Kanaan ReportCommunity Land Information Programme (CLIP)

1

Table of Contents

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ...................................................... 2GOBABIS ........................................................................... 3INTRODUCTION ................................................................. 5METHODOLOGY OF THE CLIP PROCESS .............................. 7

KANAAN METHODOLOGY ............................................. 15DATA ANALYSIS ................................................................ 16

POPULATION................................................................. 16ECONOMIC CONDITIONS ............................................... 19EMPLOYMENT................................................................... 19Status of employment ...................................................... 22INCOME ............................................................................ 22Heads of Households income ........................................... 22Other Occupants with an income ..................................... 24EDUCATION .................................................................. 25SETTLEMENT AND SHELTER INFORMATION ................... 27NUMBER OF YEARS RESIDENTS STAYED IN TOWN ............ 30NUMBER OF YEARS RESIDENTS STAYED IN SETTLEMENT . 31SHELTER INFORMATION .................................................... 31Type of Building Materials ................................................ 32

Security of Tenure ............................................................. 34Reasons for staying in town & settlement ........................ 34Plans to stay or relocate ................................................... 37BASIC AMENITIES AND SERVICES................................... 37REFUSE.............................................................................. 37WATER .............................................................................. 37SANITATION ...................................................................... 41ENERGY ............................................................................. 44Payment for energy sources ............................................. 46HEALTH ......................................................................... 48DEVELOPMENT NEEDS .................................................. 49COMMUNITY DISCUSSION ................................................. 52COMMUNITY BASED ORGANISATIONS .......................... 54AFFORDABILITY ............................................................. 55

LESSONS LEARNED, CHALLENGES AND OPPORTUNITIES ... 58LESSONS ....................................................................... 58CHALLENGES ................................................................. 58OPPORTUNITIES ............................................................ 58

2

Without the valued support and contributions of the Honourable Town Councillors and officials, notably from the Community Development and Town Engineer’s Divisions, of the Gobabis Municipality the exercise could not have succeeded.

While the Community Land Information Programme (CLIP) is a community driven endeavour, the active participation of the Kanaan residents who produced the data for this report, with the support of members from the Shack Dwellers Federation of Namibia in Gobabis, beckons recognition.

The programme is an exercise performed by residents from the informal settlements in Namibia and the Shack Dwellers Federation of Namibia (SDFN) in collaboration with the Namibia Housing Action Group (NHAG), the Ministry of Regional and Local Government, Housing and Rural Development (MRLGHRD), Regional and Local Authorities, the Habitat Research and Development Centre (HRDC), Shack/Slum Dwellers International (SDI), the Alliance for Solidarity and the International Institute for Environmental Development (IIED). This report is testimony to the efforts of all stakeholders in support of the programme.

Acknowledgements

3

Gobabis

Gobabis is situated in eastern Namibia, in the Omaheke Region which is one of the fourteen regions of Namibia. It is situated 200km east of Windhoek in the direction to Botswana (22°00′S 19°30′E). Gobabis is characterized by semi–arid, hot summers and cool winter climate conditions. Being the regional capital of the Omaheke Region and the district capital of the electoral constituency, it is the core of the cattle farming area, colloquially known as “Cattle Country”.

The town with municipality status has four informal settlements, namely Kanaan, Freedom Square (formerly Damara Block), Independence Island (formerly Owambo Block) and Tuerijandjera (formerly Herero Block). See Map 2 for the locality of these informal settlements.

Map 1: Location of Gobabis

4Map 2: Gobabis Informal Settlements

5

Introduction

Kanaan is situated to the north of the Epako formal township extensions which houses the town’s middle and low income earners. The majority of residents relocated from farms in the Omaheke Region and also from as far as the northern regions of Namibia. The settlement was established in 2004 after it was identified as a reception area by the Gobabis Municipality. According to the Community Development Officer, the municipality realized that the mushrooming of informal settlements in the town was increasing at a very high rate and people were building (invading) on land earmarked for a particular development. It was conceived as an emergency measure to temporarily accommodate new residents (leasing

land) until establishing themselves economically to purchase fully serviced properties elsewhere in town – organised in a grid layout, plots (not formally subdivided and surveyed) measure ±150m² and divided by 7m wide gravel streets. In total Kanaan comprises 60 blocks, each with 20 plots, amounting to 1,200 plots. 808 households were surveyed, accommodating 3,059 residents, of which 53% are female, headed and the remaining 47% are male headed. Most of the structures in the settlement are made from corrugated iron, but also from wood, plastic and grass. There are a limited number of toilets for the community, necessitating the majority to use the bush.

6

Name of informal settlement Kanaan

Enumeration and mapping conducted February to December 2011

Age of settlement at time of enumeration 8 years

Number of plots prepared by municipality 1,200

Number of structures mapped 2,008

Number of households enumeration 808

Population surveyed 3,059

Average household size 3.8

Type of structures at time of enumeration All shacks

Land ownership Municipality

Dry toilets 12

Communal water taps 6

Within 100m influence sphere of water taps 70% of population

Priority needs Toilets, Water and Electricity

Table 1: Summary of key findings

7

Methodology of the CLIP Process

ed and verified by the community, the data is first manually analysed and feedback is given to the community, local au-thorities and other stakeholders, e.g. regional councils, with whom the findings and implications are discussed.The process consists of the following phases:

Local authority and/or regional council, and community 1. meet to explain the purpose of the exercise, activities en-visaged, and clarify the roles and responsibilities of the various partners and their involvement in the process.Enlisting volunteers at community meetings to partici-2. pate in the programme by promoting residents to take ownership and become partners in the development of their settlements. Participants are trained in conducting an interview by administering a socio-economic ques-tionnaire, covering the following aspects: demographic, household and income information, structure informa-tion and shelter history, occupation and subsistence de-tails, basic amenities and services, health, development needs and affordability, and community organisations. Residents assist in demarcating the settlement into man-ageable blocks for the survey and mapping exercise.

The Community Land Information Programme (CLIP) is car-ried out in various parts of the country as a tool to bring about development through the upgrading of informal settlers and create awareness in informal settlement communities on their living conditions and development needs. The programme was initiated in 2007 as a tool to collect information about people living in informal settlements, mostly in urban areas in Namibia, and to use the information to negotiate with the different levels of government for development opportunities in informal settlements by its residents with the information collected. The final draft of the informal settlement profile document from the first phase of the CLIP was prepared and shared during the World Urban Forum in Nanjing in Novem-ber 2008. Profiles of 235 informal settlements in 110 munici-palities, towns, villages and settlement areas were collected by the communities between March 2007 and October 2008, and launched by the Honourable Governor of the Omaheke Region in March 2009. It estimated that more than half a mil-lion people in Namibia lived in informal settlements, equating to about a quarter of the country’s population. The second phase of CLIP, which includes mapping and door-to-door col-lection of socio-economic data followed. Once data is collect-

8

Photo 1: Meeting with Kanaan community attended by two Town Councillors and two Community Development officials to introduce CLIP, 1 March 2011

9

Photo 2: Training Kanaan residents and SDFN/CLIP team members from other regions on administering the socio-economic questionnaire, 2 March 2011

10

Numbering of structures by using a coding system and 3. mapping the structures and services using aerial photo-graphs obtained from the Namibia Statistics Agency or Google Earth. All structures, water taps, toilets (also in-dicating whether in working condition or not) and street lights identified on the ground are drawn on the aerial photographs (and geo-referenced using a GPS device) and all structures are listed on a structure form (template attached as Annex A) indicating the number, use, material and size, which are later digitised and the geo-referenced images linked to the socio-economic data using open source GIS software (gvsig).

Interviewing a reference person in each household, pref-4. erably the household head - being the owner (or tenant) of the structure which is responsible for decision-making in the household on a daily basis – by administering the socio-economic questionnaire (See the questionnaire at-tached as Annex B)

Photo 3: An Usakos CLIP team member on exchange to demonstrate the structure numbering system - number KN/B1/001A signifying the Kanaan informal settlement (KN – each settlement being allocated a distinct code) in Block 1 (B1) on plot 1 in 001, A generally being the residential structure, 2 March 2011

11

Photo 4: Mapping structures on aerial photos with assistance from a Grootfontein CLIP team member and NHAG Land Technician, 2 March 2011

Photo 5: Administering the socio-economic questionnaire by interview the household head while other CLIP team members observe, 2 March 2011

12

Throughout the data collection exercise questionnaires 5. are checked if correctly completed and referred back for outstanding information to be obtained or incorrect/ unclear information to be confirmed.Transferring and analysis of data collected through the 6. questionnaires: the CLIP team members are trained in manually transferring data from the questionnaires to summary forms for each block for verification by the community (see summary form attached as Annex C).Verification of socio-economic data is done by transferring 7. the summarised data of each household onto flip charts which is presented per block to verify the accuracy of the collected data and to identify whether households not yet surveyed are available and eager to be surveyed (note that verification is a step that has not become common practice and did not take place in Kanaan).Summarised data (including the corrections and additions 8. made following verification) is analysed per block and

combined to present the socio-economic survey results to the community (see analysis form attached as Annex D).Feedback to community members and stakeholders, 9. including regional and local authority councillors and officials, of the analysed data on flip charts to present the survey results at a feedback meeting per block, followed by combining all block results for presentation to the broader settlement community. In both instances development needs are discussed to validate the information collected and to secure inputs regarding the priority of development needs as presented. At the broader feedback meeting to the community, certificates are presented to CLIP team members to acknowledge their active participation in the process.

13

Photo 6: Feedback meeting of survey results to the broader Kanaan community and awarding of participation certificates to CLIP team members, 1 December 2011

14

Capturing of data by CLIP team members or 10. at the HRDC using MS Access and analysis by NHAG; CLIP team members with basic computer knowledge are given training on entering the data in their home towns (usually being accommodated in office space provided by the local authority, as was the case with the Kanaan exercise).The digitised socio-economic and spatial data is 11. shared with the relevant authorities at regular meetings, bringing together councillors and officials, CLIP team and community members to discuss development needs and options, regional and/or local authority upgrading plans for the settlement and seeking solutions by following an inclusive bottom-up decision-making approach for the development of the settlement.

Photo 7: Kanaan CLIP team members receiving training on capturing the socio-economic survey data at the municipal office in Epako in MS Access, assisted by the HabitAfrica GIS Specialist, 11 November 2011

15

Kanaan methodology

Meetings were held with the Kanaan community members and the Gobabis Municipality before the data collection started. The SDFN members and the CLIP team were instrumental in getting the community together and explaining the whole process. The community was eager to give their collaboration and its members participated in the training for data collection and mapping. The speed of the process depended on the full cooperation of the CLIP team that came out of the community; through the process some of the community members left the team either due to getting employment or to focus on other activities within their households. Community endorsement and active participation is required to ensure that the programme empower communities to voice their need for upgrading, and cannot be carried out without their approval or participation.

Statement from Veronica Beukes, SDFN-CLIP Facilitator Omaheke Region, 27 March 2013:

“We started on 1 March 2011 with a community meeting, also attended by two Councillors, NGO officials and representatives from the Gobabis Municipality and five people from other regions. On 2 March we started with training on the survey questionnaire and structure numbering. We divided the settlement into 19 blocks. In the first week the CLIP team started out with 23 members and cooperation was very good. People were curious to see what their information would be used for and how they would benefit from it, as they are eager to change their current living conditions and provide a better future for their children, specifically the provision of water, toilet and electricity facilities to their houses.”

16

“Doing the work was a huge challenge for us, as we did it for our community, ourselves and the development of our region. We looked forward to see how we can bring about change in Kanaan through the survey. What we learnt through ex-changes and put into practice, give us hope and trust that change will come this year.”

Data AnalysisThe following section shows the breakdown of the informa-tion collected in the following areas: population, economic conditions, settlement and shelter information, basic ameni-ties and services, health, development needs, community or-ganisations and affordability.

Population808 households, of which 57% are male and 47% are female headed, were surveyed (i.e. 67% of the households on the 1,200 municipal plots; see Map 3), containing a population of 3,059 people. The average household size comprises 3.8 members.

Map 3: Structures of household heads surveyed

17

Out of the total population surveyed, the population pyramid indicates 1,783 female and 1,276 male residents. The female age group of 25-29 has the highest number of people in the settlement at 263, with the 85-89 age groups with only 5 people.

Figure 1: Kanaan population pyramid

The average age in the settlement is 39 years while the median age is 19. 49.49% of the population is 19 years or younger, confirming a very young settlement population. The oldest respondent was 89 years old.

18

Age Female Male Total

Number % Number % Number %No data 38 1.24 28 0.92 66 2.160-4 208 6.80 191 6.24 399 13.045-9 246 8.04 199 6.51 445 14.5510-14 218 7.13 157 5.13 375 12.2615-19 166 5.43 129 4.22 295 9.6420-24 165 5.39 104 3.40 269 8.7925-29 188 6.15 100 3.27 288 9.4130-34 139 4.54 97 3.17 236 7.7135-39 107 3.50 82 2.68 189 6.1840-44 85 2.78 42 1.37 127 4.1545-49 71 2.32 54 1.77 125 4.0950-54 62 2.03 32 1.05 94 3.0755-59 26 0.85 17 0.56 43 1.4160-64 27 0.88 16 0.52 43 1.4165-69 10 0.33 14 0.46 24 0.7870-74 20 0.65 8 0.26 28 0.9275-79 4 0.13 3 0.10 7 0.2380-84 0.00 1 0.03 1 0.0385-89 3 0.10 2 0.07 5 0.16Grand Total 1783 58.29 1276 41.71 3059 100.00

Table 2: Age by gender

19

Females aged 0-14 years comprised 21.97% of the Kanaan population, compared to 18.33% of the national figure and 15.22% of the urban figure in the 2011 Population and Housing Census. Males in the same age group comprised 17.88% of the Kanaan population, compared to 18.12% and 14.54% for the national and urban male population.

Females aged 15-29 yeas comprised 16.97% of the Kanaan population, compared to 15.21% of the national figure and 17.43% of the urban figure. Males in the same age group comprised 10.89% of the Kanaan population, compared to 14.68% and 15.91% for the national and urban population.Although the above figures relate to the 2011 census data, it further confirms a generally younger female informal settlement population compared to the national or urban figures, while the national and urban population of males between 15-29 years are noticeably higher than the Kanaan settlement population.

Economic conditionsThis section focuses on the monthly income of heads of households and other occupants in the settlement. It

provides an overview of employment and the income levels in the settlement.

EmploymentEmployment was categorised according to the employed, unemployed and self-employed, the latter consisting of people running small scale businesses, mainly the selling of goods in the settlement or elsewhere in town. In Kanaan 385 people were working (i.e. 55% either being employed or self-employed), of which 293 people were employed, which is 44.33% of the entire employable population (i.e. those 16 years and above).

Figure 2: Employment categories

20

Employment Female Male TotalNumber % of total % of females Number % of total % of males Number %

Employed 174 26.32% 39.01% 119 18.00% 55.35% 293 44.33%

Self-employed 59 8.93% 13.23% 13 1.97% 6.05% 72 10.89%Unemployed 213 32.22% 47.76% 83 12.56% 38.60% 296 44.78%Grand Total 446 67.47% 100.00% 215 32.53% 100.00% 661 100.00%

Table 3: Employment by gender

The male population in the settlement has a higher level of employment at 55.35% than females at 39.01%. The self-employed section has a higher percentage of females at 13.23% than males at 6.05%, which can also be observed in the settlement where most of the fruit and sweet selling, and cuca shops are run by females. Only 10.89 % of the total population is self-employed, while 44.78 % of the population

who took part in the survey are unemployed. Map 4 shows the number of employed and unemployed heads of households in Kanaan. It illustrates heads of households that are employed – who can potentially access a more formal development option – are distributed fairly evenly throughout the settlement.

21

Map 4: Employed heads of households

22

Status of EmploymentThe majority of the employed heads of households have permanent jobs, with females at 12.7% and males at 11.88%. 21.53% of the household heads are temporarily employed.

Status of Employment Female Male Total

Permanent 103 12.75% 96 11.88% 199 24.63%

Temporary 89 11.01% 85 10.52% 174 21.53%

No data 1 240 29.70% 195 24.13% 435 53.84%

Total 432 53.47% 376 46.53% 808 100.00%

Table 4: Employment status

IncomeThe income information collected was analysed for heads of households, other occupants separately and according to gender. At the time of the survey, male residents in the settlement had an average income of NAD 956, with a median of NAD 600; female residents’ average was NAD 834 with a median of NAD 500, indicating that men have higher incomes than women.

Heads of Households incomeThe female heads of households had an average income of NAD 800, with a median of NAD 500, while the male heads of households had an average income of NAD 1,179, with a median of NAD 800. The highest proportion of the heads of households (36.51%) with an income earned between NAD

1 1 No data refers to heads of households who were either unemployed or did not provide information on the status of

their employment

23

501-1000. The majority (60.52%) of heads earned less than NAD 1,000, while 27.96% earned NAD 1,000 or more, and only 31 heads (3.84%) earned more than NAD 3,000. 35.14%

of female heads with an income earned less than NAD 1,000, compared to 25.38% of male heads.

Heads of Households Income (NAD) Female Male TotalTotal % Total % Total %

0 or no data 2 64 7.92% 29 3.59% 93 11.51%

1-500 126 15.59% 68 8.42% 194 24.01%

501-1000 158 19.55% 137 16.96% 295 36.51%

1001-1500 31 3.84% 50 6.19% 81 10.02%

1501-2000 23 2.85% 28 3.47% 51 6.31%

2001-2500 9 1.11% 24 2.97% 33 4.08%

2501-3000 10 1.24% 20 2.48% 30 3.71%3001+ 11 1.36% 20 2.48% 31 3.84%Grand Total 432 53.47% 376 46.53% 808 100.00%

Table 5: Heads of household income by gender

1

2 0 or no data include all those without income or who did not provide income data

24

Other Occupants with an incomeFrom all other occupants, only 18.7% had an income (12.57% being females, 6.13% being males), of which 14.08% earned less than NAD 1,000. Only 11 other occupants (i.e. 0.49%) earned more than NAD 3,000. The average income for other occupants is NAD 821.17 and the median is NAD 500.

Other Occupants Income (NAD) Female Male Total

Total % Total % Total %0 or no data 1068 47.45% 762 33.85% 1830 81.30%

1-500 118 5.24% 38 1.69% 156 6.93%

501-1000 109 4.84% 52 2.31% 161 7.15%

1001-1500 24 1.07% 27 1.20% 51 2.27%

1501-2000 11 0.49% 7 0.31% 18 0.80%

2001-2500 7 0.31% 7 0.31% 14 0.62%

2501-3000 8 0.36% 2 0.09% 10 0.44%

3001+ 6 0.27% 5 0.22% 11 0.49%Grand Total 1351 60.02% 900 39.98% 2251 100.00%

Table 6: Other occupant income by gender

25

EducationThe question wanted to establish the highest level of education obtained by residents, from primary, secondary to tertiary.

Educational Level by Grade

Female Male Total

Total % Total % Total %Pre-School 59 1.93% 43 1.41% 102 3.33%

1 106 3.47% 67 2.19% 173 5.66%

2 96 3.14% 70 2.29% 166 5.43%

3 79 2.58% 53 1.73% 132 4.32%

4 82 2.68% 59 1.93% 141 4.61%

5 89 2.91% 67 2.19% 156 5.10%

6 95 3.11% 64 2.09% 159 5.20%

7 106 3.47% 68 2.22% 174 5.69%

8 110 3.60% 68 2.22% 178 5.82%

26

Educational Level by Grade

Female Male TotalTotal % Total % Total %

10 135 4.41% 103 3.37% 238 7.78%

11 8 0.26% 4 0.13% 12 0.39%

12 45 1.47% 48 1.57% 93 3.04%

Tertiary 0.00% 1 0.03% 1 0.03%

No Answer 696 22.75% 512 16.74% 1208 39.49%

Grand Total 1783 58.29% 1276 41.71% 3059 100.00%

Table 7: Education level by gender

The majority of the population (39.49 %) did not indicate the level of education attained. 3.33% attended or were attending pre-school, while 36.01% attended or were still attending primary education, and 21.15 % attended or were still attending secondary school. Out of the entire population surveyed only one person has gone further for tertiary education at the time of carrying out the survey.

27

Settlement and Shelter Information

land planned for by the municipality, until formally identified areas would have been developed for permanent settlement. The majority of residents relocated from farms surrounding Gobabis or within the Omaheke Region. People were settled in Kanaan on vacant land according to a layout prepared by the municipality, allocating plots of 150m2 per family. Currently there is no formal agreement on residing in the settlement

The survey sought information on the residents’ history in terms of the number of years they have been occupying the structure, settlement and town, the residents’ plans to stay or relocate, and ownership of other houses and/or land in urban or rural areas in the country. Kanaan was developed by the municipality as a reception area for newcomers in Gobabis, and as a relocation area for residents settled on

28

Figure 3: Region of origin

East: Omaheke and Otjozozndjupa•North: Oshikoto, Ohangwena, Oshana and Omusati•North east: Kavango and Zambezi•South: Hardap and //Karas•Central: Khomas•West: Erongo•North west: Kunene•Foreign: Angola, Bostwana and Zimbabwe•

Most of the Kanaan residents (50%) originate from the surrounding farms in Omaheke Region or were born in Gobabis, while the remainder of the residents are mainly from the northern, followed by the north eastern and southern regions.

29

Previous Town/Place Number Previous Town/Place Number

Aminuis 15 Northern regions 98

Angola 2 Okahandja 3

Aranos 6 Okakarara 2

Aroab 2 Omitara 8

Auxub 3 Opuwo 1

Blouberg 11 Otavi 3

Botswana 2 Otjinene 6

Epukiro 8 Otjiwarango 5

Farm 304 Overseas 1

Gobabis 26 Rehoboth 1

Grootfontein 2 Rundu 39

Gunichas 1 Stampriet 5Karibib 1 Swakopmund 1

Katima Mulilo 3 Usakos 1

Kavango 10 Walvis Bay 5

Keetmanshoop 2 Windhoek 29

Khorixas 4 Witvlei 14

Leonardville 14 Zimbabwe 1

Mariental 6 No answer 163

Grand Total 808

Table 8: Town/place of previous residence

30

Number of years residents stayed in TownHeads of households have stayed in the town for an average of 16 years. The majority of both female and male heads of house have been staying in the town for 1-10 years, i.e. 43.32%.

Years in town Female Male Total

Number % of total % of females

Number % of total % of males Number %

-1 5 0.62% 1.16% 5 0.62% 1.33% 10 1.24%

1-10 191 23.64% 44.21% 159 19.68% 42.29% 350 43.32%

11-20 122 15.10% 28.24% 98 12.13% 26.06% 220 27.23%

21-30 59 7.30% 13.66% 62 7.67% 16.49% 121 14.98%

31+ 55 6.81% 12.73% 52 6.44% 13.83% 107 13.24%

Grand Total 432 53.47% 100.00% 376 46.53% 100.00% 808 100.00%

Table 9: Number of years in town by gender

31

Number of years residents stayed in SettlementThe majority of households (62.25%) have stayed in the settlement for 1-5 years. At the time of the survey the settlement was said to be 8 years old.

Years in Settlement Female Male TotalNumber % of females % of total Number % of males % of total Number %

-1 2 0.25% 0.46% 0.00% 0.00% 2 0.25%

1-5 270 33.42% 62.50% 233 28.84% 61.97% 503 62.25%

6-10 154 19.06% 35.65% 139 17.20% 36.97% 293 36.26%

11+ 6 0.74% 1.39% 4 0.50% 1.06% 10 1.24%

Grand Total 432 53.47% 100.00% 376 46.53% 100.00% 808 100.00%

Table 10: Number of years in settlement by gender

Shelter InformationThe survey sought information on the building material used by residents for house construction, as it is important to provide an overview of potential hazardous materials used and how unsafe living conditions are for the residents. An important part of the questionnaire was to have information on the type of tenure the occupants believe they have. The survey showed that there are a total of 2,008 structures, being used for residential, fireplaces, kitchen, and chicken coop purposes. The vast

32

majority of structures in the settlement are made from corrugated iron/zinc (both the roof and walls), with some structures made form cardboard and plastic to compensate for lack of proper building materials, with the ground for flooring.

Type of Building Materials

Photo 8 Typical structure with walls and roof constructed of iron and zinc sheets

33

Roof Number of Structures %

Corrugated iron/zinc 765 94.68%

Hard board, plastic & boxes 31 3.84%

No answer 12 1.49%

Grand Total 808 100.00%

Table 11: Roof material

Walls Number Of Structures %

Corrugated iron/zinc 753 93.19%

Plastics 21 2.60%

Others3 9 1.11%

Bricks 7 0.87%

Reeds 3 0.37%

Clay, mud & stones 1 0.12%

No answer 14 1.73%

Grand Total 808 100.00%

Table 12: Walls material

34

Floor No of Structures %

Ground 685 84.78%

Concrete 96 11.88%

Carpet 15 1.86%

No answer 12 1.49%

Grand Total 808 100.00%

Table 13: Floor material

Security of TenureAt the time of the survey the community of Kanaan did not have any formal agreement with the municipality and the plots remained Council property. However, this is one of the issues the municipality was to address in July 2013 (the beginning of Council’s new financial), as was stated by the Community Development Officer of Gobabis.

Reasons for staying in town & settlementResidents indicated their reasons for staying in the settlement and town according to various categories provided. Amenities refer to services available in the settlement to residents, e.g. if they moved to Kanaan for available water, toilets or electricity. Domestic is when residents have stayed in the

35

settlement because their families are living in the settlement and they have nowhere else to go. Economic reasons refer to job opportunities and an affordable living environment for settling. Eviction is if any household have been evicted from their previous residence, either by local authority or the owners of the land or house they occupied, e.g. a farm.

Health reasons for staying in the settlement translate in being close to health facilities due to the location of the settlement. Relocation refers to having been relocated by the local authority in the town from one settlement to the one they are currently occupying.

Reasons For Staying In Town

Female Male TotalNumber % of total % of

femalesNumber % of total % of males Number %

Amenities 4 0.50% 0.93% 3 0.37% 0.80% 7 0.87%

Domestic 253 31.31% 58.56% 195 24.13% 51.86% 448 55.45%

Economic 121 14.98% 28.01% 127 15.72% 33.78% 248 30.69%

Eviction 29 3.59% 6.71% 29 3.59% 7.71% 58 7.18%

Health 9 1.11% 2.08% 9 1.11% 2.39% 18 2.23%

Relocation 14 1.73% 3.24% 13 1.61% 3.46% 27 3.34%

No answer 2 0.25% 0.46% 0.00% 0.00% 2 0.25%

Grand Total 432 53.47% 100.00% 376 46.53% 100.00% 808 100.00%

Table 14: Reasons for staying in town

36

The majority of the female and male heads of households indicated moving to the town for domestic reasons, i.e. 58.56% and 51.86 % of all female and male headed households, respectively. Combined the heads of households who have moved to Gobabis for domestic reasons are 448, which is 55.45 % of the total heads of households.

Reasons For Staying In Settlement

Female Male TotalNumber % of total % of females Number % of total % of males Number %

Amenities 6 0.74% 1.39% 5 0.62% 1.33% 11 1.36%

Domestic 195 24.13% 45.14% 181 22.40% 48.14% 376 46.53%

Economic 146 18.07% 33.80% 112 13.86% 29.79% 258 31.93%

Eviction 67 8.29% 15.51% 64 7.92% 17.02% 131 16.21%

Health 10 1.24% 2.31% 7 0.87% 1.86% 17 2.10%

Relocation 6 0.74% 1.39% 7 0.87% 1.86% 13 1.61%

No answer 2 0.25% 0.46% 0.00% 0.00% 2 0.25%

Grand Total 432 53.47% 100.00% 376 46.53% 100.00% 808 100.00%

Table 15: Reasons for staying in settlement

The majority of the residents indicated to have settled in Kanaan due to domestic reasons (46.53%), due to the need to build their own home. Only 31.93% of the heads of households indicated they moved to the settlement for economic reasons.

37

Plans to stay or relocateHeads of households were asked if they have any plans to stay in the settlement: 91.96% of the residents said they had no plans to move out of the settlement, with only 7.18% planning on relocating elsewhere.

Planning To Stay Female Male TotalNumber % of total % of females Number % of total % of males Number %

No 34 4.21% 7.87% 24 2.97% 6.38% 58 7.18%

Yes 394 48.76% 91.20% 349 43.19% 92.82% 743 91.96%

No answer 4 0.50% 0.93% 3 0.37% 0.80% 7 0.87%

Grand Total 432 53.47% 100.00% 376 46.53% 100.00% 808 100.00%

Table 16: Plans to stay or relocate

Basic amenities and servicesInformal settlements are known to have no service installations and this part of the survey looks at the number of amenities or services provided in the settlement, such as water, sanitation facilities, refuse collection, and the total amount residents currently pay for services.

RefuseRefuse are collected by the municipality serving the majority of the households (89%), while 11% of the households burn their refuse in or outside the settlement.

WaterWater is charged at NAD 0.80 per 25 litres collected from the communal taps. The care takers of these taps receive NAD

38

400.00 per month from Council. According to the Community Development Officer of the Gobabis Municipality, Council is investigating the installation of pre-paid water stands in the near future. The cost of water includes the rendering of other services like refuse removal.

The community buys tokens (costing NAD 2.00 each) directly from the municipal offices, with each token paying for 50 litres of water. Some residents pay water carriers to collect water for them, paying them between NAD 1-2 to carry 25 litres.

Photo 9: Community water tap and token

39

Monthly payments for water (NAD)

Female Male TotalNumber % of total % of females Number % of total % of males Number %

-50 219 27.10% 50.69% 193 23.89% 51.33% 412 50.99%

51-100 163 20.17% 37.73% 136 16.83% 36.17% 299 37.00%

101-150 37 4.58% 8.56% 26 3.22% 6.91% 63 7.80%

151-200 10 1.24% 2.31% 15 1.86% 3.99% 25 3.09%

201-250 1 0.12% 0.23% 2 0.25% 0.53% 3 0.37%

251+ 2 0.25% 0.46% 4 0.50% 1.06% 6 0.74%

Grand Total 432 53.47% 100.00% 376 46.53% 100.00% 808 100.00%

Table 17: Payment for water

The majority (i.e. 50.99%) of households estimated to have been paying less than NAD 50 for water per month, while 37% paid NAD 51-100, thus 87.99% of households paying less than NAD 100 month.

There are six communal water taps installed on private plots and managed by the care takers in the settlement. 70% of the households have access to water within 100 meters, while 30% of the households do not - some have to walk up to 170 metres to collect water.

40

Map 5: Water taps - buffer of 100m

41

SanitationThe majority of residents in the settlement do not have access to toilets. The Gobabis Municipality in collaboration with the Municipality of Smallingerland (a town in the Netherlands with which has twinned) are working on the installation of dry toilets to ensure that the entire settlement have access to dry sanitation. During the survey there were only 12 dry toilets constructed for the community by the municipality, to

use for free (see Map 6 indicating the locality of dry toilets). The majority (97%) of the community are using the bush for sanitation. This poses a risk to women, children and the elderly, as some respondents have indicted it to be a problem during discussions with the community in 2010. Because of practising open defecation on the edge of the settlement, it causes a bad smell and poses a health risk to the inhabitants.

Photo 10: Self-built VIP toilet

42

The Municipality of Gobabis has an agreement with the Smallingerland Municipality to construct 400 toilets in Kanaan (as stated by the Community Development Officer). According to the agreement the Municipality of Gobabis will contribute by taking care of all labour related aspects to the construction of the toilets, while Smallingerland Municipality will contribute financially to the purchase of material for the toilets. The Ministry of Regional and Local Government, Housing and Rural Development, contributed NAD 3 million under the Informal Settlement Upgrading Project for the Kanaan toilets, with the instillation of water and sewer lines under the Targeted Intervention Programme for Employment and Economic Growth (TIPEEG).

Map 5: Dry toilets and high mast lights

43

Photo 11: Construction of Otji-toilets

44

Photo 12: Completed Otji-toilet

The option for dry sanitation in the settlement was proposed by the two municipalities in consultation with the residents, because residents could not afford to pay for flush toilets. With the assistance from TIPEEG sewer lines and a water pump station will be constructed in the settlement, allowing for the eventual upgrading to a flush toilet by households who can afford to pay for the water connection once construction is completed.

EnergyThere are no electricity connections to households in Kanaan; the municipality has installed two high mast lights in the settlement.

The majority (96.6%) of Households in Kanaan use firewood as a source of energy for cooking, 4.58% use gas and only 0.99% use paraffin for cooking. A slightly higher proportion of male households use gas and paraffin.

45

Photo 13: High mast lights

Firewood Female Male TotalNumber % of total % of

femalesNumber % of total % of males Number %

NO 14 1.73% 3.24% 13 1.61% 3.46% 27 3.34%

YES 418 51.73% 96.76% 363 44.93% 96.54% 781 96.66%

Grand Total 432 53.47% 100.00% 376 46.53% 100.00% 808 100.00%

Table 18: Use of firewood as source of energy

46

Gas Female Male TotalNumber % of total % of females Number % of total % of males Number %

NO 416 51.49% 96.30% 355 43.94% 94.41% 771 95.42%

YES 16 1.98% 3.70% 21 2.60% 5.59% 37 4.58%

Grand Total 432 53.47% 100.00% 376 46.53% 100.00% 808 100.00%

Table 19: Use of gas as source of energy

Paraffin Female Male Total

Number % of total % of females Number % of total % of males Number %

NO 428 52.97% 99.07% 372 46.04% 98.94% 800 99.01%

YES 4 0.50% 0.93% 4 0.50% 1.06% 8 0.99%

Grand Total 432 53.47% 100.00% 376 46.53% 100.00% 808 100.00%

Table 20: Use of paraffin as source of energy

Payment for energy sourcesThe largest proportion of households (i.e. 46.91%) pay less than NAD 50 for energy sources is in Kanaan, while 28.84% paid between NAD 51-100. As the majority use firewood, this is usually purchased from residents in the settlement who collect the wood in the bush close to the settlement. More male headed households spent more than NAD 101 per month on energy sources, i.e. 28.99%, compared to female headed households, at 20.14%.

47

Payment for energy (NAD)

Female Male Total

Number % of total % of females Number % of total % of males Number % of total-50 215 26.61% 49.77% 164 20.30% 43.62% 379 46.91%51-100 130 16.09% 30.09% 103 12.75% 27.39% 233 28.84%101-150 50 6.19% 11.57% 48 5.94% 12.77% 98 12.13%151-200 18 2.23% 4.17% 35 4.33% 9.31% 53 6.56%201-250 13 1.61% 3.01% 14 1.73% 3.72% 27 3.34%251+ 6 0.74% 1.39% 12 1.49% 3.19% 18 2.23%Grand Total 432 53.47% 100.00% 376 46.53% 100.00% 808 100.00%

Table 21: Payment for energy use

48

HealthThis part of the survey helps to identify the most common health related problems among residents from each household in the settlement. Location of health treatment facilities is indicated on Map 7, while the survey data is collected using the time required to reach a health facility.

Map 7: Distances from health facilities

49

Residents in Kanaan have to walk for 4.5 km to access the town’s only hospital, those who choose the clinic only travels for 2 km from Kanaan. At 28%, flu and fever were the most common health problems among residents in Kanaan, while 16% of the residents are on ARV treatment and 21% have high blood pressure, 14 % suffer from chest pains and 21% were affected by diarrhoea.

Figure 4: Health problems

Development NeedsDuring the survey, heads of households were asked what their development priorities were, and based on the urgency of their needs in the settlement respondents were asked to rank their priorities from one to six. Ascertaining the priority development needs within a community is one of the main aims of conducting the survey to engage local and regional authorities to upgrade the settlement.

In Kanaan 46.29% of the households’ ranked toilets as their first development need, as no toilet facilities are available to the majority of the residents in the settlement. 34.03% ranked water as their first development need, and 13.86% ranked electricity as their first development need. The ranking of the first priority followed the same order for both female and male headed households.

50

1st Development Need

Female Male TotalNumber % of total % of females Number % of total % of males Number %

Better Houses 18 2.23% 4.17% 17 2.10% 4.52% 35 4.33%

Electricity 56 6.93% 12.96% 56 6.93% 14.89% 112 13.86%

Health Care 0.00% 0.00% 1 0.12% 0.27% 1 0.12%

Land 1 0.12% 0.23% 4 0.50% 1.06% 5 0.62%

Others 2 0.25% 0.46% 0.00% 0.00% 2 0.25%

Toilets 206 25.50% 47.69% 168 20.79% 44.68% 374 46.29%

Water 145 17.95% 33.56% 130 16.09% 34.57% 275 34.03%

No answer 4 0.50% 0.93% 0.00% 0.00% 4 0.50%

Grand Total 432 53.47% 100.00% 376 46.53% 100.00% 808 100.00%

Table 22: 1st development need

The second ranked development by the respondents was water, with 401 heads of households at 49.63%, due to the inadequate number of communal taps in the community; followed by toilets at 26.24% and electricity at 21.41%.

51

2nd Development Need

Female Male TotalNumber % of total % of females Number % of total % of males Number %

Better Houses 9 1.11% 2.08% 3 0.37% 0.80% 12 1.49%

Electricity 92 11.39% 21.30% 81 10.02% 21.54% 173 21.41%

Job Opportunities 1 0.12% 0.23% 0.00% 0.00% 1 0.12%

Land 1 0.12% 0.23% 2 0.25% 0.53% 3 0.37%

Others 2 0.25% 0.46% 1 0.12% 0.27% 3 0.37%

Toilets 118 14.60% 27.31% 94 11.63% 25.00% 212 26.24%

Water 206 25.50% 47.69% 195 24.13% 51.86% 401 49.63%

No answer 3 0.37% 0.69% 0.00% 0.00% 3 0.37%

Grand Total 432 53.47% 100.00% 376 46.53% 100.00% 808 100.00%

Table 23: 2nd development need

52

Community discussion on development priorities

The majority of women (47.69%, as opposed to 44.68% of the men) indicated that their first development priority was toilets. In a report prepared by David Shikoyeni in 2010 following discussions in block 13 a women from the community stated:

“We are not safe when we want to help ourselves because, sometimes when we are busy helping ourselves some man is walking nearby, we are scared to be raped”.

“We women in this area, we make sure that we go to the bush during the day only because during the night it’s not safe to go to the bush because there are snakes and also men that use drugs who might attack us…as a result some women end up using the open space around the block so the municipality should consider our safety by building toilets within our blocks”, said another upset women.Men (44.68%) ranked toilets as their first development need; the provision of water was stressed during the discussion held

in block 13 in 2010. This is what some men from block 13 had to say:

“One major problem in this block is access to water, we do not have access to clean water, only one public tap and there is always a long queue. Access to water is ensuring that people are healthy enough to help themselves “, said Fredrick.

“Water is life, if there is no water then there is nothing alive on earth and if I have to spend 3-4 hours waiting to get water, it’s a wasting of time. We have other responsibilities as low income people, we rely heavily on daily domestic work and if wasting time, it will affect my income” said an old man. He further stated that health factors are another major impact as it decrease income and increase employment insecurity. These two factors tend to overlap, as staying away from work being sick can have both these effects. The majority of the community of this informal settlement who earn wages are

53

paid on a daily basis, and as such, receive no paid sick leave. The obvious outcome is that, “when a worker becomes ill and is unable to work, he immediately loses income”.

“From the discussion of interventions, it is clear that poor health is more than just a consequence of low income; it is also one of its fundamental causes, because the municipality is not really bothered about bringing services to low income areas. They are more concerned about the middle income and high income area. Some suggested that block 13 members should come together as a team and invite the Municipality and Regional Council so that they can discuss their development need priorities”.

“We never knew that there is information about our block to assist us to address our need. Hopefully this is not the end, we hope we will meet again for further discussion“, said the young man from the community who didn’t participate in the survey, when he closed the discussion.

Photo 14: Need for sensitisation on dry toilet maintenance and management

54

Community based organisationsCommunity based organisations are formed in different settlements by residents to support each other in a range of activities. This part of the survey addressed the type of organisations formed in the settlement, how many people are taking part in community activities and how many people have joined the SDFN.

Members of Community Organisation

Female Male TotalNumber % of total % of female Number % of total % of male Number %

No 394 48.76% 91.20% 349 43.19% 92.82% 743 91.96%

Yes 30 3.71% 6.94% 24 2.97% 6.38% 54 6.68%

No Answer 8 0.99% 1.85% 3 0.37% 0.80% 11 1.36%

Grand Total 432 53.47% 100.00% 376 46.53% 100.00% 808 100.00%

In Kanaan only 54 residents belonged to community based organisations. Of these 40% of the respondents belong to church groups, with only 12% belonging to a saving group from the SDFN. Through the survey process community members

are encouraged to join saving groups in order to improve their living conditions and access affordable services and housing through regular savings.

55

Figure 5: Community based organisations

AffordabilityThe final part of the survey addresses the heads of households’ affordability, taking into consideration their income and expenses shelter (including land) and services.

From the total heads of households interviewed, 13 indicated that they could not afford anything to pay for shelter or services, with only 5.32 % of the heads of households being able to afford more than NAD 301 per month for shelter and services. The majority (40.97%) indicated that they can afford between NAD 1-50, while 73.4% indicated they cannot afford more than NAD 100. The average affordability for the households is NAD 119.34, the median is NAD 80.00.

56

Affordability (NAD) Female Male Total

Number % of total % of females Number % of total % of males Number %-1 6 0.74% 1.39% 7 0.87% 1.86% 13 1.61%1-50 183 22.65% 42.36% 148 18.32% 39.36% 331 40.97%51-100 140 17.33% 32.41% 109 13.49% 28.99% 249 30.82%101-150 43 5.32% 9.95% 41 5.07% 10.90% 84 10.40%151-200 28 3.47% 6.48% 28 3.47% 7.45% 56 6.93%201-250 5 0.62% 1.16% 5 0.62% 1.33% 10 1.24%251-300 10 1.24% 2.31% 12 1.49% 3.19% 22 2.72%301+ 17 2.10% 3.94% 26 3.22% 6.91% 43 5.32%Grand Total 432 53.47% 100.00% 376 46.53% 100.00% 808 100.00%

Table 24: Affordability

57

Map 6: Affordability distribution

58

Lessons learned, challenges and opportunities

LessonsThrough the survey, the community members were more •informed of their development options and stronger collaboration between the community and the local authority was established. During feedback meetings, the Gobabis Municipality gave an overview of the development plans for the area. Residents became aware of the level of the water table and water pressure issues that will affect the instillation of individual taps for households.Agnes Areas a member of the CLIP team who went on an •exchange had this to say on lessons learned: “we should work together to motivate the community members in Kanaan not only to concentrate on construction , but also on the projects in the community that will help improve the living conditions.”Identified the different income and affordability levels •within the settlement which can assist the municipality in having community reflected charges for services and assist members in the community who want to upgrade.

Job creation opportunities for CLIP facilitators after the •skills learnt through CLIP

ChallengesAt the begging of the process there were many residents •from the community that volunteered to be part of the process, starting with the provision of training in data collection. However, due to other obligations, the number of CLIP team volunteers decreased, which slows down the process considerably.

OpportunitiesNational socio-economic data collected in informal •settlements not only assist local authorities, but also the community and other development partners as it provides a very important tool for decision making.SDFN members have a bigger platform to invite more •people living in informal settlements to join saving groups in order to improve their living conditions.Strengthening of cooperation between the local authority •and community members through the upgrading team discussions – this platform offers room for improved negotiations

Shack Dwellers Federation of Namibia (SDFN) and Namibia Housing Action Group (NHAG)