• Jus Soli: by birth anywhere on land considered American soil.

• Jus Sanguinis: born on foreign soil but your parent is a U.S. citizen.

• Naturalization: process by which individuals who are not yet citizens become U.S. citizens.

• Act of Congress:can pass law naturalizing entire group ex. 1924 all Native Americans were made citizens.

• Treaty:acquire new territory and make the people citizens. Ex. 1803 Louisiana Purchase

Area that is self-governing under a constitution of its adoption and whose right of self-government will not be unilaterally withdrawn by Congress

Part of the United States as a territory The residents of Puerto Rico are United States citizens They are represented in Congress by a Resident Commissioner

with a voice but without a vote. Residents of Puerto Rico generally do not pay federal income taxes

(however, they pay Social Security, Medicare and Unemployment taxes)

Only required to file a U.S. federal income tax return if they have income sources outside of Puerto Rico.

They cannot vote in Presidential elections.

Application-18 yrs of age, fingerprints,background check.

Examination-INS office, basic knowledge of history and government, speak some English.

Swearing In-Appear before a judge, take the oath of allegiance, receive a certificate.

Expatriation:banish a person from their native country, renounce their citizenship, or become citizen of foreign country.

Punishment for a crime:citizenship can be taken away for treason, inciting rebellion, or of conspiring to violently overthrow the government.

Denaturalization:lose citizenship if the federal government learns that a naturalized citizen obtained his citizenship through fraudulent means.

•No Person except a natural born Citizen, or a Citizen of the United States, at the time of the Adoption of this Constitution, shall be eligible to the Office of President; neither shall any person be eligible to that Office who shall not have attained to the Age of thirty five Years, and been fourteen Years a Resident within the United States.

•Do you agree with this provision?

Immigrant: individuals who live in the U.S. with intention of becoming naturalized.

Alien: individuals who live in the U.S. who may not intend to be citizens.

Enemy Aliens: countries with whom we are at war, usually made to register. Ex. Germans-WWI

Refugees: immigrants granted entry because their homeland is unsafe.

Illegal Aliens: enter the U.S. without a legal permit. Xenophobia: unreasonable fear or hatred of foreigners

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1901-1910

1921-1930

1941-1950

1961-1970

1981-1990

2001-2010

Immigration

1882 Immigration Act passed-move to curb Chinese immigration

1891 Immigration and Naturalization Service (U.S. Citizenship and Immigration Services)

1917 Literacy test introduced-xenophobia against Japanese

1921 Quota Act-attempt to restrict immigrants from Eastern and Southern Europe

1948 Displaced Persons Act (Post WWII)

1952 McCarran-Walter Act-impose political views to keep out

foreigners

1965 Limit immigrants from the Western Hemisphere to 120,000

1980 Refugee Act-help adapt to society, admit in emergency

1990 Curb illegal immigration, no longer limit for political views

Caps on extraordinary ability individuals ex. Arts and sciences

Caps on exceptional ability ex. Advanced degrees

Caps on skilled workers

Encourage family reunification

5,000 new border agents Use of wiretaps to halt document fraud and

smuggling Penalties for smuggling to include punish for

each alien rather than incident Deportation of legal immigrants if on federal

assistance for 12 months $12 million for border fencing

Do you think English should be the official language of the United States?

Should children of illegal immigrants be entitled to benefits and government social services such as medical care and disaster relief?