a sequel to the dialect study of kapampangan (1984)

THE CALAGUIMAN AND MABATANG KAPAMPANGAN

by Anicia Del Corro, PhD

introduction• This research study is a sequel to the dialect

study of Kapampangan done in 1983-84.• The highlights of the project are:

– Classification of Kapampangan dialects– Description of the linguistic features that

make each dialect distinct– The discovery of the Calaguiman and

Mabatang dialect

retained diphthongs• Kapampangan regularly change the final diphthong of

Tagalog or Sebuano into a monophthong:KAP TAG KAP SEBsukle suklay bale balaysabo sabaw sige sigaypane panay silo silaw

retained diphthongs• In Calaguiman and Mabatang (CM-Kap) however,

diphthongs are consistently retained both in word-medial and word-final positions.

• 1732 dictionary of Diego Bergano and other dictionaries:1732 Bergano acay, albay----- Tag-Engl dictionary bancay, altao, bante,

abe1874 Dimalanta albe1875 Brabo aldo

retained diphthongs• Modern Kapampangan (SF-Kap) has no word-final

diphthong.

goals of the study• To present a theory explaining the development of CM-

Kap dialects• To present a grammatical analysis of either Calaguiman

of Mabatang Kapampangan • To compare the grammatical and lexical differences

– Between Calaguiman and Mabatang Kapampangan– Then with SF-Kap and CM-Kap

• To check whether CM-Kap or a similar dialect is spoken in other towns neighboring Samal and Abucay

• To prove or disprove the hypothesis of borrowing of diphthongs in CM-Kap

calaguiman-mabatang

kapampangan

historical backgroundThe Abucay Massacre• At least 150 Pampango soldiers were tasked to defend

the Church against Dutch invasion in 1647.• The Pampangos were defeated but upon the arrival of

reinforcements, the Dutch were repulsed.

historical backgroundThe Samal Massacre• Upon the surrender of the Katipuneros and voluntarios

in the fight over Samal, a Pampango voluntario killed a Katipunero according to accounts. This incident started the butchering of the prisoners.

• This attests to Spaniards hiring people from Kapampangan speaking towns.

historical backgroundAbucay as center of commerce• 1587, Abucay became center of missionary activities.• The first printing press in the Philippines was in

Abucay.• The route of ships increased movement of

Kapampangan speakers to the area.

geography

distinctionsPsychological• CM-Kap speakers generally regard their dialect as

samutan or haluan, and SF-Kap as the ‘genuine’ or ‘real’ Kapampangan.

Linguistic Features

Phonological Level

phonological levelPro-Tagalog Features• Diphthongization

SF-Kap

salol

marok

balen

papaten

ken

manugse

manos

pants

bad

town

killing

there

to throw

to wash

CM-Kap

salawal

marawak

balayan

papatayan

kayan

magugsay

manwas

phonological level• Portmanteau Pronounsku + ya > kuya ‘my + it’

> kuay metathesis> kue monophthongization>ke vowel coalescence

• mu and na + ya undergo the same process.

phonological level• Classification of CM-Kap pronouns under

diphthongizationSF-Kap

ke

me

ne

ku ‘my’ + ya ‘she or it’

mu ‘your’ + ya ‘she or it’

na ‘his’ + ya ‘she or it’

CM-Kap

kwa

mwa

nya, naya

phonological level• Glottal stop Insertion: transitional glide substitution

SF-Kap

mayalikabuk

malulam, maulap

manasan

batwin

maimpis

dusty

cloudy

to fish

star

thin

CM-Kap

maalikabuk

maulap

magasan

bituinmaimpis

phonological level• Glottal stop Insertion: voiceless consonant substitution

SF-Kap

busbus

sipsipan

kuskus

kinaskas

atlu

atbu

matbud

hole

to sip

wipe

rubbed

three

sugarcane

not durable

CM-Kap

bubus

sisipan

kukus

kinakas

aluabu

mabud

phonological level• Vowel Lowering

SF-Kap

mu

tatakut

pusukabayu

sanduk

upu

your

afraid

heart

horse

laddle

gourd

CM-Kap

mo

tatakot

pusokabayo

sandok

upo

phonological level• [] and [a]

SF-Kap

bitukasawlupbyasik

intestines

spouse

face

smart

you

CM-Kap

bituka

asawa

lupa

byasa

ika

phonological level• Addition of /h/

SF-Kap

tawul, kaung

tindaan

salawaan

CM-Kap

kahul

tindahan

salawahan

phonological levelRetention of CV Syllable Pattern• Insertion of full glide between vowels

SF-Kap

taupaumayli

binaukayli

man

turtle

smiling

smelled

left handed

CM-Kap

tawu

pawu

mayili

binawu

kayili

phonological level• Vowel Coalescence

SF-Kap

ya+itang

ya+ining

ya+ing/ining

ya+ing

ya+ing

pron+demo

pron+demo

pron+demo

pron+art

pron+art

CM-Kap

yetang

yening

yening

yetang

yetang/yeng

phonological level• Loss of Initial Vowel /i/

SF-Kap

ibye me ini kaya

sipsipan me ini

ayta itang gubat

CM-Kap

ibyay me ni kaya

sisipan me ni

tayu tang gubat

Morphological Level

morphological level• Usage of Tagalog affixes in CM-Kap

SF-Kap

a neng kalutumakaramdam

maputimabilug

mangasyas

CM-Kap

napakalutomaramdam

putibilug

kumasyas

Lexical Level

lexical differences• From the inventory of lexicon used in the

questionnaire, CM-Kap showed 39% difference from SF-Kap.

• From the 81 unique items to CM-Kap, 59% were similar for Calaguiman and Mabatang. 38% of items shows difference between Calaguiman and Mabatang.

conclusion