cac phan ung co toa nhiet nhe. Bang 2 cho thay nhiet phan ung de tao thanh cac isome hoa tu cac cau tu rieng biet.Bang 2.Cau toDH298 Kcal/mlC5: 2-metylbutan(isopentan)- 1,922,2.dimetylpropan(neopentan)- 4.67C6: 2-metyl pentan(isohexan)- 1,703-metylpentan- 1,062,2-dimetyl butan(neohexan)- 4,392,3-dimetylbutan- 2,53Do do cac phan ung isome hoa la tOa nhiet nen ve mat nhiet dong hoc phan ung se khong thuan lgi khi tang nhiet do. Mat khac, phan ung isome hoa n-parafin la phan ung thuan nghich va khong co su tang the hch, vi the can bang cua phan ung chi phu thuoc vao nhiet do. Nhiet do thap se tao dieu kien thuan lgi tao thanh isome va cho phep nhan dugc hon hgp d dieu kien can bang va co tri so octan cao. Do thi sau cho thay su phu thuoc giua nong do can bang cua isome vao nhiet do cua phan ung isome hoa n-pentan va n- hexan dugc xay dung tu tmh toan thuc nghiem.Tu do thi cho thay khi tang nhiet do nong do cac isome deu giam con nong cac n-parafin lai tang, khi do no lam giam hieu xuat cua qua trinh isome hoa. Dua vao do thi thay rang neu nhiet do to < 200oC se thiet lap dugc mot hon hgp can bang co tri so octan cao.Khi isome hoa cac n-parafin con xay ra mot so phan ung phu nhu phan ung cracking va phan ung phan bo lai:2C5H12C4H10 + Cn6Hi4De giam toc do cua phan ung phu nay va duy tri hoat tmh cua xuc tac, ngudi ta phai thuc hien qua trinh d ap suat hydro PH2 =2 ^ 4 MPa va tuan hoan kh chua hydro.Dong hoc va co che phan ung isome hoa phu thuoc vao dieu kien tien hanh qua trinh va phu thuoc vao xuc tac.Co* che cua phan ting isome hoa n-parafinPhan ung isome hoa n-parafin tren xuc tac co the xay ra theo cac huong sau (phu thuoc vao do axit cua xuc tac).[I-246], [II-135]Tren xuc tac voi do axit manh cua chat mangPhan ung isome hoa xay ra tren cac tarn axit. Vai tro cua kim loai chi lam nhiem vu han che su tao coc va ngan ngua su tro hoa cac tam axit.Khi do cac co che phan ung dugc mieu ta nhu sau:VD: doi voi n-butan:K,HCH3CHD2CH2CH3 ^.CH3C+CH3ICH3CH3C+CH3 + CH3 CH2 CH2 CH3CH3CHCH3IICH3CH3+ CH3+CHCH2CH3day K la tam axit cua xuc tac.Voi xuc tac luting chtic,co che phan ting nhu* sauMe,-HK, +H+CH3 CH2 CH2CH34 CH3ch=ch2ch^zz^. c H3 CH2+. CHCH3CH3 CH2+ CH CH3CH3C+CH^=^CH3C=CH2KIK, +H ICH3CH3CH3C=CH?^CH3CHCH3Me, +H2ICH3CH3d day Me la tam kim loai, K la tam axit cua xuc tac.Gioi thieu chung ve xuc tacXuc tac dugc coi la cay dua than trong mot so phan ung hoa hoc. Chi can mot lugng nho no cung co the lam tang toc do phan ung len hang tram, hang nghin lan. Ban chat cua xuc tac la chat xuc tac chi co tac dung dua he nhanh chong dat den trang thai can bang, bang cach lam giam nang lugng hoat hoa cua phan ung chu khong anh hudng gi den can bang hoa hoc. Mot phan ung khong co kha nang xay ra thi xuc tac se vo tac dung. Chat xuc tac mot phan cung thuc day phan ung xay ra theo chieu ngugc lai. Sau phan ung, chat xuc tac khong thay doi gi ve thanh phan hoa hoc, chi thay doi mot ft ve tmh chat vat ly.Cac phan ung hum co thuong xay ra theo nhieu huong, xay ra theo nhieu cap (chuyen hoa tiep tuc san pham). Chat xuc tac co kha nang lam tang nhanh khong dong deu mot so phan ung nhat dinh. Tmh chat nay dugc goi la tmh chon loc cua xuc tac, nho do ma hieu qua cua phan ung tang nhieu lan.Xuc tac dugc chia lam hai nhom chmh la xuc tac dong the va xuc tac di the, moi loai lai dugc chia nho hon. Voi xuc tac di the ran-khi, dac trung nhat la xuc tac Oxft, da Oxit, ngay nay pho bien nhat la xuc tac kim loai tren chat mang.Xuc tac ran trong cong nghiep thuong co cac dang sau:Bui: coduong kfnh khoang d =1-150mmVi cau:d=10-150mmCau lon:d=3-6 mmTru:d=3-4,chieu cao h = 3-5 mmXuc tac dang cau ft vo vun, chung co do ben co rat cao. Dang bui va dang vi cau dung trong xuc tac gia soi, dang cau lon dugc dung trong xuc tac chuyen dong, con dang tru dung trong cong nghe xuc tac lop tinh. Kmh thuoc hat xuc tac phu thuoc vao kieu reactor. Khi cac chat phan ung la kh bay hoi thi chi co hai loai reactor dugc su dung la reactor lap co dinh va lap soi.Reactor lap co dinhLa ong dung dung xuc tac, dong chat phan ung dugc thoi qua lap xuc tac. Do trd luc, ap suat se giam xuong khi qua lap xuc tac, vi the can tao ra mot ap suat duong d dau vao reactor de dam bao toc do dong tMch hgp. Do gia ap suat qua lap xuc tac tang theo chieu tang cua toc do dong, chieu day cua lap xuc tac va chieu giam kfch thuac hat.Reactor lap soid day lap xuc tac gom cac hat min va khi dong khi thoi tu duai len qua lap xuc tac, dan dan dat den toc do tai han thi lap xuc tac bat dau soi. The hch cua lap gian ra dang ke, cac hat d trang thai chuyen dong lien tuc. Lap soi co uu diem hon lap co dinh, chang han nhu kha nang truyen nhiet tot hon nhieu, su ton that ap suat nho hon so vai lap co dinh.Xuc tac pha longXuc tac cho qua trinh isome hoa thuoc loai xuc tac thuc day phan ung tao thanh ion cacboni tuc la xuc tac mang tmh axit. Truac day ngudi ta dung xuc tac Lewis nhu AlCl3 , dugc hoat hoa bang HCl. Gan day ngudi ta van su dung xuc tac tren co sd AlBr3 va hon hgp AlCl3 + SbCl3 , uu diem cua loai xuc tac mai nay la hoat tmh rat cao, d nhiet do 93nn0C da hau nhu chuyen hoa hoan toan cac parafin. Nhugc diem cua loai xuc tac nay la mau mat hoat tmh, do chon loc thap va de bi phan huy. Do axit manh cua xuc tac de gay an mon thiet bi. Ngoai cac xuc tac tren thi cung con su dung mot so suc tac nhuH3PO4 d 26-1350CC6H5SOH d 760C de isome hoa butene 1 va butene 2H3PO4/chat mang la dat nung d 325-3600C de isome hoa n-anken va iso-akenXuc tac axit ranBEO: dung de bien doi xyclohecxane thanh metylxyclohecxan d 4500C. Cr2O3:dung de bien doi heptilene 1,5 thanh hecxadiene 2,4 d 225-250oCThO2:isome hoa olefin d 398-4400CTiO2 : dung de bien doi heptilene thanh metylxyclohecxene d 4500C Al2O3-Cr2O3 , Al2O3-Fe2O3 , Al2O3-Co, Al2O3-MnO2 (tat ca deu tron theo ty le khoi lugng la 4:1) dung de isome hoa metylbutylene d 294-3700C.Cr2O3-Fe2O3 : chuyen vi tri noi doi, noi ba trong hop chat khong no d 220-3000C ma khong thay doi cau true mach cacbon.MoSD3 : dung de bien doi n-parafin thanh iso-parafin.Al2O3-V2O5:duoc dung de bien doi xyclohecxane thanhmetylxyclopentane.Xuc tac luOng chu*c [XVIII]Lien he vdi viec che tao xuc tac reforming ngudi ta da tim ra xuc tac mdi cho qua trinh isome hoa va hydroisome hoa de isome hoa n-parafin .Thudng xuc tac nay gom hai phan:Phan kim loai co dac trung hydro hoa, kim loai thudng dung la Pt ,Pd^Phan chat mang axit (alumin ,alumin + halogen ,aluminsilicat...). Loai xuc tac nay co du do chon loc can thiet khi isome hoa nguyen lieu C5D-C6 nhung do linh hoat cua no kha thap vi the doi hoi nhiet do phan ung phai cao. Vi vay de dam bao duoc hieu suat cua qua trinh thi ngudi ta cho tuan hoan.Xuc tac reforming loai Pt/Al2O3 dung rat co hieu qua khi isome hoa phan doan C5-C6 nhung de dat duoc toc do phan ung can thiet, chung chi duoc su dung d nhiet do tu 450-5100C.Do hoat tmh cua xuc tac ludng chuc duoc tang len bang cach tang do axit cua chat mang. Xuc tac Pt/Al2O3 tao ra ngay duoc ion cacnboni d nhiet do 500C. Sau nay ngudi ta dung xuc tac Pt/Modenit, zeolite. Vdi xuc tac nay co the tao ra duoc phan ting co hieu qua d nhiet do 2500C. Nhung pho bien nhat van la xuc tac Pt/Al2O3 duoc bo xung clo. Xuc tac duoc quan tam nhieu nhat hien nay la zeolite.Zeolite va xuc tac chtia zeoliteZelit la hop chat cua Alumino-silic. Do la hop chat tinh the co cau truc dac biet, cau truc cua chung duoc dac trung bang mang cac lo rong, ranh rat nho thong nhau. Cac zeolit duoc che tao cung luc vOi xuc tac Alumino-silicat hay voi dat set thien nhien, roi sau do duoc xu ly bang cac phuong phap dac biet hop thanh xuc tac chtia zeolit. Xuc tac chtia zeolit co hoat tmh rat cao, do chon loc tot va lai co gia thanh vua phai co kha nang tai sinh vi the chung duoc su dung rong rai.Thanh phan hoa hoc cua zeolit duoc bieu dien duOi dang cong thtic nhu sau:M2/nAl2O3 .xSiO2.yH2OTrong do:x>2 va n la hoa tri cua cation kim loai M.Ve cau tao zeolit duoc tao thanh tu cac Sodalite. Neu cac don vi nay noi nhau theo cac mat bon canh thi tao nen zeolit ma ngudi ta goi la zeolit loai A. Con khi cac don vi nay noi nhau theo cac mat sau canh thi zeolit tao thanh ngudi ta thudng goi la zeolit loai X hay Y, co cau truc tuong tu nhu cac Faurazite. Ngay nay ngudi ta da che tao duoc hang tram loai zeolit khac nhau du moi kfch co.Bang 3ZeolitThanh phan hoa hocDudng kmh trung binh cua lo AANa2O. Al2O3.2SiO2.4,5H2O3,6-3,9XNa2O. Al2O3.2,5SiO2.6H2O7,4YNa2O. Al2O3.4,8SiO2.8,9H2O7,4MordeniteNag(Al2O3)4,8(SiO2)40.24H2O2,9-5,7ZSM5 va 115,4-5,6Zeolite cho phan ting isome hoaTrong tat ca cac loai zeolit thi zeolit su dung phu hap nhat cho qua trinh isome hoa la ZSM5,11. Vi chung co kmh thuac kha phu hap cho phep do chon loc cua qua trinh cao hon.Sau day la mot so dac trung cua qua trinh isome hoa.Tom tat dieu kien nhiet do lam viec cua cac loai xuc tac:Bang 4Xuc tacNhiet do phan ung khi su dungNhiet do phan ung khi su dungFiedel Crafts AlCl3.AlBr380-1000CPha long gay an mOnOxit Al2O3,Cr2O3,BeO200-4500CPha hoiPt/Al2O3350-5000CPha hoiPt/Al2O3 clo hoa80-1500CPha hoiPt/zeolite250-3000CPha hoiPt/zeolite-X300-3300CPha hoiPt/zeolite-Y300-3300CPha hoiPt/ZSM5300-3300CPha hoiChat mang co tmh axitXuc tac chi co tac dung d lap ben ngoai tren be mat co do day khoang 100 4 300 Ao, con d phia ben trong chi lam nhiem vu lien ket mang tinh the. Nhu vay ngudi ta thay lap ben trong bang mot lap chat mang re tien va de dieu che hon. Mat khac khi dung chat mang co the tang do ben co, do ben nhiet va tang be mat rieng cua xuc tac.Chat mang co the la oxit nhom hoac hon hap Al2O3-SiO2, sau nay ngudi ta con dung zeolit hay modenit vi zeolit la mot trong cac axit ran co dac tmh rat quy la: do axit cao, la mot ray phan tu, do vay co the cho phep ta tach duacnhung phan tu co kfch thuac khac nhau. Tot hon ca la dung xuc tac ZSM-5 cua hang Mobil-Oil (Hoa Ky). Tuy nhien pho bien hon ca su dung chat mang Al2O3 co bo sung Clo. Do axit cua chat mang dugc quyet dinh bdi qua trinh xu ly dac biet de tach nudc be mat nham tao ra be mat rieng ldn (400m2/g) va tao ra cac tam axit.Chat mang co the la y -Al2O3 hoac la r -Al2O3 vdi dien hch be mat khoang 250m2/g dugc bo sung cac hgp chat Halogen nhu flo, clo hay hon hgp cua chung. Do axit tang khi tang ham lugng halogen, co khoang 547% clo tren xuc tac. Dung CCl4 hoac cac hgp chat clo huu co khac, hien nay ngudi ta thudng dung axit HCl, de co ft nhat 2 nguyen tu Clo tren mot nguyen tu Al.Kim loai [XVIII]Kim loai co dac trung thuc day phan ung dehydro hoa parafin thanh olefin, dong thdi hydro hoa cac olefin thanh cac izo-parafin. Thudng dung la cac kim loai qm sau Pt, Pd, Ni, ... trong do Pt la kim loai dugc su dung nhieu nhat.Trong qua trinh isome hoa, Pt lam tang toc do khu hydrocacbon no, khu hydro vOng hoa parafin tao hydrocacbon thom thuc day qua trinh no hoa, lam giam lugng coc bam tren xuc tac. Hon nua Pt co kha nang phan ly phan tu H2SO4 de dang, cac anken khong bi hap phu qua manh va Pt la xuc tac yeu cua phan ung nhiet phan hydro. Vi vay cac phan ung isome hoa n-parafin de dang xay ra tren Pt ngay ca trudng hgp khong co tam axit.Platin dugc dua vao xuc tac d dang khac nhau nhung pho bien la dung dung dich cua axit platin clohidric (H2PtCl6). Platin la cau tu tuyet vdi cho xuc tac dong phan hoa. Ham lugng Pt tren xuc tac chiem khoang 0,340,7% khoi lugng.Chat lugng tot cua mot chat xuc tac la co do hoat tmh cao, do chgn lgc cao va do on dinh cao. do hoat tmh cua xuc tac dugc danh gia thong qua hieu suat va do chuyen hoa cua san pham thu dugc. Do hoat tmh phu thuoc chu yeu vao ham lugng kim loai Pt va dac biet la do phan tan cua Pt tren chat mang axit. Qua cac ket qua nghien cuu, nguOi ta cho rang: Neu cac hat phan tan co kfch thudc nhO han 10Ao thi co tam hoat tmh manh, con khi kfch thudc hat ldn han 70Ao thi xuc tac khong co hoat tinh doi vdi phan ung isome hoa. Vi the ham lugng Pt chi chiem toi da 1% be mat chat mang.Xuc tac luong chuc nang co do chon loc cao han xuc tac trong pha long nhung do hoat tmh cua no thuOng thap han, vi the phai doi hoi nhiet do phan ung phai cao han va phan ung phai dugc thuc hien trong pha hai. nhung do tang nhiet do ma phan ung isome hoa n-parafin khong thuan lgi ve mat nhiet dong. Do do can phai tuan hoan nguyen lieu chua bien doi de nang cao hieu suat cua qua trinh isome hoa.Cong nghe isome hoa n-pentan va cac hydrocacbon nhe khac tren xuc tac lai hoa. anh hudng cua kh hydro den qua trinh [V], [VII], [XVI], [XVI], [XVII]Phan ung isome hoa cac parafin nhe giu mot vai tro quan trong trong cong nghe che bien dau khh nham san xuat ra cac cau tu co tri so octan cao. Theo tai lieu (Huang et, al 1992) thi phan ung isome hoa dau tien dugc tien hanh vao nhung nam 30 vdi -butan. d day, lan dau tien xuc tac Fiedel - Crafts dugc su dung cho phan ung isome hoa. Loai xuc tac nay chi cho do hoat dong cao khi tien hanh phan ung isome hoa -butan d nhiet do thap dudi 900C. Bdi no co do chon loc thap, cau truc kem on dinh va do mai mon cao, dac biet la doi vdi phan ung isome hoa n-pentan va n-hexan. Do vay ma xuc tac Fiedel - Crafts khong the thoa man dugc nhung yeu cau cua nhung day truyen phan ung isome hoa hien dai.De giai quyet van de nay ma xuc tac luong chuc nang da ra doi. Loai xuc tac mdi nay dugc san xuat tu nhung kim loai quy hiem nhu Pt, Pd tren nhung be mat co kha nang chong mai mon cao. Nhu chung ta da biet rang Pt - Al2O3 co tac dung xuc tac cho phan ung isome hoa n-pentan va n-hexan, nhung dac tmh nay chi xuat hien khi tien hanh phan ung d nhiet do cao, thuong tu 455 - 5100C. Vi vay, de cai thien dieu kien lam viec cua xuc tac, ha thap nhiet do phan ung cho loai xuc tac nay ma Pt - Al2O3 se duoc xu ly bang AlCl3 va bang clorua huu co. Do vay kha nang xuc tac cua Pt - Al2O3 se duoc hoan thien hon, duoc su dung rong rai trong cong nghiep isome hoa.Trong nhung nam gan day, nhieu loai xuc tac luong chuc nang moi da duoc phat hien nhu: kim loai hiem/aluminosilicat va kim loai hiem/zeolit va chung ngay cang duoc hoan thien hon. Nhung loai xuc tac moi nay cho muc do chuyen hoa cao, gan gia tri can bang cua phan ung, ngay ca khi tien hanh phan ung d nhiet do trung binh (260 - 3150C).Vi du nhu qua trinh isome hoa n-pentan duoc tien hanh tren xuc tac Pt - Zeolit, trong thiet bi phan ung kieu chay dong d ap suat kh quyen. Phan ung duoc tien hanh d khoang nhiet do 230 - 3000C, ap suat 1at, ty le phan mol H2/n-pentan = 9/1, W/F = 10,0 g.h/mol. Thi muc do chuyen hoa khi dat can bang phan ung co the dat duoc khoang 70% d 2700C tren xuc tac Pt/HZSM-5 (xuc tac ho tro) hoac xuc tac Pt-lai hoa (mot hon hop dang bot cua Pt/SiO2 va HZSM-5). Neu so sanh thi do chon loc isome hoa tren xuc tac Pt-lai hoa cung cao hon Pt/HZSM-5 va hoat tinh cua xuc tac Pt-lai hoa cung cao hon Pt/HZSM-5 khi tien hanh phan ung d trong khoang nhiet do va ap suat rong.Trong phan ung isome hoa n-pentan thi khi hydro giu mot vai tro quan trong trong qua trinh tai sinh trung tam axit Bronsted va giu on dinh hop chat trung gian i-nC5.. Cac yeu cau cua xuc tac ran trong cong nghiepChat xuc tac chi thuc su co trnh kha thi khi chung thoa man phan lon cac yeu cau cong nghe dat ra:Co hoat trnh va do chon loc cao de dam bao hieu suat cua thiet bi.De san xuat, re tien, co trnh tai sinh va ben voi nhung tac nhan gay ngo doc xuc tac. Dam bao duoc san luong lon trong quy mo cong nghiep, phu hop voi thuc te la luong tap chat rat nhieu.- Do on dinh ben co, ben nhiet, ben hoa hoc va do thuan khiet ve thanh phan hoa hoc cao. Mat khac, no con co kha nang dan nhiet tot co kha nang tao kich thuoc va hinh dang phu hop dong deu.Tuy nhien, trong thnc te khong co loai xuc tac nao dap ung duoc cac yeu cau tren. Vi the trong tung truong hop cu the ma ta xet xem yeu cau nao la quan trong nhat de chon xuc tac cho phu hop.6. Cac yeu to anh huong den qua trinh isome hoa [V]Xuc tac trong cong nghiep co tac dung thiet thnc khi ma no di doi voi mot khoang nhat dinh nao do cua cac yeu to cong nghe. Cac yeu to cong nghe lien quan mat thiet voi nhau. Do do viec nghien cuu anh hudng cua tung yeu to la can thiet. Cac yeu to do la: thanh phan nguyen lieu, ap suat, nhiet do, boi so tuan hoan khi hydro, van toc the tich nap lieu.*Nguyen lieuTrong cong nghiep thi nguoi ta thuong dung nguyen lieu cho qua trinh isome hoa la: C4,C5,C6 hay hon hop cua chung cu the la phan naphta nhe. Dac trung cua nguyen lieu se quyet dinh den che do cong nghe va chat luong san pham. Thong thuong ham luong n-parafin chi chiem khoang nho hon 60%. De dat duoc hieu suat cao thi can phai tach phan iso-parafin ra khoi nguyen lieu .Nguyen lieu tu cac nguon khac nhau do do thanh phan hoa hoc va sn phan bo ham luong hydrocacbon co phan tu luong lon hay nho cung se khac nhau. Vi du nhu nguyen lieu co ham luong chat doc lon hon qui dinh thi phai su ly, lam sach so bo truoc khi dua vao phan ung. Nhu vay nguyen lieu la yeu to quan trong anh hudng den viec che tao xuc tac cung nhu xac dinh cac yeu to cong nghe khac.Ham luong cho phep cua cac chat doc trong cong nghiepNguyen lieu%Trong luongS2.10-3N0,5.10-4H2O5.10-4*ap suat H2Qua trinh isome hoa trong cong nghiep thuong duoc thuc hien vdi ap suat cao cua H2. Theo nguyen ly chuyen dich can bang thi su co mat cua H2 se can trd qua trinh tao coc tren tam kim loai va phan ung cracking. Do do cac hydrocacbon nhe ft duoc tao ra hon, ham luong coc giam di, hoat tmh cua xuc tac cung ft bi thay doi.Mat khac hydro con duoi nudc va cac hop chat chua luu huynh. Do vay, qua trinh isome hoa thuc hien d ap suat cao cua H2 la can thiet, gia tri cua ap suat H2 phu thuoc vao hoat tmh, do chon loc cua xuc tac va ban chat cua nguyen lieu.Ngay nay, xuc tac cho qua trinh ngay cang hoan thien hon do do ap suat H2 ngay cang giam dan, dao dong trong khoang 21-70 atm.Moi lien he giua ap suat HD2 va nhiet do la kha ro ret. Khi d nhiet do cao, ap suat cua H2 ft anh hudng tdi do chuyen hoa cua nguyen lieu va nguoc lai.Su anh hudng cua ap suat H2 len muc do chuyen hoa n-hecxan d cac nhiet do khac nhau.Hinh tren chi ra anh hudng cua H2 len muc do chuyen hoa n-hecxan tai cac nhiet do khac nhau.*Nhiet do cua phan tingNhiet do qua trinh phan Ung anh hudng truc tiep den thanh phan san pham thong qua hieu Ung nhiet cac phan Ung va anh hudng toi van toc phan Ung.Ve nhiet dong thi nhiet do cao khong co lgi cho phan Ung isome hoa nhung ve dong hoc thi rat tot. Khi tang nhiet do thi cac phan Ung cracking va cac phan Ung de hydro hoa chiem uu the.Nhiet do thap rat co lgi cho phan Ung isome hoa nhung hieu suat cua qua trinh khong cao. Nhugc diem nay se dugc khac phuc bang cach cai thien xuc tac tang tmh axit cho no. Ngay nay doi voi qua trinh dung xuc tac thi nhiet do phan Ung da dugc ha thap xuong con khoang 90 -1250C.anh hudng cua nhiet do den thanh phan cua san pham khi isome hoa dugc the hien d hinh ve duoi :anh hudng cua nhiet do den thanh phan cua san pham.*Toc do the tichToc do the hch la nghich dao thdi gian tiep xuc giua nguyen lieu va cac san pham trung gian voi xuc tac trong phan ung. Ta co the dieu chinh dugc gia tri nay bang cach thay doi luu lugng cua nguyen lieu hoac lugng xuc tac.Nang suat cua qua trinh cao khi khac phuc dugc giai doan cham. Do do ngudi ta co gang dua van toc khuyech tan xap xi voi van toc dong hgc.Khi nhiet do cua phan ung tang len 100C thi van toc dong hgc tang len 2-3 lan con van toc khuyech tan tang len 1-1,5 lan.Voi qua trinh isome hoa, khi tang toc do the tich thi phan ung isome hoa chiem uu the. Con cac phan ung doi hoi thdi gian lon nhu phan ung khu H2 xay ra yeu hon cho nen khi toc do the hch lon se khong che dugc cac phan ung do. Khi toc do phan ung nho ngoai lugng coc tao ra lon thi nang suat cua qua trinh cung bi giam.Do do can phai chgn toc do the hch phu hgp de dam bao dugc nang suat la yeu cau thiet yeu cua qua trinh.Nguyen lieu va san pham cua qua trinh Isome hoa [X], [XVIII],[XIX]Nguyen lieu cua qua trinh isome hoaIsome hoa thudng dung nguyen lieu la phan doan C4, phan doan C5 va C6. Dac trung cua nguyen lieu se quyet dinh che do cong nghe va chat lugngsan pham. Thanh phan cua nguyen lieu tieu bieu cO nguon goc khac nhau duoc trinh bay d bang 5.Bang 5: Thanh phan nguyen lieu tieu bieuNguon nguyen lieuKuwaitMidcontinentXangcatArabiaWyomingC5: n-pentan58.53.042.264.359.82-metylbutan41.536.256.233.336.42,2-dimetylpropan-----Cyclo pentan0.10.81.22.43.8C6: n-hexan43.241.627.746.637.82-metylpentan22.426.332.540.538.23-metylpentan16.914.312.52,2-dimetyl butan2.00.50.753.93.82,3-dimetyl butan4.20.50.75Metylcyclo pentan5.114.017.07.318.8Cyclohexan4.22.24.5--Benzen2.00.6-2.01.4RON cua C574.472.979.272.173RON cua C655.957.776.455.161.1Tu cac so lieu trong bang thay rang, ham luong n-parafin thudng khong vuot qua 65% trong nguyen lieu. Do do, neu cho toan bo nguyen lieu qua bien doi isome hoa la khong hop ly ma can phai tach cac isome khOi n-parafin va chi cho bien doi n-parafin. De han che cac phan ung phu va su kim ham qua trinh nen tien hanh phan ung d muc do bien doi vua phai, roi sau khi tach cho tuan hoan trd lai nguyen lieu chua bien doi. Khi tien hanh thao tac nhu vay, da cho phep tang cao tri so octan cua phan doan len toi thieu la 20 don vi.Trong thuc te cong nghiep, nguoi ta thuong dem isome hoa phan doan C5 4C6 con n-heptan dem isome hoa khong tien loi vi trong dieu kien tien hanh qua trinh, cac parafin cao (>C6) de bi cracking va de tao can nhua lam cho san pam co tri so octan tuong doi thap. Dang tiec la khi tien hanh isome hoa phan doan C5 4 C6, tri so octan cua xang chi tang len den mot gioi han nhat dinh va thuong la khong vuot qua 100 don vi theo phuong phap nghien cuu. Vi the no khong phai la qua trinh chu dao de thu cac cau th cho xang. Xong nhu tren da noi no la qua trinh chmh de nhan isopentan de san xuat isopren.San pham cua qua trinh isome hoaDac trung san pham cua qua trinh isome hoa la cac isoparafin day la nhung cau th cao octan, rat thich hop cho viec san xuat xang chat luong cao. San pham thu duoc tu qua trinh isome hoa co tri so octan co the dat toi 88499(theo RON). Voi moi hang khac nhau thi san pham thu duoc co chua %V cua cac cau th khac nhau nhung nhin chung no khong co su chenh lech nhieu ve tri so octan, cu the nhu san pham cua qua trinh isome hoa cua hang Essoresearch va Engineering Co tien hanh trong pha long co ket qua nhu trong bang 6.Tu so lieu trong bang thay rang trong qua trinh bien doi izome hoa di tu nguyen lieu la n-C5, C6 thi san pham chmh thu duoc la izopentan va 2,2 dimetylbutan. San pham thu duoc tu qua trinh izome hoa co chat luong cao, ch^nh vi uu diem nay nen co nhieu hang tham gia nghien cuu va thiet ke day chuyen izome hoa de xh ly phan doan C5, C6 co tri so octan thap thanh phan doan cao octan cho xang, de dap ung nhu cau sh dung xang chat luong cao nhu hien nay.Bang 6: Thanh phan san pham tu cac nguyen lieu khac nhau.Cau tu*Nguyen lieu LousiannaArbianNguyenlieuSan phamNguyenlieuSan pham% Vn-pentan16.34.829.17.1Izo-pentan11.623.111.333.3n-pentan19.04.430.44.12,2-dimetyl butan1.920.70.025.22,3-dimetyl butan2.15.00.74.62-metylpentan15.311.411.312.03-metylpentan9.46.26.65.1Cyclo pentan2.31.80.70.1Cyclohexan6.415.51.56.6Metylcyclo pentan10.82.25.40.9Benzen4.84.81.01.0Tri so octan9898.5RON + 3ml TEP/GalHieu suat, % V>9999qua trinh isome hoa trong cong nghiep [i], [IX], [XVI], [XVIII],[XIX], [XX]Isome hoa thuong dung nguyen lieu la phan doan C4, phan doan C5 va C6 hay hon hop C5 - C6. Bac trung cua nguyen lieu se quyet dinh che do cong nghe va chat luong san pham. Thanh phan cua nguyen lieu tieu bieu co nguon goc khac nhau.ham luong n-parafin thuong khong vuot qua 65% trong nguyen lieu. Do do, neu toan bo nguyen lieu qua bien doi isome hoa la khong hop ly ma can phai tach cac isome khoi n-parafin va chi cho bien doi n-parafin. Be han che cac phan ung phu va su kim ham qua trinh, nen tien hanh phan ung o muc do bien doi vua phai, roi sau khi tach cho tuan hoan tro lai nguyen lieu chua bien doi. Khi tien hanh thao tac nhu vay, da cho phep tang cao tri so octan cua phan doan len toi thieu la 20 don vi.1. Cac qua trinh pha long voi xuc tac AlCl3Cac qua trinh isome hoa loai nay da co tu rat lau va la loai pho bien de isome hoa n-butan thanh isobutan. So do nguyen ly cua loai nay dugc trinh bay tren hinh duoiQua trinh nay thuc hien hoac khong co tuan hoan n-parafin. Chung chi khac nhau boi cot tach phan doan 4. Qua trinh hoat dong lien tuc va khong can tai sinh xuc tac.Xuc tac dugc dung la hon hgp cua AlCl3 va HCl khan. Vung phan ung dugc duy tri o ap suat H2 de han che cac phan ung phu nhu phan ung cracking va da tu.Dieu kien thao tac cua qua trinh nhu sau:t0C - 120, p = 50 - 60at; H2/RH = 10 - 18m3/m3 nguyen lieu.Bang 7. Qua trinh Izomate (Standard Oil Co. Indiana^Nguon nguyen lieuKuwaitMidcontinantXangcatArabiaWyomingC5: n-pentan58.563.042.264.359.82-metylbutan41.536.256.233.336.42.2-dimetyl propan-----Cyclo pentan0.10.81.22.43.8C6: n-hexan43.241.627.746.637.82-metulpentan22.426.332.540.238.23-metylpentan16.914.312.52.2-dimetyl butan2.00.50.753.93.82.3-dimetyl butan4.20.50.75Metylcyclo pentan5.114.017.07.318.8Cyclohexan4.22.24.5--Benzen2.00.6-2.01.4RON cua C574.472.979.272.173RON cua C655.957.776.455.161.1Nguyen lieu duoc bao hoa bang HCl khan va H2 trong thiet bi hap thu, sau do duoc dot nong den nhiet do can thiet va duoc nap vao reactor. Xuc tac da dung duoc tach ra cung can nhna va phan ung isome hoa xay ra trong pha long.1.2. Qua trinh cua Shell Devlopment CoQua trinh nay duoc dung de che bien phan doan n-butan thanh izo- butan va cung dugc dung de che bien phan doan C5. Trong cac tai lieu hien co, chua thay noi den so lieu ap dung cho phan doan C6 va nang hon. Day cung la mot qua trinh lien tuc va khong tai sinh xuc tac. Xuc tac la mot dung dich cua HCl khan va tricloantimoan dugc hoat hoa bang HCl khan. Vung phan ung dugc giu d ap suat hydro de han che cac phan ung phu.Dieu kien thao tac cua qua trinh cong nghe nay nhu sau:Bang 8- Nhiet do 0Cooo00- ap suat d reactor, at21- ap suat rieng phan cua hydro, at4,3- H2/nguyen lieu, %mol1,3& khoi lugng cua H2/nguyen lieu5% khoi lugng cua AlCl3 trong xuc tac3- Ty le xuc tac/RH (V)1- Thdi gian tiep xuc (phut)15 (~ V/H/V = 2,5)IV.1.3. Qua trinh cua hang Esso Research & Engineering CoQua trinh nay thuc hien d nhiet do tu 25 den 500C. Dac diem chmh cua qua trinh la tien hanh d do chuyen hoa cao nen khong can phai tuan hoan lai nguyen lieu chua phan ung. San pham cua qua trinh tu cac loai nguyen lieu khac nhau dugc dan ra d bang dudi day.Ngoai ra hang ABB Lumunus Global da thiet ke day truyen isome hoa de xu ly phan doan C5/C6 co tri so octan thap thanh phan doan co tri so octan cao cho xang. Xuc tac dung la AlCl3 hoat hoa nen xuc tac co do hoat tmh rat cao va do chgn lgc cung ldn, do vay ma khong can phai tach iso-parafin khoi n-parafin nhung van dat duoc san pham co tri so octan cao va hieu suat dat den 99,5% tu nguyen lieu co RON bang 68 - 70.Cau tu*Nguyen lieu LouisianaArbianNguyenlieuSan phamNguyenlieuSanpham% Vn-pentan16.34.829.17.1Izo-hexan11.623.111.333.3n-hexan19.04.430.44.12.2- dimetylbutan1.920.70.025.22.3-dimetylbutan2.15.00.74.62- metyl pentan15.311.411.312.03- metyl pentan9.46.28.65.1Xyclopentan2.31.80.70.1Xyclohexan6.415.51.56.6Metyl cyclopenyan10.82.25.40.9Benzen4.84.81.01.0Tri so octan9898.5RON + 3ml TEP/GalHieu suat, % V> 9999IV.2. Qua trinh cong nghe cua Kolleg & RootDung de tang tri so oc tan tu nguyen lieu giau Parfin C5, C6 mach thang. Nguon nguyen lieu nay lay tu Naphtha nhe mach thang, lay Raffinat tu tach#hydrocacbon thom, phan nhe cua hydro cracked, Condensate cua kh thien nhien. Qua trinh nay cho phep nguyen lieu co the lan tap chat luu huynh len tai 100 ppm .Qua trinh nay tien hanh thi lam tang tri so oc tan cua nguyen lieu len tu 10 - 18 don vi. Dieu nay no con phu thuoc vao ban chat cua nguyen lieu va van de hoi luu cac cau tu chua chuyen hoa.Xuc tac cho phep nguyen lieu lam viec vai nguyen lieu ban, co mot ham lugng luu huynh va nuac d trong nguyen lieu. Xuc tac cua qua trinh cung co the tai sinh dugc. Nguyen lieu cua qua trinh khong nhat thiet phai su ly hydro truac (neu nguyen lieu khong co mat cua nuac tu do). De giam chi ph cho tai sinh va chong an mon thiet bi thi chung ta nen su dung nguyen lieu co 100ppm luu huynh.Nguyen lieu va Hydro dugc gia nhiet den nhiet do can thiet sau do thi dan no vao thiet bi phan ung. San pham cua qua trinh thu dugc dua qua thap on dinh, d do thi phan phia tren dinh thap la kh hydro mang qua may de dua hoi luu trd lai thiet bi phan ung. Con phan nang thi dugc dua qua thap tach Butan(cac cau tu C4-) de dua di lam kh nhien lieu. Phan nang con lai la san pham cua qua trinh. Tuy thuoc vao yeu cau ma ta co the mang di pha tron xang ngay hay la tach lay cac cau tu chua chuyen hoa cho tuan hoan trd lai thiet bi phan ung.So* do cong nghe cua Kolleg & Rootthiet bi phan ung2) thiet bi gia nhiet3) thap on dinh tach hydro4) Thap tach Butan5)Thiet bi nen kh tuan hoankhi nhien lieuIV.3.Cong nghe ISOME hoa cua IFPNguyen lieu cua qua trinh su dung phan doanC5 C6 giau cac cau tu parafin co tri so oc tan thap , thu dugc cac cau tu co tri so oc tan cao.Qua trinh nay su dung xuc tac Zeolit hoac Al-Cl. Su lua chon loai xuc tac phu thuoc vao yeu cau nang cao tri so oc tan. Qua trinh nay co tuan hoan cac cau tu mach thang chua chuyen hoa lai thiet bi, qua trinh cai tien dugc tri so oc tan thap trd thanh tri so oc tan kha cao. Dieu nay dugc minh hoa d bang 9 dudi day.Qua trinh ISORB ISOM co dung mot thiet bi de tach I-Petan ra khOi nguyen lieu . Mot lugng hydro dugc tron vdi nguyen lieu va dem vao lO phan ung. Cac qua trinh ISOME hoa no dien ra d nhiet do trung binh dat dugc can bang giua iso-Parafin va n-Parafin. Thdi gian lamviec cua xuc tac la kha lau.Qua trinh nay lam viec trong pha khBang 9Cong ngheZeolitAl-ClKhong tuan hoan nguyen lieu chua chuyen hoa8083tach iso-Petan va khong tuan hoan n-Parfin8284Co tach va tuan hoan cac cau tu chua chuyen hoa8688Co tuan hoan cau tu mach thang _ISORB8890Tach iso-pentan va mach thang , co tuan hoa - Hexorb9292So* do cong nghe cua IFP(1). Thiet bi tach iso- Petan(2). Cum thiet bi tron & phan ung(3). Cum thiet bi tach san phamIV.4. Cong nghe ISOMe hoa cua Shell (UCC Shell Hysomer)Nguyen lieu cua cong nghe nay la phan doan naphtha nhe Chua nhieu cau tu n-Parafin mach thang tu cac nha may loc dau. No bao gom C5- C7 va len toi ca C8. Trong nguyen lieu thi chi so oc tan thap no chi vao khoang tren duoi 60. San pham cua qua trinh rat thich hop de pha tron vao xangQua trinh nay co ten la qua trinh Hysomer la qua trinh voi lop xuc tac lop co dinh xay ra trong pha hoi.TV /V 1 /\*?/V1 /VDieu kien cua cong nghe:nhiet do cua qua trinh : 245-2470Cap suat cua qua trinh: 300-500PsigTy le H2/RH(mol) : 1-4Thoi gian lam viec xuc tac la: 5-10 namToc do nap lieu (h-1): 1-3Xuc tac cua qua trinh nay la khong nhay voi cac loai hop chat cua luu huynh va nuoc. Do vay ma ham luong luu huynh cho phep trong nguyen lieu la 35ppm ve khoi luong, va ham luong nuoc cho phep la 10-20ppm.Qua trinh nay tien hanh no cho phep cai tien chi so oc tan to 10-20 don vi. Tri so oc tan cua san pham co the dat to 79-82 theo RON.Ngoai cac phan nng chmh ra qua trinh nay co phan ung phu:Aromantic bi chuyen hoa thanh cac Naphthenic Naphthenic bi hydrro hoa thanh Parafin C7+ thi phan ung Crack thanh cac phan tn nhe hon Hieu suat cua qua trinh to 97 den 98 % (theo LV).So do cong nghe cua Shell(1) thiet bi phan ung(2) Thap tach(3) may nen(4) Thap on dinhOlefin bi hydro hoa thanh cac ParafinIV.5. Cong nghe ISOME cua BPNguyen lieu la C5C6 , dugc hydro hao lam sach cac tap chat luu huynh va say kho truoc khi dua vao thiet bi phan ung.Xuc tac dung cho qua trinh la AlumoPlatin dugc hoat hoa bang clo huu co nen co do hoat tmh va do chon loc cao. Thdi gian lam viec keo dai. De duy tri do hoat tmh va do chon loc ta bo xung mot lugng nho Clo huu co vao nguyen lieu. Chmh vi co bo sung mot lugng rat nho nay ma ta can chu y toi van de an mon thiet bi.San pham chfnh cua qua trinh co tri so oc tan kha cao lon hon 80. Ngoai ra no cung co cac san pham phu tu C1 den C3 dugc dem di lam khi nhien lieu.Qua trinh nay dugc tien hanh trong pha hoiSo* do day truyen cong nghe cua BP1) Lo gia nhiet nguyen lieu 2) lo phan ung 3) Tach kh4) Cot on dinh5) May nen kh6) Ngung tuIV.6. Cong nghe Butamer cua UOPMuc dfch cua qua trinh nay la di san xuat iso-Butan tu Butan de cung cap nguyen lieu cho cong nghe alkyl hoa va san xuat MTBE. Nguyen lieu cua qua trinh chmh la n- Butan.Qua trinh nay su dung xuc tac la AluminoPlatin hoat hoa bang clo. Qua trinh isome hoa dugc tien hanh trong pha hoi, voi su co mat cua hydro.So do cong nghe Butamer:1) Cot tach izoButan 2) Cot on dinh 3) Lo phan ung 4)Lo dot5) May nen 6)Thiet bi tachHieu suat cho iso -Butan la > 50% cho mot chu trinh. Do chon loc cua xuc tac kha cao nen ft xay ra phan ung phu. Hieu suat cua qua trinh tren 90 % tieu hao mot lugng nho hydro. Trong cong nghe can phai co thap tach n va iso-Butan ra khoi nhau. Doi voi cac cau tti chua chuyen hoa thi phai dugc tuan hoan tro lai thiet bi. Trong cong nghe khong mo ta duong tuan hoan nguyen lieu.IV.7. Cong nghe Penex cua UOPQua trinh nay cung nham di san xuat xang co chat lugng cao tti cac phan doan co tri so octan thap. Phan ting nay muon thu dugc hieu suat cao thi ta phai thuc hien dieu kien thuan lgi cho phan ting isome hoa va han che cac phan ting phu thi phai co su co mat ctia hydro.Xtic tac ctia qua trinh thuoc loai Fidel_ Craft va xtic tac hydro hoa. Trong qua trinh phat trien ctia cong nghe thi xtic tac cung dugc ngay cang hoan thien hon, trong cong nghe nay thi hang UOP da sti dung the he 3 ctia xtic tac Fidels_ Craft. Khi do xtic tac dugc bieu dien duoi dang HAlX4 (H+ A-)Co* che cua no co the duOc mieu ta duti dang sau:RH + HAlX4 ^ R++ AlX4- +H2CH3-CH2-CH2-CH3 +H+ A- ^ CH3-CH2-CH+-CH3 + A+ + H2CH3-CH2-CH+-CH3^ CH3-C+-CH3CH3CH3-C+-CH3 / CH3CH3-C+-CH3DCH3CH3-C+-CH3CH3Doi voi he xtic tac nay thi rat nhay voi cac loai tap chat vi vay can phai lam sach truoc khi dua vao thiet bi phan ting. Qtia trinh lam sach nay dugc sti ly bang hydro hoa lam sach va say kho.San pham ctia qua trinh dugc dem ra thiet bi on dinh de thu hoi hydro va dem hoi luu. Sau do no dugc dua ra thiet bi tach kh nhe, khi nay phai dugcloc sach HCl hinh thanh tu lnong Clo hum ca mang vao. Can phai tach no de tranh an mon thiet bi va dam bao chi tieu mang di lam nhien lieu. Tuy theo dieu kien va yeu cau ve san pham thi ta co them qua trinh tach n-Parafin tuan hoan tro lai.Qua trinh nay dien ra o lop xuc tac co dinh Nhiet do phan umg:120-2600Cap suat cua qua trinh nay la: 2,1-7 MPaSo* do cong nghe Penex cua UOP(2) May nen (4) Thiet bi tach (6) Thiet bi loc khi(1) Thiet bi say kh (3) Thiet bi phan umg (5)Thap on dinhIV.8. Cong nghe TIPcua UOP(Total isomerization process)Qua trinh thnc hien isome hoa nguyen lieu thuoc phan doan tu C5 -C6 chiem 40 den 50% la mach thang. Trong nguyen lieu neu co mat cua Bezen thi no se bi hydro hoa thanh CycloHexan.Cong nghe nay co su dung qua trinh hap thu vao de tach cau tu mach nhanh va mach thang ra khoi nhau. Chat hap phu thuong dung trong qua trinh nay nay o dang sang phan tu. Trong do no chi cho phep n-Parafin di qua con lai thi no khong cho di qua. Sau khi tach ra khoi hon hop thi cac cau tu co tri so octan cao duoc dem di pha tron xang. Con phan bi hap phu thi dem di tach va tuan hoan tro lai thiet bi phan ung. Qua trinh nha dung hydro de nha hap phu.Qua trinh nay khi tien hanh cung can phai co mat cua hydro de tranh su tao coc tren xuc tac va tranh mat hoat t^nh xuc tac.Dieu kien cua cong ngheNhiet do cua qua trinh 200-3700CDieu kien ap suat cua cong nghe la: 1365- 3415 KPa Cong nghe nay cho phep ta di theo hai huong khac nhau:Thu cuc dai san pham xang, theo cach nay thi nguyen lieu chua cho di qua thiet bi phan ung ma dua di tach. Cho tuan hoan n- Parafin quay tro lai thiet bi phan ung. Con cac cau tu mach nhanh duoc dua di pha tron vao voi xang.Huong phat trien thu hai la thu duoc tri so oc tan la cao nhat. Muon duoc thi ta phai cho nguyen lieu di vao thiet bi phan ung San pham cua phan ung dem sang thiet bi tach bang hap phu va cho tuan hoan tro lai thiet bi phan ungCong nghe isome hoa cua UOP(TIP)(1) Thiet bi ISOME hoa (2) Thap tach(5) Thiet bi hap phu(3) May nen(4) Thiet bi nha hap phu (6) Thap on dinhIV.9. Lu*a chon cong nghe va loai xuc tacMuc tieu cua phan xudng isome hoa can thiet ke la nham thu duoc xang cO tri so octan cao tu phan doan xang cua qua trinh chung cat truc tiep. Nguyen lieu d day la phan doan C5 4 C6 , hay phan doan C5, C6 rieng biet. Vi d day ta su dung nguyen lieu la phan doan la n-C54C6 nen ta chon cong nghe thich hop la cong nghe Penex cua UOP. Day la cong nghe dugc thiet ke rieng cho qua trinh isome hoa xuc tac cua pentan, hexan va ca hon hop cua chung. Nghien cu*u cong nghe PenexQua trinh UOP Penex thi duoc thiet ke dac biet cho xuc tac dong phan hoa pentan, hexan va hon hop cua chung. Cac phan ung dien ra vdi su co mat cua hidro va duoc thuc hien tren be mat xuc tac, tai dieu kien thfch hop ma d do day manh cac qua trinh dong phan hoa va qua trinh hydrocracking la be nhat. Dieu kien thuc hien phan ung thi khong khat khe, phan anh ap suat lam viec vua phai, nhiet do thap va yeu cau ap suat rieng phan cua hydro thap.Xuc tac qua trinh dong phan hoa se chuyen hoa tat ca cac nguyen lieu parafin chuyen thanh cac cau truc mach nhanh co tri so octan cao: n-pentan (nC5)thanh isopentan(iC5) va n-hexan(nC6) thanh 2,2 va 2,3-dimetylbutan. Phan ung thi duoc dieu khien d do co su can bang nhiet dong va thuan loi hon d nhiet do thap.Vdi cac parafin C5, tham gia vao qua trinh chuyen hoa bdi n-pentan va iso-pentan. Qua trinh isome hoa parafin C6 thi co phan phuc tap hon. Bdi vi su hinh thanh 2 va 3-metylpentan va 2,3-dimetylbutan thi co mot gidi han bdi su can bang, mang lndi phan ung bao gom chu yeu la qua trinh chuyen hoa n- hexane thanh 2,2-dimetylbutan. Tat ca benzen trong nguyen lieu thi dnoc hydro hoa tao cyclohexan, va mot can bang nhiet dong dnoc thiet lap gina metylcyclopentan va cyclohexan. Tri so octan tang len 14 lan.* Mieu ta qua trinh cong ngheNguyen lieu xang nhe thi dnoc dna vao thiet bi say. Cac thiet bi nay dnoc dien day bang cac ray phan td, d day nndc dnoc tach ra de bao ve xuc tac. Nguyen lieu thi duoc trao doi nhiet bdi nhiet cua thiet bi phan ung trudc khi di vao thiet bi trao doi nhiet. Hon hop nguyen lieu duoc tron vdi hydro trudc khi vao thiet bi phan ung. Co hai thiet bi phan ung chmh duoc chon.Nhiet toa ra tu thiet bi phan ung thi duoc lam lanh trudc khi dua vao thiet bi tach san pham. Cac thiet ke mdi hon cua Penex, bao gom ca tuan hoan kh^ nen va tach san pham. Hydro nap vao chi can do tinh khiet vua phai, loai nay duoc cung cap bdi qua trinh reforming xuc tac. Luong hoi tren dinh thap tach thi duoc thu gom trong thiet bi loc hoi de tach HCl tu dang clo hnu co them vao nguyen lieu trong thiet bi phan ung de duy tri hoat tmh xuc tac. Sau khi loc khp luong kh^ thu duoc d tren dinh thi dua di lam nhien lieu. San pham long cua qua trinh isome hoa d phan cuoi cua thap tach thi duoc dua sang phan xudng pha tron xang. Su lua chon phan cuoi cua thap tach co cac thanh phan n-parafin va iso-parafin bdi qua trinh tinh cat hay qua trinh tach#bang ray phan tu hay su ket hop cua ca hai phuang phap de tuan hoan cac n- parafin va metylpentan co tri so octan thap (MeC5). Tri so octan cua san pham trong khoang 87 den 92, co the dat duoc bdi viec chon lua mot trong cac he thong co su xap xep khac nhau.Su phoi hop dong chay tuan hoan la yeu cau chu yeu nhat dat duoc boi su ket hap qua trinh Penex voi mot cot tach hexan. Cot tach hexan tap trung metylpentan co tri so octan thap duoc tach loai theo chieu chuyen dong. Dong tach loai nay duoc ket hop voi nguyen lieu dau truoc khi vao thiet bi phan ung Penex. o tren dinh cot tach hexan, o do chu yeu la iso-pentan, 2,2- dimetylbutan va 2,3-dimetylbutan thi duoc thu gom va cho qua phan xuong pha tron xang. Mot luong nho keo theo dong chay o duoi day thap tach bao gom cac C6 naphtan va cac C7, thi cung duoc tach ra tu cot tach hexan va su dung de pha tron vao xang hay dung lam nguyen lieu reforming.Viec chon lua qua trinh tuan hoan co hieu suat cao bao gom su ket hop qua trinh Penex voi qua trinh UOP Molex, qua trinh Molex su dung cac ray phan tu de tach cac san pham tach ra trong qua trinh Penex chuyen thanh dong iso-parafin co tri so octan cao va dong n-prafin co tri so octan thap thi duoc dua vao qua trinh Penex. Cac Hydrocacbon mach thang thi duoc tach ra trong thiet bi Molex va san pham dong phan hoa duoc thu gom cho qua phan xuong pha tron xang. Nhieu dang thiet bi tach duoc chi ra trong hinh 8. Su chuan bi dieu kien tot nhat de pha tron vao thanh phan nguyen lieu va dat yeu cau ve tri so octan cua san pham.Lua chon dong chay cua cong nghe Penex [7]C3Nguy-n liOu'PanexCett^chhexanSflnphEmMeC5 vp nCChan lua tuQn hopn MeC5 vp nC6Nguy-nliOu^ PanexMolex-S^nphEmC3De lam tang them tri so octan, loi mh khac nhau cua su phoi hop dong chay co ban cua qua trinh Penex nham bao hoa tat ca benzen chuyen thanh cyclohexan. Huong phat trien nay co vai trO quan trong doi vdi cac qua trinh loc dau d do ngudi ta muon loai bo luong long benzen trong hon hop xang ngheo cua chung.Mot vai nguyen lieu, nhu nguyen lieu reforming nhe, co the chua mot luong lon benzen long. Viec thuc hien qua trinh Penex co the gay ra tac hai khi qua trinh su dung loai nguyen lieu nay bdi vi benzen bi hydrohoa d do phan ung toa nhiet lon. Nhiet phat ra bdi phan ung hydro hoa benzen la nguyen nhan ma thiet bi phan ung lam viec tai dieu kien do thi khong thuan loi cho viec lam tang tri so octan (khong thuan loi cho qua trinh isome hoa). Thuc hien voi cac ung dung, UOP de nghi qua trinh Penex, d do bao gom hai thiet bi phan ung. Thiet bi thu nhat thi duoc thiet ke de bao hoa benzen chuyen thanh cyclohexan. Thiet bi thu hai thi duoc thiet ke de dong phan hoa nguyen lieu cho tri so octan cao. Moi thiet bi phan ung thi hoat dong tai dieu kien ma d do thuan loi cho qua trinh chuyen hoa cac phan ung theo mong muon la lon nhat.Cac ting dung cua qua trinhVoi su de cap tren, muc dich dau tien cua qua trinh Penex la cai thien tri so octan cua phan doan xang nhe mach thang (LSR). Muc do cai thien tri so octan cho nguyen lieu C5-C6 thi duoc dua ra bdi cac mo hinh chon lua khac nhau duoc chi ra d (bang 10)Bang 10. Dang nguyen lieu va san pham octanRONNguyen lieu vao69San pham:Chon lua 1: khong tuan hoan83Chon lua 2: Tuan hoan 2 va 3-MeC5+nC688Chon lua 3: Tuan hoan nC5+nC689Chon lua 4: Tuan hoan nC5+nC6+ 2 va 3MeC592Neu nhu yeu cau ve tri so octan co phu hop boi su tuan hoan cua cac metylpentan, su tinh che hau nhu chon lua qua trinh tinh cat la ly do tren het. o do co gia tri thuc tien cao, su tinh che co the chon lua mot thiet bi Molex, khi do se tach ca nC5 va nC6 de tuan hoan. Su tach nC5 va nC6 bang thiet bi Molex thi co gia tri thuc tien thap hon khi tach cac metylpentan boi qua trinh tinh cat, va khi do se dat duoc tri so RON cao hon.Thiet ke day chuyenVi muc dfch cua qua trinh la ta di isome hoa phan doan n-C5,C6 de co san pham co tri so octan cao pha vao xang do do ta khong can tach rieng tung cau tu, do do em lua chon thiet ke day chuyen cong nghe isme hoa co tuan hoan n-C5,C6. Do la su ket hop giua penex va molex:KhY nhin liOu* Dieu kien phan ting:Su dung xuc tac Pt/ZSM-5nhiet do phan ung230 4 290oCap suat14 4 42 kg/cm2toc do nap lieu the hch 1,4 4 2,2 h-1ty le H2/nguyen lieu1 44- Su dung Zeolit loai co mao quan trung binh lam ray phan tu de hap phu( ZSMA-5).rJ>rpi i i /vi/v/vi /v*Thuyet minh day chuyen cong nghe:Nguyen lieu dau dugc bam tu be chua cho qua thiet bi say (1) bang ray phan tu de tach nudc de bao ve cho xuc tac. Hydro dugc bo sung cung dugc cho qua thiet bi say (1) de tach nuac. Sau do kh hydro bo sung dugc tron vdi kh hydro tuan hoan va dem tron vdi hon hgp nguyen lieu vao va dugc tron vdi n-parafin tuan hoan tu cong nghe tach Molex. Hon hgp sau tron lan dugc trao doi nhiet vdi san pham cua tung thiet bi phan ung trudc khi di vao thiet bi gia nhiet. Tai thiet bi gia nhiet hon hgp nguyen lieu dugc gia nhiet tdi 230OC trudc khi di vao thiet bi phan ung. d thiet bi phan ung thu nhat (3) xay ra cac phan ung hydro hoa lam no hoa cac hydrocacbon tham, naphten^ Sau thiet bi phan ung thu nhat (3) hon hgp dugc trao doi nhiet de ha nhiet do den 230OC vi cac phan ung xay ra trong lo phan ung thu nhat (3) deu toa nhiet manh do do uu tien xay ra trudc phan ung dong phan hoa. Sau khi hon hgp san pham lo thu nhat (3) dugc ha nhiet do thi dugc cho qua lo thu hai (3). Tai day se xay ra cac phan ung dong phan hoa va co xay ra ca phan ung crackinh. San pham ra khoi lo thu hai (3) dugc cho qua thiet bi ngung tu va vao thiet bi tach (4). Tai day lugng hydro dugc tach ra tuan hoan trd lai con hon hgp san pham dugc cho qua thap on dinh (5). Khi nhien lieu dugc tach ra d dinh con san pham ISOME hoa dugc dua sang he thong tach bang cong nghe Molex.Cong nghe Molex d day su dung sang phan tu la loai Zeolit 5A va dung chat nha hap phu la khi nhe. San pham long Isome hoa dugc cho vao cot hap phu (6) nhd van quay (7). Trong cot hap phu (6) xay ra dong thdi qua trinh hap phu va nha hap phu. San pham ra khoi van quay (7) gom co, mot la gom cac san pham izome hoa va chat nha hap phu dugc dua qua cot Rafinat (8), hai la cac n-parafin cung chat nha hap phu di qua thap chung cat (9). d cot (8) san pham izome hoa dugc tach ra d day di vao he thong chua va se dugc dua sang phan xudng pha che xang, con chat nha hap phu dugc tach ra d dinh va dugc hoi luu lai. d thap (9) n-parafin dugc tach ra d day va hoi luu lai thiet biphan ung, con o dinh thi chat nha hap phu duoc tach hoi luu lai cot hap phu (6). Tat ca chat nha hap phu hoi luu deu dugc cho qua thiet bi gia nhiet (10).aSo* do cong nghe lna chon dung cho phan xudng isome3. thiet bi phan ung 6. Cot hap phu 9.thap tach1. thiet bi say kh2. may nen kh4. Thiet bi tach5. Thap on dinh7.Van quay8. Cot Rafinat10. Thiet bi gia nhiet 11. Lo dot 12. Thiet bi lam lanh hoi luuPhn IITinh toan cong nghe [VII], [X], [XI], [XII], [XIII]tinh thiet bi chinhCo* so* va nhiem vu cua qua trinh tinh toans- a cEu to IS ph^n 0ng loi xuyan tmIghi cho:Va ISLip lat ch^u lucCec thDp ca ocI?4,7. Pin nhiOt iOnBi x0Xoc tacNguyan liOuCoa thao tacSfln phEmCoa tho.t khY khi t^iMat cat cua thiet bi phan tingTmh toan lo phan ung dua tren cac so lieu ban dau da cho nhu: cong suat, dac tmh cua nhien lieu. Ngoai ra con mot so thong so thong so cong nghe dugc chon theo tai lieu. Trinh tu tmh toan.Chon cac thong so ban dau.ap suat trong thiet bi phan ungNhiet do hon hop nguyen lieu vao.Toc do nap lieu.Ty so H2/RH.Tmh can bang vat chat.Tmh can bang nhiet luong.Chon va tinh kmh thuoc chmh cua lo phan ung.##Nhung so lieu can thiet cho trutfc350.000 230 - 290oC 1,999 - 2Cong suat, tan/namNhiet do phan ung, oCToc do the tich, h-1ap suat, Mpa2 - 4Ty le the tich giua kh tuan hoan va nguyen lieu: 4Tmh Toan:* Cac phan ung chinh xay ra trong thiet bi phan ung:Phan ung dong phan hoa:n-Cji- C5(1)n- C6 S= i- C6(2)Phan ung chuyen hoa Naphten thanh Parafin.CnH2n + H2 =CnH2n+2(3)Phan ung chuyen hoa Hydrocacbon thom thanh Naphten.CnH2n- 6 + 3H2 =*CnH2n(4)Phan ung Hydrocracking Naphten.CnH2n + n/3 H2 = n/15(Ci + C2 + C3 + C4 + C5). (5)Phan ung Hydrocracking Parafin.CnH2n+2 + (n-3)/3H2 = n/15(C1 + C2 + C3 + C4 + C5). (6)Trong do:k1-6: Hang so toc do cua phan ung thuan 1-6.KP1-6: Hang so can bang cua cac phan ung 1-6.dN,dVRk1 .Pn C1 n C 5PVi- C5KP1(7).dNP~dVRk2.Pn-C -p2 ' n-C6TS- ' i-C6kdo(8).dNNdVRk3 PNk3KPPp 3(9).Ta co the mo ta su giam ham lugng cua cac Hydrocacbon trong hon hop bang he phuong trinh vi phan sau:[18](11)(12)dNN _ k Pn dVR5 PdNP _ k ppdVR ~ 6 PVR: Dai luong nghich dao cua toc do nap lieu theo mol,[kg xt/kmol/h]NP, NA, Nn: Phan mol cua Parafin, aromatic, Naphten trong hon hop nguyen lieu.P: ap suat toan phan, Mpa.PN, PP, PA: ap suat rieng phan cua Naphten, Parafin va aromatic, Mpa.k3: Hang so toc do cua phan ung (3) duoc xac dinh theo do thi (3.13),[kmol/h.Pa.kgxtac].k4 Hang so toc do cua phan ung (4) duoc xac dinh theo do thi (3.13), [kmol/h.Pa.kgxtac].k5, k6: Hang so toc do cua phan ung (5), (6) duoc xac dinh theo do thi (3.15), [kmol/h.Pa.kgxtac].KP3, KP4: Hang so can bang cua phan ung (3),(4) duoc xac dinh theo phuong trinh sau:7,12dNA~dVR34P A -P H2_ k4 PA .PK-.PN(10)P 44450Kp3 _ 98,1-1.10-3.e r (Pa-1) (13) [18]Do Thi:[VI]k x1011,251,301,3 5 000 1hinhT k3.1311,251,301,3^oq 1hinh 3.14 qT k-O1Ixro1,251,30hinh3.151,351000 T1k#Bang 1: Thanh phan cua nguyen lieu#Nhiet doCau tuTy trong,% khoi% molsoi, oCg/cm3lugngC5 - Parafin47,551,7829Iso- pentan0,6 1 742,02 1 ,7 536,05n- pentan0,62558,030,03C6- Parafin45,241,2649,722,2- dimetylbutan0,6500,90,37582,3- dimetylbutan0,6555,02,0660,27Metylpentan0,70048,219,8966,72n- hecxan0,64745,918,94C6 - Cyclics7,36,9671,19Metylcyclopentan0,78057,03,8980,72Cyclohecxan0,77017,01,1680,11Benzen00,86026,01,91Vai cong thuc chuyen doi tu % khoi lugng sang % so mol: X = a< /M'[4].' Z (a/ Mi)Trong do:Xi: phan mol cua cau tu i, %.ai, aj : Phan khoi lugng cua cau tu i j %.Mi, Mj khoi lugng mol phan tu cua cua cau tu i, j gam(g) De tmh thanh phan cua hon hgp dung cong thuc:Mc.y1=M1.y1Trong do:Mc: khoi lugng phan tu trung binh cua hon hgp nguyen lieu.Mi: khoi lugng phan tu trung binh cua cac hydrocacbon trong nguyen lieu.yi5 yi: phan khoi lugng va phan mol cua cau tu i trong nguyen lieu.Mat khac: Mc= 0,4.T50-45.Trong do T50: nhiet do soi tai 50% the hch nguyen lieu.Ngoai ra ta tmh theo cong thuc sau:Mc= Z ^ M =51,78x72+ 41,26x86+ 5,05x84+ 1,91x78= 78,5Khoi lugng cua cac hydrocacbon trong nguyen lieu dugc tmh theo bangsau:Bang2HydrocacbonCong thuc hoa hgcCong thuc khoi lugngParafinCnH2n+2MP=14.n+2NaphtenCnH2nMN=14.nAromatCnH2n-6MA=14.n-6Bang 3: Phan khoi lugng cua cac cau tuCau tuMiHam lugng trong nguyen lieu% khoi lugng, aiphan mol xiCnH2n+278,210,92700,9304CnH2n840,05400,0505CnH2n-6780,01900,0191z1,00001,0000Pca,Z p [ 9] Ty trgng cua nguyen lieu pc: ap dung cong thuc:Trong do:Pi: Ty trong cua cau tu thu i co trong nguyen lieu. ai: Phan % khoi luong cua cau tu thu i co trong nguyen lieu. Tu bang so lieu 1 ta tmh duoc thanh phan tung cau tu nhu trong bang 4:Bang 4: % khoi luong cua tung cau tu trong toan bo nguyen lieuCau tuTy trong,g/cm3% khoi luong(ai)% mol (xi)C5-ParafinIso- pentan0,6 1 71 9,952 1 ,7 5n- pentan0,62527,5530,03C6-Parafin2,2-dimetylbutan0,6500,4070,3702,3-dimetylbutan0,6552,262,060Metylpetan0,70021,7919,89n-hexan0,64720,7518,94C6 - CyclicsMetylclopentan0,7804,163,89Cyclohecxan0,7701,241,16Benzen0,8601,91,91-=xPcx,0,1995 0,2755 0,00407+++P 0,6170,04160,01240,019+++0,7800,7700,8600,6250,6501,52840,0226 h0,6550,2179h0,7000,20750,647Thay so ta duoc:=> pc = 0,6543 g/cm3.Nang suat cua thiet bi duoc tmh theo cong thuc:Gc = L/24.n(kg/h).Voi L la cong suat nam, L = 350.000 tan/nam.n: La so ngay hoat dong trong nam.Chon so ngay nghi cua thiet bi phan ung trong 1 nam de sua chua lon va nho la 30 ngay.Vay so ngay hoat dong cua thiet bi trong 1 nam la 365 - 30 = 335 ngay. Do do ta co:^350000.103335.24n,GCMr43532,3478,5= 554,552(kmol/h).Gc 43532,34 (kg/h).Bang 5: So mol cua cac ho cau tu trong hon hop nguyen lieu trong 1hCau tuXinci= nc.Xi(kmol/h)CnH2n+20,9304515,955CnH2n0,050528,004CnH2n-60,019110,591z1,000554,552nH2 4nc 4-554,552 2218,208 (kmol/h).Luong chat xuc tac cho toan bo qua trinh trong 1h.-The tich xuc tac:GVxt xt'CPc V[18]OTmh luong kh tuan hoan can thiet : Voi ty le H2/RH = 4 mol.Trong do:Vo: Toc do the tich, chon Vo = 1,8 h-1.pc : Khoi luong rieng cua nguyen lieu, kg/m3.Pc = 0, 6543.1000 = 654,3 kg/m3.Vay the tich xuc tac la :Vxt=43532,34654,3.1,8= 36,962 (m3).Khoi luong xuc tac:mxt = Vxt. pxt (kg).Trong do:pxt : Khoi luong rieng cua xuc tac, thudng duoc chon trong khoang 550 -^600 kg/m3.VaymxtGCPcVo.pxt43532,34.600654,3.1,822177,563(kg)Ta chon pxt = 600, kg/m3.d day thuc hien phan ung d 2 lo phan ung do do ta cO su phan bo xuc tac d hai lo nhu sau: 1: 4Bang 6: Phan bo xuc tac trong cac loLo phan ungVxt (m3)mxt(kg)19,24055544,3907227,721516633,172Thanh phan va ap suat rieng phan.Pi= P.yiTrong do:Pi: ap suat rieng phan cau tu i (Pa).P: ap suat chung cua lo phan ung (Pa).yi: nong do phan mol cua cau tu i trong hon hop.P= 20x105 (Pa).Bang 7: Thanh phan va ap suat rieng phanCau tuni, kmol/hyi = ni/DniPin = 20.105. Yi ,(Pa)CnH2n+2515,9550,18613,722.105CnH2n28,0040,01010,202.105CnH2n- 610,5910,00380,076.105H22218,2080,800016,000.105z2772,7601,000020,000.105II. Tmh toan cho tung lo phan tingTmh toan cho lo phan ting thti nhatVai gia thiet la cac phan ung xay ra trong lo phan ung co tac dung la lam no hoa cac hydrocacbon vong, vi rang la phan ung hydro hoa benzen toa nhiet lan hon nhung phan ung khac do do ta phai thuc hien d nhiet do thap hon de tranh xay ra nhung phan ung Refocming. That vay qua trinh hai lo cho phep phan ung xay ra d lo 1 gom phan ung (3) va (4). nhiet do xay ra d lo nay la 230oC.Tmh can bang vat chat lo 1 Hang so toc do cua phan ung chuyen hoa hydrocacbon thom thanh Naphten: k4 dugc tra o do thi (3.13).Tv: Nhiet do trung binh d trong lo phan ung la 230oC.Tv = 503oK ^ 1000/Tv = 1,988.ap dung phuong trinh Arrhenius ve hang so van toc:- Ek = kO .eRT + CTrong do:k la hang so van toc phan ung d nhiet do T.kO la hang so.E la nang lugng hoat hoa.C la hang so.Theo do thi (3.13):1000/Tv=1,3 tra dugc k= 2,55.10-7 1000/Tv=1,35 tra dugc k= 2,00.10-7^ k4 = 1,35.10-7 ,[kmol/h.Pa.kgxtac]. Tinh hang so can bang KP4.25600312 46,15-()9,813.1012.e5038,212.1012,( pa)KP 4- Theo (14) ta co:dNA (4)KPa P*2k4KPnNP 4= 1,35.10-7.0,076.105.(16.105 )31,35.10-7 8,212.1012.0,202.105- Do giam tuong doi ham luong cac Hydrocacbon thom do phan ung chuyen hoa aromatic thanh Naphten.= 420,25.1013Do giam nay la rat lon dieu do chung to luong Hydrocacbon thom chuyen hoa thanh Naphten la gan nhu hoan toan. Ta coi toan bo luong Hydrocacbon thom da chuyen hoa toan bo thanh Naphten.Vay luong H2 phan ung o phan ung (4) la:H2(4) = 3.ar = 3. 10,591 = 31,773 (kmol/h).Luong Naphten tao ra o phan ung (4) la: nN(4) = ar = 10,591 (kmol/h).Hang so toc do cua phan ung chuyen hoa Naphten thanh Parafin.Tv = 503oK ^ 1000/Tv = 1,988. Theo do thi (3.14)1000/Tv=1,25 tra duoc k= 2,45.10-15 1000/Tv=1,3 tra duoc k= 1,45.10-15^ k3 = 0,975.10-15 ,[kmol/h.Pa.kgxtac].Hang so can bang Kp3.- Theo (13) ta co:4450 -7 12Kp3 = 98,1-1.10-3.e503= 0,05563.10-3( Pa_1)..Dieu do chung to phan ung thuan chuyen tu Naphten sang Parafin chiem uu the hon.dNN (3)~dvR~k P PIV3I N--1 H2k3KP 3.Pp- 0,975.10-15.0,202.105.16.1050,975.10-150556.103.1,2408.105- Su giam ham lnong Naphten do phan ting (3) la:Suy radNN (3)~dV^-0,9765.10- 5- 0,9765.105mxtE nMat khac VRi5544 3907- 1,999(kg / kmol.h)2772,760AnN(3) = -0,9765.10-5.1,999 = -0,0000195 (kmol/h).Lnong H2(3) tham gia phan ting 3 chmh bang lnong lnong Naphten tham gia phan ting:H2(3) = AnN(3).nc = 0,0000195.554,552 = 0,0108(kmol/h).Vay sau phan ting (3) thi ham lnong Naphten se la:nN(3) = (yN - AnN(3)).nc = (0,0505 - 0,0000195).554,552= 27,994(kmol/h).Vay ham lnong Naphten tong cong sau phan ting (4) la:nN tOng = nN(3) + ar = 27,994 + 10,591 = 38,585 (kmol/h). Vay tong lnong Parafin C6 la:MP(0,4126 + 0,0000195).86 + 0,5178.72(0,5178 + 0,4126 + 0,0000195)78,21nP6= 0,4126.554,552 + 0,0000195.554,552 = 228,818 (kmol/h) Vay ta co khoi lnong phan tti trung binh ctia Parafin la:Ma MP = 14.n + 2 = 78,21.^n = 5,4436.Bang 8: Can bang vat chat cho lo phan ting 1Cauni (kmol/h)yiMiGi=Mi.ni (kg/h)tuDau vaoA10,5910,003878826,098N28,0040,0101842352,336P515,9550,186178,2140329,769h22218,2080,800024436,416E2772,7601,000047944,644Dau raA0,0000--0,00N38,5850,0141843241,74P5287,147090,10487220674,586P6228,8180,08358619677,502h22218,2080,797624436,416E2772,74821,000047944,644Tmh can bang nhiet luOng lo 1Ta co phuang trinh can bang nhiet:Qi + Q2 = Q3 + Q4 + Q5Q1 : Nhiet lugng mang vao bai nguyen lieu va kh tuan hoan a 25oC.Q2 : Nhiet lugng cua lo dot can cung cap de nang nhiet do cua nguyen lieu va kh tuan hoan tu 25oC den 230oC.Q3 : Nhiet lugng mang ra khoi lo phan ung do cac san pham phan ung va kh tuan hoan.Q4 : Nhiet phan ung.Q5 : Nhiet lugng mat mat ra moi trudng xung quanh.Lugng nhiet dugc tmh theo cong thuc:Q1=nc-1.C1.t1 (KJ/h)Trong do : nC-i luu lugng cua tung cau tu i (kmol/h).Q Nhiet dung rieng cua cau tu i (J/mol.do). ti:Nhiet do cau tu i 0C.Cc= Z ncl. Ci (kJ/h.do)Trong do cac: ni: la cac thanh phan phan khoi cua cau tu thu i.Nhiet dung rieng cua mot chat dugc tinh theo:Cp = ao+ai.T+a2.T2 Cp = ao+ai.T+a-2.T-2Trong do cac gia tri a0 ;a1 ;a2 ;a-2 : la cac hang so thuc nghiem.T : Nhiet do tuyet doi 0k.Ta co cac cong thuc tinh nhiet dung rieng cua cac loai Hydrocacbon nhu sau:Doi voi Parafin: [5-415]Cp= (-2,1 + 4,8.n) + (27,60 + 69,11.n).10-3.T - (0,53 + 2,19.n).10-5.T2 (j/mol.K)Voi n la so nguyen tu cacbon co trong parafin.Doi voi Naphten:+ Alkylcyclopentan:Cp= (-19,49 + 3,75.n) + (399,96 + 70,73.n).10-3.T - (12,65 + 2,21.n).10-5.T2(j/mol.K)Voi n= n-5.+ Akylcyclohecxan:Cp= (-25,61 + 5,56.n) + (517,53 + 68,30.n).10-5.T2(j/mol.K)Voi n = n- 6.Bang 9: Gia tri hieu ung nhiet cua tung phan ungPhan ungA Q, kcal/mol1222327450520611Bang 10: Gia tri nhiet dung riengCau tua0a1.103a-2.10-5a2.106Cp 250C J/mol.doCp2300CJ/mol.doC16,73010,200-1,118-35,2447,71C23,89029,600--52,5978,62C30,41064,710--22,58272,98114,07n-C44,35772,552--22,14599,28147,58i-C42,29682,407--38,79296,76142,07n-C53,140100,532--35,500123,69187,19Benzen-5,04095,63--40,60081,9990137,28CycloC6-7,701124,675--41,584105,75186,27n-C67,313104,906--32,397147,67217,23Ngoai ra con co cac thanh phan khac ta se tra duoc tu bang o [5- 436].Bang 11: Nhiet dung rieng cua cac cau tu khac tra duocCau tuCp 250CCp2300CJ/mol.doJ/mol.doIso-pentan119,41182,882,2-Dimetylbutan142,63219,662,3-Dimetylbutan141,25217,15Metylpentan143,00216,80Metylcyclopentan110,71188,03Bang12: Nhiet dung rieng cua hydroA0a1.103a-2.10-5a2.106Cp 250C J/mol.doCp 2300C J/mol.do6,95-0,2-0,4829,02529,19Bang 13: Nhiet dung rieng cua hon hop nguyen lieu dau vao va hydro tuanhoan o 250C va o 2300C:Cau tunci,(kmol/h)Ci.nd 250C kj/h.doCi.nci2300Ckj/h.doPiso- Pentan120,6150614402,64422058,082n- Pentan166,5319720598,33931173,1192,2-Dimetylbutan2,05184292,6543450,7072,3-Dimetylbutan11,423771613,60772480,6719Metylpentan110,300315772,95623913,125n- Hexan105,032115510,09822816,134NMetyl-Cyclopentan21,572072388,24424056,1969Cyclohexan6,4328680,26891198,2383ABenzeni0,59i9864,3025i454,06i9h222i8,208064383,48764749,492Z136505,6174349,83Tmh Qi:Luang nhiet mang vao cua nguyen lieu va kh tuan hoan d 25oC:Qi= Qni + QhDTrong do:QnlZ ni.Ci/ti nc.Cc/tiQh = nH.CH.ti^ Qi = i36505,6.25 = 3412640(kj/h)Tmh Q2:Luang nhiet can thiet de nang nhiet do cua nguyen lieu tu 25o den 230oC:Q2 = Qt2 - QtiTu bang thong ke ta co:q2= i74349,83 . 230 - i36505,6.25 = 36687821 (kj/h)Tmh Q4:Luang nhiet sinh ra do qua trinh phan ung. d thiet bi phan ung i xay ra cac phan ung (3) va phan ung (4).Vay Q4 = A n3 . A Q3 + A n4 . A Q4Ta co:A Q3 = 27.4,i86 = ii3,022(kj/mol)A Q4 = 50.4,i86 = 209,3(kj/mol)A n3 = 0,0i08(kmol/h)A n4 = 10,591(kmol/h)^Q4= 0,0108. 113,022 . 103 + 10,591. 209,3 .103Q4= 2217916,9(kj/h)Tmh Q3:Chon nhiet luong mat mat ra khoi moi truong phan ung = 5% nhiet luong cua san pham mang ra:Q5 = 0,05 . Q3Vay tong luong nhiet cua dau ra la = Q3 + 0,05 . Q3 = 1,05 .Q3^1,05 . Q3 = Q1 + Q2 - Q4Ma ta co cac phan ung la toa nhiet do do:1,05 . Q3 = 3412640 + 36687821 + 2217916,9 = 42318378 (kj/h)^Q3= 40303217(kj/h)^Q5= 2015160,9(kj/h)Bang 14: Can bang nhiet luong cua thiet bi phan ung 1DongLuongKmol/hNhiet luong Kj/hDau vaoQ13412640Q236687821Q42217916,9Z2772,76042318378Dau raQ340303217Q52015160,9Z2772,749242318378Tmh toan kfch thutfc chmh cua lo phan ting 1Lo phan ung la loai lo xuyen tam. Viec lua chon duong kmh cua lo phai thoa man sao cho ton that ap suat [ APXT ] tai lop xuc tac khong vugt qua gia tri cho phep. Theo mot so tai lieu thi ton that ap suat nay dugc tmh theo cong thuc:nc[ APxt ] = o^s.0,158-1^ (Pa) [6-269]Trong do: nP = 1 la so lo phan ung.APxt _ 255(1 -^m.phhHX029ddvhh-i 0.35dtdm(*)^[ APxt ] = 0,5.0,158 . 106 = 0,79.105(Pa)Trong do:- H1: chieu day cua lop xuc tac.apH1: Ton that ap suat tren 1m chieu day cua lop xuc tac (Pa/m).- X : Do rong cua lop xuc tac, m3/m3.- m : Van toc cua dong hoi qua lop xuc tac, m/s.- vhh: Do nhot dong hoc cua hon hop khi, m2/s.- phh: Khoi luong rieng cua hon hop khk kg/m3- dtd: Duong kmh tuong duong cua hat xuc tac, m.*Cong thuc tmh cac gia tri tren nhu sau:Vc_A>Tfnh A:VTTTrong do:VC: The tich hat chat xuc tac hinh cau tuong duong voi the tich mot hat xuc tac hinh tru, m3.Vc-d 2.H 43,14.0,0032.0,005435,325.10~9 ,m3VTT: The tich hinh lap phuong ngoai tiep hinh cau cua hat chat xuc tac. Neu chon dudng kfnh hinh tru d= 0,003 (m), va chieu cao H=0,005 (m) thi:dtd= 3i6.35,325.103,14-94,07.10 ~3 ,mDudng kmh tuong duong cua hat xuc tacA35,35.10 ~9 (4,07.10 ~3)30,524 (m3/m3)Do do:>Tfnh a :a =VgFC[6-250]Van toc theo phuong ban kmh cua hon hop kh d thiet dien nho nhat tai luoi cua ong trung tam duoc tinh:Trong do:VG: The tich hon hop kh di qua tiet dien tu do trong 1 giay, m3/s. FC: la tiet dien cua ludi ong, m2.*Tinh VG:22,4.G.Ttb .0,1.106.z 3600Mtb .273.Trong do:G: Hon hop kh d trong lO, kg/h.Ttb: Nhiet do trung binh trong lo phan ung, oK.Z: He so nen cua hon hop khk^ Ptb = 2P-[AP] = 2.20.105 - -79.10i = 19,605.105^ Ttb -2503+5232(Pa).2= 513(oK).Mtb: Khoi luong mol trung binh cua hon hop khi, kg/kmol. Ptb: ap suat trunh binh trong lo phan ung, Pa.^ Mtb - 0,0038.78+ 0,101.84+ 0,1861.78,21+ 0,8.2-16,18. ^ Z - 1.^ G - 54820(kg/h).VG22,4.54820.513.0,1.106.13600.16,18.273.19,605.1052,021(m3/s).Vay thay so vao ta cO:0Dien tich ludi tai ong trung tam duoc tinh nhu sau:[6-271]FC =!Trong do:-Di: Duong kmh luoi, m.-Hi: Chieu cao luoi, m.Duong kmh cua lo phan ung dugc chon la 1,4 m, duong kmh luoi la 0,5 m. Chieu cao cua luoi xuc tac:Hi = Hxt - 0,4[6-271]Hxt : Chieu cao cua lop xuc tac trong lo phan ung, m. 0,4: Chieu cao cua ong trung tarn khong duc lo.Hxt =Vxt/F.Vxt: The tich xuc tac trong lo, m3.F: Tiet dien vong giua cua cac ong loc.[6-271]F _ 7i\p - 2.8 - 2.0,02)2 - D12 ]_4Trong do:-D: Duong kmh cua lo phan ung, m.-D1: Duong kmh luoi, m.-8: Khoang cach trong than lo va vo lo, m.^ 8 =0,04, m.-2.0,02: la tong chieu day cua than va vo ong trung tam.Vay:F _ 3,14|;2 - 2.0,04 - 2.0,02)2 - 0,52 ]_ 2 578 m2 4^ Hxt= 9,2405/2,578= 3,58436(m).Vay:^Hl =3,58436- 0,4 = 3,18436(m).^FC = 3,14. 0,5. 3,18436= 4,99944(m2).Do do:^ = Vg/Fc = 2,021/4,4999= 0,40408 (m/s).+Khoi luong rieng cua hon hop phan ung:phh = Z Pi -Zt9]Trong do:-pt: khoi luong rieng cua cau tu i, kg/m3.-yi: phan mol cua cau tu i.(kg/m3).^ phh = pc.0,2 + pH .0,8 = 654,3.0,2.0,0898 = 130,93+Tmh do nhot dong hoc cua hon hop theo cong thuc sau:vhh =1Zl + Zl + + Z^[6-272]VV1 V2Trong do:-yi : Phan mol cua cau tu i trong hon hop.- v, : Do nhot dong hoc cua cau tu i tai nhiet do phan ung, m2/s.Bang 15: Do nhot dong hoc cua cac cau tu o 230oCCau tuyivv .106, m2/syi/( v .106)P50,10366,7160,015426P60,08255,3520,015415CnH2n0,01010,2650,038113CnH2n-60,00380,2770,013718H20,80002950,002712z0,085384Vhh10,085384.10 6= 11,712.10 -6 m2/^.Tu ket qua tmh toan ta dugc:AP*H1255(1 - 0,524)1,354,404082.130,930,524029X4,07.10-311,712.10 -64,40408.4,07.10-30,35105072,79,Pa/m.Thay vao (*) ta dugc:Chieu day cua lap xuc tac:0,38 (m).H1 =D - 2.8- 2.0,02 - 0,5 _ 1,4 - 2.0,04 - 2.0,02 - 0,52 _ 2APxt = 0,41.105072,79= 39927,661 (Pa).Ta thay:AP< [ AP ] = 0,79.105, Pa.Do do: D = 2 (m) la thoa man. Khi do chieu cao la:H = Hxt + 0,2 + D +0,225 + D +0,425 ^ H = 3,58+0,2 +1,4 + 0,225 + 1,4 + 0,425 H = 7,234(m).Qui chuan thanh 7 (m).Vay lo phan ung 1 cO D = 2 (m) va chieu cao H = 7 (m).II.2. Tmh toan cho lo phan ting thu* 2d lo nay thuc hien d nhiet do cao han lo 1 va se xay ra cac phan ung isome hoa va phan ung Cracking. Nhiet do phan ung trong lo la 230oC. Do tut ap giua cac lo thudng la: 0,15-0,35 at.Tmh can bang vat chat lo 2Bang 16: Thanh phan nguyen lieu vao lo 2:Cautuni (kmol/h)yiMiGi=Mi.ni (kg/h)N38,5850,0141843241,74P5287,147090,10487220674,586P6228,8180,08358619677,502H22218,2080,797624436,416E2772,74821,000047944,644Ta chon do tut ap d lo thu 2 la: 0,3 at.Khi do ap chung cua hon hop kh nguyen lieu vao lo thu 2 la:P2= 20 - 0,3 = 19,7 at = 19,7 . 105 PaBang17: Thanh phan ap suat nguyen lieu va kh tuan hoan vao lo 2Cautuni (kmol/h)yiMiPi=19,7.105.yi(Pa)Gi=Mi.ni(kg/h)N38,5850,0141840,27777.1053241,74P515,95520,188378,213,70951.10540352,088H22218,2080,7976215,71272.1054436,416E2772,74821,000019,7.10547944,644Hang so toc do cua phan ung Hydrocracking Naphten.Tu Tv = 563oK ^ 1000/Tv = 1,776 theo do thi (3.15) ta co : k5 = 0,002647(kmol/h.kgxtac).dNNNdVP= 0,002647.0,27777.10519,7.105= 0,0000373Su giam ham luong Naphten tuong doi do phan ung (5) la:Tr mxt 16633,172c00/7 n n\Mat khac vr2 = ^- = 2772 74Q7 = 5,9988(kg/kmolh)^ nt2772,7482=>- ANn = 0,0000373.Vr2 = 0,0000373.5,9988 = 0,0002237 (kmol/h).Yay ham luong Naphten tham gia phan ung Cracking la:nN (5) = 0,0002237.554,552 = 0,12408(kmol/h).Do do ham luong Naphten con lai sau phan ung (5) la:nN = nN t6ng - nN(5) = 38,585- 0,12408 = 38,4609(kmol/h).Luong H2 tham gia phan ung (5) :H2(5) = 2.nN(5) = 0,12408.2 = 0,24816(kmol/h).Hangso toc do cuaphan ung hydrocrackingParafin.Theo do thi (3.15) ta co k6 = 0,002647 (kmol/h.kg).dNP(6) _ kdVR6 P0,002647.3,70951.10519,7.1054,9843.10 -4- Su giam tuong doi Parafin phan ung (6) la:O -ANP(6) = 4,9843.10-4.Vr2 =4,9843.10-4.5,9988 = 0,002989(kmol/h).O Luong Parafin bi cracking la:nP(6) = ANP(6).nc =0,002989.554,552 =1,65807(kmol/h).O Luong H2 tham gia phan ung (6) :H2(6) = nP(6) ^ = 1,65807. 5,4436 - 3 =1,35055 (kmol/h).Bang 18: Thanh phan cac cau th trong nguyen lieu vao lo 2Cauthni (kmol/h)yiMiN38,5850,069684P5515,95520,517872P6228,818160,412686E783,348411,0000 Tmh luong n-C5 chuyen hoa trong phan ung (1).Theo do thi(3.16). Ta co nong do % mol d trang thai can bang d nhiet do 563oK.% n-Cs = 26.% i-Cs = 74.Trong phan doan C5 nong do phan mol cua i-C5 chiem 42%, con n-C5 la 58%. Nhu vay tai trang thai can bang thi n-C5 trong phan doan C5 chuyen hoa la: 58 - 26 = 32%.32.51,7810016,57%Do do phan mol n-C5 chuyen hoa la:An.16,57.554,55210091,88926(kmol/h).Luong n-C5 da chuyen hoa sau phan ung (1) la:nn-C5 (th) nn-CrAnn-C (0,3003 - 0,1675).554,552 73,644506 kmol/h.=> Luong i-C5 tao thanh la: ni-C. Anc5 91,88926 (kmol/h). Luong n-C5 con lai duoc tach cho tuan hoan la: Tmh luong n-C6 chuyen hoa trong phan ung (2).Theo do thi (3.17), nong do phan mol cua n-C6 d trang thai can bang tai nhiet do 563oK la :%n-C6 = 19.%i-C6 = 81.Nong do n-C6, i-C6 trong phan doan C6 theo bang 1 cua nguyen lieu la: n-C6 = 45,9%. i-C6 = 54,1%.Nhu vay:ANn - C45,9 -19 = 26,9%6% n-C6 da chuyen hoa o trang thai can bang doi voi C6- Parafin:Phan mol n-C6 da chuyen hoa so voi hon hop nguyen lieu:26-9-0-4126=11,1%100Vay luong n-C6 chuyen hoa sau mot lan phan ung:ANnc = 0,111-nc = 0,111.554,552 = 61,5552 (kmol/h).Luong i-C6 tao thanh la:ni-c6 = ANn-c6 = 61,5552 (kmol/h).Luong n-C6 tach tuan hoan:nn-c6(tk) = nnc - ANn-C6 = (0,1894 - 0,111).554,552 = 43,4768 (kmol/h).Tinh luong H2 tuan hoan.H2(th) ^H2(nguyen lieu) - H2(5) - H2(6).Thay so ta co:H2(th) = 2218,208 - 0,2481 - 1,35055 = 2216,6093 = 2216,6093 (kmol/h).Luong C1 ^ C5 sinh ra trong qua trinh phan ung:Theo phuong trinh phan ung (5) va (6) ta co the tinh duoc tuong doi luong C1 ^ C5 sinh ra:P*"c,.c, = j5.(n (!)) + 5^44p(p (6)) = A (0,12408) + 544pa6580) =0,65136(kmol/h).0,65136*Can bang vat chat cua lo phan ting 2 du^c mo ta o' bang sau:Bang 19: Can bang vat chat cua lo 2CautunC-1 (kmol/h)yiM1Gi=Mi.ni (kg/h)Dau vaoN38,5850,0141843241,74P515,95520,188378,2140352,088h22218,2080,797624436,416E2772,74821,000047944,644Dau raA0,0000--0,00N38,46090,01404843230,7169n-C573,64450,02689725302,4044n-C643,47680,01587863739,0114i -C5212,50430,077597215300,3121 -C6185,33120,067678615938,49p*0,651360,000294428,6598h22216,60930,7976324433,2186Z2730,67861,0000047944,644Bang 20: Luang tuan hoanCau tunC-i, kmol/hh22216,6093n- C573,6445n- C643,4768Z2333,7307Tmh can bang nhiet luong lo 2Bang 21: Luang san phamCau tunC-i, kmol/hi-C5212,50433i-C6185,3312N38,4609P*0,65136Z436,9478Ta co phuang trinh can bang nhiet:Qi + Q2 = Q3 + Q4 + Q5Q1 : Nhiet luang mang vao bai san pham va kh tuan hoan sau lo 1.Q2 : Nhiet luang cua thiet bi trao doi nhiet thu duac de giam nhiet do cua san pham va kh tuan hoan sau lo phan ung 1 tu 250oC den 230oC.Q3 : Nhiet luang mang ra khoi lo phan ung do cac san pham phan ung va kh tuan hoan.Q4 : Nhiet phan ung.Q5 : Nhiet luang mat mat ra moi trudng xung quanh.Luang nhiet duac tmh theo cong thuc:Q1=nc-1.C1.t1 (KJ/h)Trong do :nC-i luu luang cua tung cau tu i (kmol/h).Ci Nhiet dung rieng cua cau tu i (J/mol.do). ti:Nhiet do cau tu i 0C.Cc= Z nci. Ci (kJ/h.do)Trong do cac: ni: la cac thanh phan phan khoi cua cau tu thu i.Nhiet dung rieng cua mot chat duac tmh theo:Cp = ao+ai.T+a2.T2 Cp = ao+ai.T+a-2.T-2Trong do cac gia tri a0 ;a1 ;a2 ;a-2 : la cac hang so thuc nghiem.T : Nhiet do tuyet doi 0k.Ta co cac cong thuc tmh nhiet dung rieng cua cac loai Hydrocacbon nhu sau:Doi voi Parafin: [5-415]Cp= (-2,1 + 4,8.n) + (27,60 + 69,11.n).10-3.T - (0,53 + 2,19.n).10-5.T2 (j/mol.K)Voi n la so nguyen tu cacbon co trong parafin.Doi voi Naphten:+ Alkylcyclopentan:Cp= (-19,49 + 3,75.n) + (399,96 + 70,73.n).10-3.T - (12,65 + 2,21.n).10-5.T2(j/mol.K)Voi n= n-5.+ Akylcyclohecxan:Cp= (-25,61 + 5,56.n) + (517,53 + 68,30.n).10-5.T2 (j/mol.K)Voi n = n- 6.Bang 22: Gia tri hieu ung nhiet cua tung phan ungPhan ungA Q, kcal/mol1222327450520611Bang 23: Nhiet dung rieng cua hon hap nguyen lieu va hydro tuan hoanvao lo 2 a 2300CCau tunci,(kmol/h)Ci 2300C j/mol.doCi-nci2300Ckj/h-doP515,9552iso- Pentan120,61506199,1724022,902n- Pentan166,53197198,3133024,9552,2-Dimetylbutan2,05184239,43491,27262,3-Dimetylbutan11,42377236,392700,4652Metylpentan110,3003238,3826293,407n- Hexan105,0321235,7324759,229N44,1050Metyl-Cyclopentan21,57207207,774482,0296Cyclohexan17,0247212,283614,0131ABenzen0--H22218,20829,3064993,494Z2851,9825184381,77Tmh Q2:Luang nhiet can cung cap cua lo dot de nang nhiet do cua san pham lo 1 len 230oC de lam nguyen lieu cho lo 2:Q2 = Q12 - Q1Luong nhiet mang vao cua nguyen lieu va kh tuan hoan a 230oC:Q12= Qnl + qhQTrong do:Qnl Z ni-^^i-t1 nc-Cc-t1 QH = nH-CH-t1Theo gia tri tmh toan a bang ta co:^ Q12 =184381,77. 230 =53470713(kj/h)Ma ta co Q1 = 40303217(kj/h)^ Q2 =53470713- 40303217 =13167496(kj/h)Tmh Q4:Lnong nhiet sinh ra do qua trinh phan nng. a thiet bi phan nng 2 xay ra cac phan nng (1), (2), (5) va phan nng (6).Vay Q4 = Anx AQX + An2 .AQ2 + An5 .AQ5 + An6 .AQ6Ta co cac gia tri An,, AQ, cho trong bang sau:Bang 24TTAn,AQ,An, AQikmol/hkcal/molkj/h191,88922769296,93261,55522515340,7450,124082010388,30461,658071176347,744Vay Q4 =1371373,7(kj/h)Tmh Q3:Chon nhiet lnong mat mat ra khoi moi trnong phan nng = 5% nhiet lnong cua san pham mang ra:Q5 = 0,05 . Q3Vay tong lngng nhiet cua dau ra la = Q3 + 0,05 . Q3 = 1,05 .Q3^1,05 Q3 = Q1 + Q2 - Q4Ma ta co cac phan nng la toa nhiet do do:1,05 . Q3 = 40303217+13167496 + 1371373,7 =5482087 (kj/h)^ Q3 =52230559(kj/h)^Q5 = 2611527,9(kj/h)Bang 25: Can bang nhiet luong cua thiet bi phan ung 2DongLuongKmol/hNhiet luong Kj/hDau vaoQ140303217Q213167496Q41371373,7Z2772,749254842087Dau raQ352230559Q52611527,9Z2772,749254842087Tmh toan kfch thutfc chmh cua lo phan ting 2Lo phan ung la loai lo xuyen tam. Viec lua chon duong kmh cua lo phai thoa man sao cho ton that ap suat [ APXT ] tai lop xuc tac khong vuot qua gia tri cho phep. Theo mot so tai lieu thi ton that ap suat nay duoc tmh theo cong thuc:[ APxt ] = 0,5.158-1Q6(Pa) [6-269]nPTrong do: nP = 1 la so lo phan ung.(Pa)AP* _ 255(1 - A)^x v ,phhAadttdVhh-10.35dtdv(*)[ APxt ] = 0,5.0,158 . 106 = 0,79.105Trong do:H1: chieu day cua lap xuc tac.AP>''': Ton that ap suat tren 1m chieu day cua lap xuc tac (Pa/m).X : Do rong cua lap xuc tac, m3/m3.a : Van toc cua dong hoi qua lap xuc tac, m/s.phh: Khoi luong rieng cua hon hop khk kg/m3.vhh: Do nhat dong hoc cua hon hop khi, m2/s.d d: Duong kmh tuong duong cua hat xuc tac, m.*Cong thuc tmh cac gia tri tren nhu sau:0Tmh X:TTV,Trong do:VC: The tich hat chat xuc tac hinh cau tuong duong vai the tich mot hat xuc tac hinh tru, m3.VTT: The tich hinh lap phuong ngoai tiep hinh cau cua hat chat xuc tac. Neu chon duong kmh hinh tru d= 0,003 (m), va chieu cao H=0,005 (m) thi:Vc =1.H = 3-14.-0032.-005 = 35,325.10-%m3C 44dtd = 36. VC= 36.35,325.10~9_ _ 3= 4,07.10~3 ,m3,14Duong kmh tuong duong cua hat xuc tacDo do:^ X = 35,35-103V 0,524 (m3/m3)(4,07.10 ~3)3v 7>Tmh a :a =VgFC[6-250]Van toc theo phuong ban kmh cua hon hop kh a thiet dien nho nhat tai luai cua ong trung tam duoc tmh:Trong do:VG: The tich hon hop kh di qua tiet dien tu do trong 1 giay, m3/s. FC: la tiet dien cua ludi ong, m2.*Tinh VG:22,4.G.Ttb .0,1.106.z 3600Mtb .273.PftTrong do:G: Hon hop khi d trong lO, kg/h.Ttb: Nhiet do trung binh trong lo phan ung, oK.Z: He so nen cua hon hop khk^ Ptb = 2P -[AP] = 2-20-1^ - -79-1^ = 19,605.105^ Ttb -2503+5232= 5132(Pa).(oK).Mtb: Khoi luong mol trung binh cua hon hop khk kg/kmol. Ptb: ap suat trunh binh trong lo phan ung, Pa.^ Mtb - 0,0038.78+ 0,101.84+ 0,1861.78,21+ 0,8.2-16,18.^ Z - 1.(kg/h).^ G - 54820VG22,4.54820.513.0,1.106.13600.16,18.273.19,605.1052,021(m3/s).Vay thay so vao ta cO:0Dien tich ludi tai ong trung tam duoc tinh nhu sau:[6-271]Trong do:-D1: Duong kmh ludi, m.-H1: Chieu cao ludi, m.Duong kmh cua lo phan ung duoc chon la 1,4 m, duong kmh ludi la 0,5 m. Chieu cao cua ludi xuc tac:H1 - Hxt - 0,4[6-271]Hxt : Chieu cao cua lap xuc tac trong lo phan ung, m. 0,4: Chieu cao cua ong trung tam khong due lo.^Hxt =Vxt/F.Vxt: The tich xuc tac trong lo, m3.F: Tiet dien vong giua cua cac ong loc.[6-271]F _ n\p - 2.5- 2.0,02)2 - Dt2 ] _4Trong do:-D: Dudng kmh cua lo phan ung, m.-D1: Dudng kmh ludi, m.-5: Khoang cach trong than lo va vo lo, m.^ 5 =0,04, m.-2.0,02: la tong chieu daycuar than va vo ong trung tam.Vay:'_ 4,25245, m2F _ 3,14^2,5 - 2.0,04 - 2.0,02)2 - 0,52 _4^ Hxt= 27,7215/4,25245= 6,5189 (m).Vay:^ H1 = 6,5189 - 0,4 = 6,1189 (m).^ Fc = 3,14. 0,5. 6,1189 = 9,6115(m2).Do do:^ = Vg/Fc = 2,021/9,6115= 0,21026m/s).+Khoi lugng rieng cua hon hop phan ung:Phh _Z a y[9]Trong do:- a : khoi lugng rieng cua cau tu i, kg/m3.-yt: phan mol cua cau tu i.^ phh _ a.0,2 + pH .0,8 _ 654,3.0,2.0,0898 _ 130,93(kg/m3).+Tmh do nhdt dong hoc cua hon hgp theo cong thuc sau:1[6-272]*hhyL + y2 ++ inVnTrong do:-yi : Phan mol cua cau tn i trong hon hop.-vi : Do nhot dong hoc cua cau tn i tai nhiet do phan ung, m2/s.Cau tnyivt .106, m2/syi/( K -106)P50,10366,7160,015426P60,08255,3520,015415CnH2n0,01010,2650,038113CnH2n-60,00380,2770,013718h20,80002950,002712z0,085384Bang 26: Do nhot dong hoc cua cac cau tn d 230oCTu ket qua tmh toan ta duoc:10,085384.10 -611,712.10-6 m2/ ^ .*hh255(1 - 0,524)1,350,21026.130,930,5240294,07.10-3AP*H111,712.10 -60,21026.4,07.10-30,3535756,87Pa/m.Thay vao (*) ta duoc:Chieu day cua lop xuc tac:H10,38 (m).D - 2.8- 2.0,02 - 0,52 1,4 - 2.0,04 - 2.0,02 - 0,5Ta thay:Ap = 0,38.35756,78= 13587,613(Pa).APxt< [ APxt ] = 0,79.105, Pa.APDo do: D = 1,4 (m) la thoa man.Khi do chieu cao la:H = Hxt + 0,2 + D +0,225 + D +0,425 ^ H = 6,5189+0,2 +1,4 + 0,225 + 1,4 + 0,425H = 10,1689(m).Qui chuan thanh 10 (m).Vay lo phan ung 1 co D = 2,5(m) va chieu cao H = 10 (m).Phan III.xay du*ng [XIV]Gioi thieu chungPhan xuong san xuat la phan xuong ISOME Hoa cong suat 350.000 t/nam. Dac diem cua phan xuong la co nhieu chat gay o nhiem moi truong, anh huong den sinh thai va anh huong den suc khoe cua con nguoi.Do do viec xac dinh dia diem xay dung nha may can phai dugc tmh toan can nhac can than de dam bao yeu cau la giam thieu van de o nhiem moi truong va suc khoe cua nguoi lao dong truc tiep cung nhu dan trong vung lan can nha may. Ngoai ra viec xac dinh dia diem xay dung hop ly se tao dieu kien tot cho giai doan chuan bi dau tu, la co so phat trien san xuat, kinh doanh cua nha may, von dau tu cung nhu gia thanh san pham cua nha may, truoc mat cung nhu lau dai.II. Phan tich dia diem xay dwng nha mayPhan xuong ISOME Hoa voi nang xuat 350000t/nam duoc dat tai Dung Quat - Quang Ngai.Dia diem xay dwngDia diem xay dung tai Dung Quat - Quang Ngai la noi duoc chmh phu phe duyet xay dung khu cong nghiep. Doi voi dia diem nay co nhieu yeu to thuan loi cho viec xay dung nha may nhu:Mang luoi giao thong: Huong dong each khoang 6 km la bien, voi do sau rong rat thuan tien cho tau trong tai lon cap ben va co the nhieu tau cap ben mot lan. Huong tay nam la mang luoi giao thong quoc gia ca dudng bo va dudng sat. Huong bac giap voi khu kinh te mo Quang Nam. Do do ve van de giao thong la het suc thuan loi cho viec van chuyen nguyen lieu cung nhu viec xuat san pham ra khoi nha may.Ve van de xay dung thi nguyen vat lieu xay dung duoc cung cap ngay trong noi tinh, nguon nhan cong doi dao, day la mot yeu to rat thuan loi cho qua trinh xay dung cung nhu van hanh nha may.Voi dia hinh nha may la huong dong giap bien va huong gio chu dao la gio tay nam vi vay cac chat khk bui cua nha se ft hoac khong anh huong den khu dan cu.Khu dat xay dungVoi kmh thuoc va hinh dang cua khu dat rat thuan loi cho viec xay dung truoc mat cung nhu viec mo rong nha may sau nay. Khu dat cao rao, khong bi ngap lut, do doc tu nhien cua khu dat khoang 1% voi nen dat set ket hop voi dat da ong nen dam bao tmh chiu tai trong lon.Khu dat duoc kiem tra truoc khi duoc chmh phu quy hoach lam khu cong nghiep, duoi long dat khong co mo khoang san .Dien ftch khu dat da duoc tmh toan thoa man moi yeu cau doi hoi cua day truyen cong nghe tren co so bo tri hop ly cac hang muc cong trinh.Khu dat nam trong khu cong nghiep do do no dam bao tot moi quan he voi cac nha may lan can trong viec su dung chung cac cong trinh dam bao ky thuat, xu ly nuoc thai chong o nhiem moi trudng va cac cong trinh phuc vu cong cong khac.Bao ve moi truungVoi dia hinh dia ly nhu trinh bay o tren cho thay nha may khi hoat dong dam bao ve sinh moi trudng rat tot. Van de nuoc thai hay khi thai duoc xet den mot each can than va co quy hoach dong bo theo phnong phap phan khu va bo tri huong hop ly.Phan tich thiet ke tong mat bang phan xudng ISOME HoaNguyen tac phan vungTuy theo dac thu san xuat cua nha may ma ngndi thiet ke se van dung nguyen tac phan vung cho hop ly. Trong thuc tien thiet ke thi bien phap phan chia khu dat thanh cac vung theo dac diem su dung pho bien nhat. Tong mat bang nha may duoc chia ra lam 4 vung chmh:+ Vung truoc nha may.+ Vung san xuat.+ Vung phu tro phuc vu san xuat.+ Vung kho tang va phuc vu giao thong.-Vung truoc nha may bao gom cac nha hanh chmh quan ly, hoi truong, nha an, gara de xe dap, xe may, oto, nha y te, cong ra vao va phong bao ve, nha hoa nghiem, tuy theo dien tich nha may, quy mo san xuat ma vung nay chiem tu 4-20% dien tich nha may.-Vung san xuat bao gom phan xuong san xuat, phong dieu khien trung tam, cac cong trinh thuoc day truyen san xuat. Vung nay thuong chiem tu 2225% dien tich nha may.-Vung phu tro san xuat bao gom xuong co dien, lo dot, khu thiet bi trao doi nhiet, nha cuu hoa, he thong bom, thiet bi tao hoi nuoc, khu thiet bi ngung tu va lam lanh, khu lam sach nuoc thai.-Vung kho tang va duong giao thong bao gom kho chua nguyen lieu, kho chua san pham, he thong duong giao thong. Duong oto la he thong duong be tong, 2 lan xe chay moi lan 2,5 m, via he di bo chieu rong 1 m. Dien tich phu hop thuong chiem tu 23-37%.Cac hang muc cong trinh (Bang 1)TTTen cong trinhSoKich thuacDien hchlugngdai(m)rong(m)(m2)1Thiet bi say khi212121442Thiet bi phan ung212121443May nen va bam112121444Thiet bi tach112121445Thap on dinh112121446Cot hap phu va van quay112121447Thap chung cat112121448Lo dot va thiet bi noi hai11291089Cot Rafinat1121214410Nha dieu khien112910811Be chua nuac1241228812Nha san xuat nuac112910813Tram dien1121214414Nha cuu hoa112910815Nha ca kh1241214416Phong hoa nghiem112910817Nha de xe1301236018Nha hanh chfnh1301236019Nha an1301236020Hoi trudng1301236021Be chua nguyen lieu63030540022Be chua xang4121257623Thiet bi chua Hydro2667224Be chua khi nhien lieu2667225Be chua kh nhe2667226Phong bao ve46614427Dat du tru190028Tram nhap nguyen lieu112910829Tram xuat san pham1129108Tong12160Uu nhwffc diem cua nguyen tac phan vung+ Uu diem:- De dang quan ly theo nganh, theo cac xudng, theo cac cong doan cua qua trinh san xuat.Thmh hap vai cac nha may cO nhung xudng, nhung cong doan cO dac diem san xuat khac nhau.Dam bao cac yeu cau ve ve sinh cong nghiep, de dang su ly cac bo phan phat sinh cac dieu kien bat lai trong qua trinh san xuat nhu kh doc, bui, chay no.De dang bo tri he thong giao thong ben trong nha may.Thuan lai cho qua trinh md rong nha may.Phu hap vai dac diem khi hau d viet Nam+ Nhuac diem: Day truyen san xuat phai keo dai, he thong mang luai ky thuat va mang luai giao thong tang, he so xay dung, he so su dung thap.Cac chi tieu kinh te ky thuatDe danh gia lua chon phuang an thiet ke tong mat bang nha may ngudi ta dua vao mot so chi tieu kinh te ky thuat.Dien tich nha may:Dien tich xay dung:Dien tich su dung:He so xay dung:A + BKxd = ^ 100%FHe so su dung:Trong do:F: Dien tich toan phan xuong A: Dien tich chiem dat cua nha va cong trinh B: Dien tich kho bai lo thienKxdkxdA + B + CF100%3437100 = 25%KsdA + B + CF100%13748Trong do:F: Dien tich toan phan xuong A: Dien tich chiem dat cua nha va cong trinh B: Dien tich kho bai lo thienC: Dien tich chiem dat cua duong bo, sat,ong ky thuat, ranh thoat nuoc.Ksd = -8936100 = 65% sd 13748Cac nguyen tac va thong so ky thuat trong xay dungIV.1 Cac nguyen tac khi xay dungViec xay dung can phai tuan theo nhung nguyen tac sau :Can bo tri cac hang muc chmh trong day chuyen mot cach hop ly de dam bao cac hang muc do hoat dong thuan tien va hop ly nhat.Cac hang muc cong trinh can duoc thiet ke gon gang, hop ly va tiet kiem dien tich nhatTriet de viec bo tri mat bang de tao dieu kien thuan loi cho viec thao xa can va san pham cung nhu tiet kiem nang luong.Khi bo tri cac cong trinh tren mat bang can phai du kien truoc cac hang muc se xay dung o giai doan sau tao dieu kien thuan loi cho viec san xuat.Cac cong trinh phu tro can phai dat gan cac cong trinh chmh de giam chi ph van chuyen.Cac cong trinh gay nhiem ban, doc hai nen bo tri rieng biet xa cong trinh chmh, cuoi huong gio va ft ngudi qua lai.Tram bien the nen dat gan noi su dung nhieu nhat nhu may bom, may nen va gan dudng bo.Dudng giao thong noi bo can bo tri hop ly den tung cong trinh voi chieu rong du lon de xe oto co the ra vao duoc.Dam bao my quan nha may.IV.2 Thong so ky thuat trong xay durng*. Nha hanh chmh, nha nghi, sinh hoat, nha bao ve, y te, nha ve sinh, nha dieu khien trung tam, nha de bom quat.-Giang mong be tong cot thep.-Nen vua xi mang 30 mm, lat gach da hoa.-Tudng gach bao quanh 220mm, tudng ngan 110mm.-Ket cau mai bang, mai do be tong cot thep day 9mm.*. Nha de xe dap , xe may va oto -Tudng gach 100mm.-Dam mai bang be tong cot thep, dam doc ve hai phia, ket cau mai bang ton thep, xa go bang thep.-Nen be tong xi mang cat soi.-Cot bang be tong cot thep, kmh thuoc 300.400mm.*. Nha kho, nha sua chua-Mong giang be tong cot thep.-Cot phan tren vai cot 300.400mm, phan duoi vai cot 400.600mm. Chon cot mot than nha co cau truc nho hon 30 tan.-Dam mai bang be tong cot thep, nghieng ve hai pMa, mai bang fibro ximang, xa go bang thep.-Nen ket cau bang be tong xi mang cat soi.-Tudng gach 200 mm trat vua xi mang.*. Be chua- Be chua la cac thap dugc lam bang vat lieu CT3 va co bao on.*. Giao thong trong phan xudngDuong giao thong trong phan xudng dugc trai nhua, co chieu rong 6m gom 2 cong vao phan xudng: cong chinh va cong phu. Cong chinh dugc noi lien voi duong quoc lo.Duong dugc bo tri thuan lgi cho viec di lai va van chuyen cac thiet bi khi lap dat cung nhu khi sua chua. Hai ben duong trong cay canh va cac vuon hoa dam bao canh quan cho moi truong nha may.Cac duong ong chinh trong nha may nhu duong ong thoat nuoc phuc vu san xuat, sinh hoat, duong ong nuoc thai, nuoc mua.IV.3 Bo tr^ mat bangDien tich can su dung cho phan xudng la 1430 m2. Trong do he so su dung la 65%.Do yeu cau cua day chuyen cong nghe cac thiet bi dugc bo tri trong nha san xuat dugc bo tri giua phan xudng. De phu hgp voi day chuyen cong nghe ta bo tri cac thiet bi sao cho bao dam san xuat mot cach lien tu