JP 6-0 Doctrine for C4 Systems Support in Joint Operations

Joint Pub 6-0

Doctrine forCommand, Control,

Communications, and Computer(C4) Systems Support

to Joint Operations

30 May 1995

JOHN M. SHALIKASHVILIChairman

of the Joint Chiefs of Staff

T his publication is the keystonedocument for C4 systems support to jointoperations and provides guidelines to ourcommanders regarding automatedinformation systems and networks.

A vast array of information,underpinned by joint doctrine, is utilizedto employ combat power across the broadrange of military operations. Command,control, communications, and computer(C4) networks and systems provide themeans to synchronize joint forces.

Improved interoperability, greater reliability, and enhanced security—achieved through rapid advances in information technology—are essential foreffective command and control as we enter the 21st Century. Automatedinformation systems and networks provide the predominant source from whichthe warfighter generates, receives, shares, and utilizes information. Thesynthesis of advanced C4 capabilities and sound doctrine leads to battlespaceknowledge essential to success in conflict.

PREFACE

i

1. Scope

This publication is the keystone documentfor the command, control, communications,and computer (C4) systems series ofpublications. Subordinate publicationsprovide more detailed technical discussionsof C4 systems. This publication identifiesapproved doctrine for C4 systems support tojo in t opera t ions and out l ines theresponsibilities of Services, agencies, andcombatant commands with respect to ensuringeffective C4 support to commanders. Itaddresses how C4 systems support thecommanders of joint forces in the conduct ofjoint operations, including, in general terms,how systems are to be configured, deployed,and employed.

2. Purpose

This publication sets forth doctrine togovern the joint activities and performanceof the Armed Forces of the United States injoint operations as well as the doctrinal basisfor US military involvement in multinationaland interagency operations. It providesmilitary guidance for the exercise of authorityby combatant commanders and other jointforce commanders and prescribes doctrine forjoint operations and training. It providesmilitary guidance for use by the Armed Forcesin preparing their appropriate plans. It is notthe intent of this publication to restrict theauthority of the joint force commander (JFC)from organizing the force and executing themission in a manner the JFC deems most

appropriate to ensure unity of effort in theaccomplishment of the overall mission.

3. Application

a. Doctrine and guidance established in thispublication apply to the commanders ofcombatant commands, subunified commands,joint task forces, and subordinate componentsof these commands. These principles andguidance also may apply when significantforces of one Service are attached to forces ofanother Service or when significant forces ofone Service support forces of another Service.

b. The guidance in this publication isauthoritative; as such, this doctrine will befollowed except when, in the judgment of thecommander, exceptional circumstancesdictate otherwise. If conflicts arise betweenthe contents of this publication and thecontents of Service publications, thispublication will take precedence for theactivities of joint forces unless the Chairmanof the Joint Chiefs of Staff, normally incoordination with the other members of theJoint Chiefs of Staff, has provided morecurrent and specific guidance. Commandersof forces operating as part of a multinational(alliance or coalition) military commandshould follow multinational doctrine andguidance ratified by the United States. Fordoctrine and procedures not ratified by theUnited States, commanders should evaluateand follow the multinational command’sdoctrine and procedures, where applicable.

ii

Preface

Joint Pub 6-0

Intentionally Blank

TABLE OF CONTENTS

iii

PAGE

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ......................................................................................... vii

CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION

• Background .............................................................................................................. I-1• Basic Doctrine for C4 Systems................................................................................ I-7

CHAPTER II C4 SYSTEMS PRINCIPLES

• General ................................................................................................................... II-1• C4 Principles .......................................................................................................... II-4• C4 Principles for Joint and Multinational Operations .......................................... II-9• C4 Architectures and Interfaces .......................................................................... II-10• Decision Support Systems ................................................................................... II-14

CHAPTER III C4 SYSTEMS DOCTRINE FOR EMPLOYMENT, CONFIGURATION, PLANS, AND RESOURCES

• Employment .......................................................................................................... III-1• Assistance and Coordination ................................................................................ III-4• C4 Systems Configuration .................................................................................... III-5• C4 Systems Plans .................................................................................................. III-6• C4 Systems Resources .......................................................................................... III-9

CHAPTER IV C4 SYSTEMS EMPLOYMENT RESPONSIBILITIES

• CJCS Responsibilities........................................................................................... IV-1• Combatant Commander Responsibilities ............................................................. IV-1• Military Department Responsibilities .................................................................. IV-2• Service and USCINCSOC Responsibilities and C4 Organizations ..................... IV-2• DOD Agency Responsibilities ........................................................................... IV-13• Responsibilities of the JTF Establishing Authority ........................................... IV-14• CJTF Responsibility ........................................................................................... IV-14• The JTF Director of C4 Systems (J-6) Responsibilities .................................... IV-15• Joint Communications Support Element Responsibilities ................................. IV-15• DISA Liaison Officer Responsibilities............................................................... IV-15

iv

Table of Contents

Joint Pub 6-0

CHAPTER V JOINT AND MULTINATIONAL C4 SYSTEMS STANDARDIZATION AND PROCEDURES

• Standardization ....................................................................................................... V-1• Military Communications-Electronics Board (MCEB) ......................................... V-2• Joint and Allied Publications .................................................................................. V-2

CHAPTER VI GLOBAL C4 INFRASTRUCTURE

• The Nature of the Global Information Environment ........................................... VI-1• National Communications System ....................................................................... VI-2• Defense Information Systems Network ............................................................... VI-2• Global Command and Control System ................................................................. VI-4• National Military Command System .................................................................... VI-5• Command Relationships ....................................................................................... VI-7

APPENDIX

A References ....................................................................................................... A-1 B Administrative Instructions ............................................................................. B-1

GLOSSARY

Part I Abbreviations and Acronyms.................................................................. GL-1 Part II Terms and Definitions .............................................................................. GL-4

FIGURE

I-1 Information and Command and Control ....................................................... I-2I-2 C4 Systems Support Information Exchange and Decision Support

Subsystems............................................................................................... I-3I-3 The Cognitive Hierarchy .............................................................................. I-4I-4 Information Quality Criteria ......................................................................... I-5I-5 Real Time Battlespace Information .............................................................. I-6I-6 Fundamental Objectives of C4 Systems ....................................................... I-6II-1 Basic Communications System .................................................................. II-2II-2 C4 Principles ............................................................................................... II-4II-3 The Evolution of C4I for the Warrior ........................................................ II-11II-4 “The Grid” ................................................................................................ II-12III-1 Mandatory C4 Capabilities ......................................................................... III-2III-2 C4 Systems Responsibilities of the Combatant Commanders ................... III-5IV-1 US Army Information Systems Command ................................................ IV-4IV-2 Representative Theater Army Tactical Configurations .............................. IV-6IV-3 Naval Communications Structure .............................................................. IV-7IV-4 US Air Force C4 Organizational Structure ............................................... IV-8IV-5 US Marine Corps Communications and Intelligence Overview ............. IV-10

v

Table of Contents

IV-6 Notional US Marine Corps Operational Backbone Communications Structure ................................................................. IV-11

VI-1 Key Elements of the DISN Goal Architecture ........................................... VI-3VI-2 Basic Worldwide Military Command and Control System Elements ........ VI-5

vi

Table of Contents

Joint Pub 6-0

Intentionally Blank

EXECUTIVE SUMMARYCOMMANDER’S OVERVIEW

vii

Describes the Role of Command, Control,Communications, and Computer (C4) Systems

Outlines Objectives and Components

Provides Basic C4 Systems Principles

Explains C4 Systems Configuration and Infrastructure

Discusses the Planning Process and EmploymentResponsibilities

Outlines Joint and Multinational Standardization andProcedures

Covers the Global C4 Infrastructure

•

•

•

•

•

•

•

Command, control,communications, andcomputer (C4) systemsinclude both thecommunications andcomputer systems requiredto implement the commandand control process.

The Role of C4 Systems

A command and control support (C2S) system, which includessupporting command, control, communications, and computer(C4) systems, is the joint force commander’s (JFC’s) principaltool used to collect, transport, process, disseminate and protectdata and information. C4 systems are the informationexchange and decision support subsystems within the totalforce C2S system. C4 systems are based upon the continuousneed for information to support the JFC’s operations. The JFCcontrols the C2S system to ensure that data andinformation get to the right place on time and in a form thatis quickly usable by its intended recipients and generatesappropriate actions. In this regard, C4 systems play a criticalrole in the processing, flow, and quality of data supportinginformation requirements throughout the joint force.

viii

Executive Summary

Joint Pub 6-0

C4 systems must provide authorities at all levels andfunctions with timely and adequate data and informationto plan, direct, and control their activities, including operations,intelligence, logistics, personnel, and administration. Specificobjectives include:

Produce Unity of Effort. C4 systems should help amilitary force and its supporting elements to combine thethoughts and impressions of multiple commanders andkey warfighters to allow the views of many experts to bebrought to bear on any given task.

Exploit Total Force Capabilities. C4 systems must beplanned as extensions of human senses and processes tohelp the commanders form perceptions, make decisions,and react. This allows commanders to be effective duringhigh-tempo operations.

Properly Position Critical Information. C4 systemsmust be able to respond quickly to requests for informationand to place and maintain that information where it isneeded.

Information Fusion. Fusing of information produces apicture of the battlespace that is accurate and meets theneeds of warfighters. If they have concise, relevant,accurate, and timely information, unity of effort isimproved and uncertainty is reduced. This enables theforce as a whole to exploit opportunities and fight smarter.

C4 systems include the following major components:

Terminal devices such as telephones, fax machines, andcomputers are the most recognizable components of mostC4 systems. Generally speaking, terminal devicestransform information from forms comprehensible to thewarfighter into a format for electronic transmission, orvice-versa.

Transmission media connect terminal devices. Thereare three basic electronic transmission media: radio(including space based systems), metallic wire, and fiber-optic cable. Paths may be point-to-point if established

The fundamental objectiveof C4 systems is to get thecritical and relevantinformation to the rightplace at the right time.

Terminal Devices;

Transmission Media;

C4 Systems Objectives

C4 Systems and Networks

ix

Executive Summary

Switches;

and Control.

The C4 systemscomponents provide accessto Networks.

There are several basic,enduring principles thatgovern the employment ofC4 systems in support ofthe joint forcescommander.

between just two users, or they may be point-to-multipointif the same path serves a community of subscribers.

Switches route traffic through a network of transmissionmedia. Switching may be manual or automatic; it mayserve local subscribers or perform area network functions.There are basically two types of switches: circuit andmessage. Circuit switches generally support telephonetraffic while message switches process data transmission.

There are two basic levels of control: network and nodal.Network control provides management of area, regional,theater, or global networks. Its principle focus is in themanagement and configuration of long haul transmissionmedia and switching centers transporting and routing bulkdata between nodal facilities. Nodal control is concernedwith the management of local C4 systems. Its principalfocus is in the switching systems and terminal devicessupporting warriors at locations such as command centersor C2 facilities.

Networks are formed when terminal devices and transmissionmedia are inter-connected with switching equipment to ensurethat information (voice, imagery, data, or message) istransported to appropriate locations. The networks that resultfrom open systems architectures are called information grids.They allow warriors to gain access to, process, and transportinformation in near real time to anyone else on the network.Information grids are computer controlled networks thatprovide virtual connectivity on the demand of the warrior;they support local and area network operations. They are alsothe basic components of larger grid networks that supportregional, theater, and ultimately a global grid that is also referredto as the infosphere.

The foundation for C4 is the continuous, uninterrupted flowand processing of information in support of warrior planning,decision, and execution. Warfighters must have C4 systemsthat are interoperable, flexible, responsive, mobile, disciplined,survivable, and sustainable. Information must be madeaccessible. In general, the value of information increases withthe number of users.

C4 principles for joint and multinational operations arecomplex and bring together diverse military organizations tooperate as one force. Specific principles for joint and

C4 Principles

x

Executive Summary

Joint Pub 6-0

The employment authorityand responsibilities of thecombatant commandersinclude control, review,and coordination ofassigned C4 resources andactions affecting suchresources within thegeographic or functionalarea of responsibility ofthe command.

The C4 systems of thecombatant commanders,Military Departments andServices are configuredand operated to meet thenecessary requirements ofinteroperability and theindividual commands.

multinational operations are (1) establish liaison early, (2)leverage limited C4 resources, (3) standardize operatingprinciples, (4) agree on policy in advance of war, (5) use USinterpreters, and (6) use common cryptographic systems.

The most important guiding principle for C4 systems insupport of employment is that they be designed to supportwartime scenarios. C4 systems planners must continuallyprioritize and choose from among the individual joint andService system capabilities that support different needs indifferent conflict levels (across the range of military operations).However, the joint environment calls for designated jointsystems. Conflict levels impose different, and sometimescontentious, requirements on the C4 systems that support them.Various conflict levels can occur simultaneously over a widegeographic area, each requiring different options and responses.

The C4 systems of the combatant commands are configuredand operated generally to meet the requirements ofinteroperability and the command being served; however, thepriority requirement will be to support the National MilitaryCommand System (NMCS). These systems provide the meansthrough which the commanders send and receive informationand exercise command and control over their forces.

The C4 systems of the Service component commands areconfigured and operated generally to meet the requirement ofinteroperability and the command being served; however, thepriority requirement will be to support the NMCS. Thesesystems provide the means through which the commanderssend and receive information and support their forces.

The C4 systems of the Military Departments and Servicesare configured and operated generally to meet the requirementsof interoperability and of individual Service commands andthe requirement to provide serviceable wartime capabilitiesthat can support existing forces logistically, generate newforces, establish force readiness levels adequate to deal withexisting threats, and provide support for the NMCS. Thesesystems facilitate coordination of the means by which US forcesare sustained across the range of military operations.

Employment

C4 Systems Configuration

xi

Executive Summary

The combatantcommanders provide broadguidance for employmentrequirements of C4 systemsthat affect theircommunications postureand capabilities.

The Chairman of the JointChiefs of Staff operates theNational MilitaryCommand System(NMCS) for the Secretaryof Defense to meet theneeds of the NationalCommand Authorities andestablishes operationalpolicies and procedures forall components of theNMCS and ensures theirimplementation.

The C4 support systems of Department of Defense (DOD)agencies are configured generally to meet the requirements ofinteroperability and the agency being served; however, thepriority requirement will be to support the NMCS. Thesesystems provide the means through which the directors controlthe automated flow and processing of information needed toaccomplish the missions of their agencies.

The combatant commanders review, coordinate, and, whenappropriate, validate command initiated requirements forsystems, networks, projects, and related resources, includingthose of the component commands and combat and supportforces. The combatant commanders determine C4 systemdeficiencies through operations and exercises, assess C4system capabilities to support combatant commander missions,and compare current needs with current capabilities andplanned needs with planned capabilities. C4 systems supportof joint operations is planned and operationally assessedwithin the chain of command that extends from thePresident to the combatant commanders and is primarilythe responsibility of the Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staffin conjunction with the combatant commanders.

The Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff functions withinthe chain of command by transmitting to the combatantcommanders the orders of the President and the Secretary ofDefense. Combatant commander responsibilities includesubmitting C4 system requirements, reporting incompatibilitiesamong C4 systems, and planning for C4 systems. EachMilitary Department or Military Service providesinteroperable and compatible C4 systems including personneltraining and equipment maintenance. DOD agencyresponsibilities are carried out by the Defense IntelligenceAgency, the Defense Information Systems Agency (DISA),and the National Security Agency. The DISA liaison officerserves as the interface between exercise or joint operationparticipants and DISA and also provides staff advice to thejoint task force (JTF) Director of C4 Systems (J-6) on DefenseInformation Systems Network matters. The JTF establishingauthority ensures that C4 systems requirements are supported;coordinates C4 activities; prepares C4 policy and guidance;and ensures compatibility of JTF C4 systems. TheCommander, Joint Task Force provides overall management

C4 Systems Planning Process

C4 Systems Employment Responsibilities

xii

Executive Summary

Joint Pub 6-0

of all C4 systems. The Joint Communications SupportElement possesses a wide range of tactical communicationscapabilities and provides tactical communications support toJTFs and Joint Special Operations Task Forces.

Standardization among allied nations and the United Statesis achieved by documented policy which covers all aspectsof interoperability. Areas of particular concern for compatibilityand commonality include automated information systems,battlefield surveillance systems, target designation systems,target acquisition systems, and communications securityhardware and software systems.

The Military Communication-Electronics Board is adecisionmaking instrument of the Chairman of the JointChiefs of Staff and the Secretary of Defense for determiningcorporate C4 strategy to support the warfighter.Communications methods and procedures for joint andmultinational communications-electronics matters appear inAllied Communications Publications (ACPs) and Joint Army-Navy-Air Force Publications and supplements to ACPs.

The global C4 infrastructure enables the US to accomplishmissions efficiently by leveraging sophisticated informationtechnologies. The following organizations are part of theglobal C4 infrastructure:

The National Communications System is an interagencygroup that coordinates the telecommunications assets of23 Federal departments and agencies to ensurecompatibility and interoperability during emergencieswithout compromising day-to-day operations.

The Defense Information Systems Network (DISN) isa composite of certain DOD information transport systemsand networks under the management control of DISA.DISN significantly advances the way information istransported and shared.

The Global Command and Control System (GCCS)is the cornerstone of the C4I For The Warrior concept; itestablishes interoperability among forces with a focus on

Joint and multinational C4systems requirestandardization andprocedures to enhancecompatibility andinteroperability.

Advances in informationtechnologies andcontinued reduction incost of information-related equipment andsystems affect the C4systems infrastructure.

Joint and Multinational C4 Systems Standardization andProcedures

Global C4 Infrastructure

xiii

Executive Summary

providing a common operational picture to supportsituations awareness to the joint warfighter. GCCS willbe a highly mobile, deployable command, control,communications, computers, and intelligence (C4I)system that will provide automated decision support forjoint force commanders and key warfighters across therange of military operations. GCCS will employcompatible, interoperable, and integrated C4I systems withinformation exchange connectivity via the DISN tosupport the planning, deployment, sustainment,employment and redeployment of joint forces worldwide.GCCS will also allow civilian and military authorities torespond to natural emergencies or manmade disasters towhich military support may be appropriate.

The National Military Command System is designedto support the National Command Authorities (NCA) andthe Joint Chiefs of Staff in the exercise of theirresponsibilities. The NMCS provides the means by whichthe President and the Secretary of Defense can receivewarning and intelligence so that accurate and timelydecisions can be made, and direction can be communicatedto combatant commanders or the commanders of othercommands established by the NCA.

This publication identifies approved doctrine for C4 systemssupport to joint operations and outlines the responsibilities ofServices, agencies, and combatant commands to ensureeffective C4 support to commanders. It addresses how C4systems support the commanders of joint forces in the conductof joint operations, including, in general terms, how systemsare to be configured, deployed, and employed.

CONCLUSION

xiv

Executive Summary

Joint Pub 6-0

Intentionally Blank

CHAPTER IINTRODUCTION

I-1

“What the Warrior Needs: a fused, real time, true representation of thebattlespace - an ability to order, respond and coordinate horizontally andvertically to the degree necessary to prosecute his mission in thatbattlespace.”

The C4I For The Warrior vision

“War is a process that pits the opposingwills of two commanders against eachother. Great victories of military forcesare often attributed to superiorfirepower, mobility, or logistics. Inactuality, it often is the commander whomakes good decisions and executesthese decisions at a superior tempowho leads his forces to victory.Therefore, victory demands thatc o m m a n d e r s e f f e c t i v e l y l i n kdecisionmaking to execution throughthe concept of command and control.Warfare will continue to evolve andcommand and control processes,organization, and supporting systemswill continue to change, but the basicconcept of command and control willremain the key to the decisiveapplication of combat power. Morethan ever before, a command andcontrol system is crucial to success andmust support shorter decision cyclesand instantaneous flexibility acrossvast distances of time and space.”

Fleet Marine Force Manual 3,Command and Control

• Today, improved technology in mobility,weapons, sensors, and C4 systemscontinue to reduce time and space,increase tempo of operations, andgenerate large amounts of information.If not managed, this may degrade thereactions of warfighters and ultimatelythe warfighting force. It is essential toemploy C4 systems that are designed tocomplement human capabilities andlimitations.

1. Background

Command of joint forces in war is anintense and competitive process. The jointforce commander is not only faced withmaking tough decisions in complex situationsbut must do this in an environment ofuncertainty and limited time. Command is asmuch a problem of information managementas it is of carrying out difficult and complexwarfighting tasks. Command, control,communications, and computer (C4)systems supporting US military forces musthave the capability to rapidly adapt to thewarfighters demands; to make available theinformation that is important; provide it whereneeded; and ensure that it gets there in theright form and in time to be used. Thefundamental objective of C4 systems is toget the critical and relevant information tothe right place in time to allow forces to seizeon opportunity and meet the objectives acrossthe range of military operations.

a. Enduring Elements

• Over time, superior command andcontrol (C2) systems have enabledvictorious commanders to maintain theunity of effort to apply their forces’capabilities at the critical time and placeto win. Two characteristics haveremained constant: the humanelement and the need for relevant,timely, and accurate information. Thehuman element, with its ability to sortwhat’s important, absorb the essentials,and react to the information, remains aconstant factor over time.

I-2

Chapter I

Joint Pub 6-0

b. The Role of C4 Systems in C2. C2must be viewed from a commonperspective to understand the role of C4systems that support C2. Figure I-1 providesan overview of the relationship betweeninformation and the command and controlsupport (C2S) system.

• The C2S system gives the joint forcecommander (JFC) the means to exerciseauthority and direct assigned and attachedforces in the accomplishment of themission. The JFC uses information tosupport decisionmaking and coordinateactions that will influence friendly andenemy forces to the JFC’s advantage.

• Information integrates joint forcecomponents, allowing them to functioneffectively across vast distances.Therefore, the structure of the jointforce drives specific information flowand processing requirements. Theinformation requirements of the jointforce drive the general architecture andspecific configuration of the C2S system.

• The C2S system must overlay the jointforce to provide the means through whichthe JFC and subordinate commandersdrive the joint force toward specificmission objectives. The C2S forcesthat compose the C2S system(e.g., reconnaissance, surveillance,intelligence, fire support coordination, aircontrol, electronic warfare, C4 systems,sensor management, signals intelligence,deception, space systems, and others)should be task-organized and arrayedto collect, transport, process, and protectinformation as well as deny the enemythe same capability.

• Modern military forces’ growingdependence upon C2 presentsvulnerabilities that can be exploited bythe capabilities of joint forces.Command and control warfare (C2W)seeks to deny the adversary the ability tocommand force disposition andemployment while protecting the friendlyjoint force from similar efforts. The

Figure I-1. Information and Command and Control

INFO INFO

INFO

INFO

INFO INFO

ENEMYFORCES

INFORMATION AND COMMAND AND CONTROL

JOINT FORCECOMMANDERS

JOINT FORCECOMPONENTS

C2 SUPPORTSYSTEM

FEEDBACK

COMMAND ANDCONTROL COLLECTS

PROCESSES & TRANSPORTS

DISSEMINATES

INTELLIGENCE PROTECTS

COLLECTSDISSEMINATES OPREP

ORDERS

I-3

Introduction

objective is to degrade the adversary’sunity of effort and decrease their tempoof operations while simultaneouslyincreasing that of the joint force (see JointPub 3-13, “Joint Doctrine for Commandand Control Warfare (C2W)”).

• In short, the joint force must haveinformation to operate. Thisinformation should be relevant,essential, timely, and in a form thatwarriors quickly understand and canuse to act. The C2S system is the JFC’sprincipal tool used to collect, transport,process, and disseminate thisinformation. The C2S system alsosupports the implementation of C2W. C4systems form the information exchangeand decision support subsystems of aC2S system (see Figure I-2). In time ofwar, C4 systems support a continuousflow of data to provide real timebattlespace information anywhere,anytime, on demand. C4 systems alsohave the broader role of supporting otherfunctions within joint forces and theDepartment of Defense (DOD) forming

the overall Defense InformationInfrastructure.

c. Information. Information is datacollected from the environment and processedinto a usable form (see Figure I-3).Combining pieces of information withcontext produces ideas or providesknowledge. By applying judgment,knowledge is transformed into understanding.

• Information Requirements. Data isgathered in a variety of ways—fromsensors (both active and passive), from C4systems, and through situation reportsfrom senior, subordinate, or lateralcommands. Information needs to beinterpreted and correctly applied to be ofuse and is valuable only insofar as itcontributes to knowledge andunderstanding. Warfighters understandthings best in terms of ideas or images; aclear image of their commander’s intentand of the local situation can allowsubordinates to seize the initiative. In thisregard, C4 systems play a critical rolein the processing, flow, and quality of

JOINT FORCE C4 SYSTEMS

INFORMATION EXCHANGE/AUTOMATED DECISION SUPPORT

Army Marines Navy Air Force SOF

Figure I-2. C4 Systems Support Information Exchange and Decision Support Subsystems

I-4

Chapter I

Joint Pub 6-0

Figure I-3. The Cognitive Hierarchy

JUDGMENT

PROCESSING

COGNITION

THE COGNITIVEHIERARCHY

INFORMATION

KNOWLEDGE

DATA

UNDERSTANDING

• Information Quality. Many sources ofinformation are imperfect and susceptibleto distortion and deception. The sevencriteria shown in Figure I-4 helpcharacterize information quality.

• Information Flow. The flow ofinformation must be nearly instantaneousvertically and horizontally within theorganizational structure. An example ofreal time battlespace information isprovided in Figure I-5. All levels ofcommand must be able to immediatelypull the information they need.

d. Functions of C4 Systems. C4 systemssupport the following functions:

• Collect. Acquiring or gathering andinitial filtering of information based on aplanned need, determining timesensitivity, and putting the informationinto a form suitable for transporting.

• Transport. Moving or communicatingthe information to appropriate receptaclesfor processing.

• Process. Storing, recalling, manipulating,filtering and fusing data to produce theminimum essential information in a

data to support informationrequirements throughout the jointforce.

Multimission space based platforms provide real time information exchange.

I-5

Introduction

usable form on which the warfighter cantake appropriate actions.

• Disseminate. Distributing processedinformation, to the appropriate users ofthe information.

• Protect. Ensuring the secure flow andprocessing of information and accessonly by authorized personnel.

e. Fundamental Objectives of C4Systems. The fundamental objectives arelisted in Figure I-6 and are described below.

• Produce Unity of Effort. C4 systemsshould help a military force and its

supporting elements to combine thethoughts and impressions of multiplecommanders and key warfighters. Thisallows the views of many experts to bebrought to bear on any given task.

• Exploit Total Force Capabilities. C4systems must be planned as extensionsof human senses and processes to helppeople form perceptions, react, and makedecisions. This allows people to beeffective during high-tempo operations.C4 systems must be immediatelyresponsive, simple, and easi lyunderstandable, especially for systemsplanned for use during situationsinvolving great stress.

INFORMATION QUALITY CRITERIA

ACCURACY

RELEVANCE

TIMELINESS

USABILITY

COMPLETENESS

BREVITY

SECURITY

Information that conveys the true situation

Information that applies to the mission, task, or situation at hand

Information that is available in time to make decisions

Information that is in common, easily understood format anddisplays

All necessary information required by the decisionmaker

Information that has only the level of detail required

Information that has been afforded adequate protection whererequired

Figure I-4. Information Quality Criteria

I-6

Chapter I

Joint Pub 6-0

Figure I-5. Real Time Battlespace Information

l

l

l

l

Produce Unity of Effort

Exploit Total ForceCapabilities

Properly PositionCritical Information

Information Fusion

FUNDAMENTALOBJECTIVES OF

C4 SYSTEMS

Figure I-6. Fundamental Objectives of C4Systems

• Properly Position Critical Information.C4 systems must be able to respondquickly to requests for information andto place and maintain the informationwhere it is needed. This not only reducescritical delays but also reduces the impacton communications networks.

• Information Fusion. The ultimate goalof C4 systems is to produce a pictureof the battlespace that is accurate andmeets the needs of warfighters. This goalis achieved by fusing, i.e., reducinginformation to the minimum essentialsand putting it in a form that people canact on. There is no one fusing ofinformation that meets the needs of allwarriors. However, with concise,accurate, timely, and relevant

I-7

Introduction

information, unity of effort is improvedand uncertainty is reduced, enabling theforce as a whole to exploit opportunitiesand fight smarter.

2. Basic Doctrine for C4Systems

a. C4 systems must provide the rapid,reliable, and secure flow and processing ofdata to ensure continuous informationexchange throughout the force. Anunbroken chain of communications mustextend from the National CommandAuthorities (NCA) (i.e., the President and theSecretary of Defense), through the Chairmanof the Joint Chiefs of Staff (CJCS), to thecombatant commanders, commanders ofService components, and all subordinatecommanders.

b. The Chairman of the Joint Chiefs ofStaff, through the combatant commands,Defense Information Systems Agency(DISA), and Military Services, ensures thatcommanders at each echelon have thecommunications necessary to accomplishtheir assigned missions.

c. Effective C4 systems are vital toplanning, mounting, and sustaining asuccessful joint operation. Operations,logistic, and intelligence functions alldepend on responsive C4, the centralsystem that ties together all aspects of jointoperations and allows commanders and theirstaffs to command and control their forces.

d. Regardless of the source, C4 systemsprovided to combatant commandersoperate under their authority and will bean integral part of their C2 infrastructureuntil such time as the NCA, the Chairman of

the Joint Chiefs of Staff, or the combatantcommanders determine that further supportis no longer needed or a higher prioritynecessitates redeployment of the assets.Combatant commanders normally developplans that integrate the Defense InformationSystems Network (DISN), Nat ionalCommunications System (NCS), andcommercial and allied systems and organizejoint and Service organic and componenttactical communications systems intointeroperable and compatible theater networksto support their mission.

e. JFCs must develop operationalprocedures that provide interoperable,compatible, C4 networks. Componenttactical C4 systems must remain under thecommand of and be responsive to JFCs’needs.

f. The complexity of joint operations andthe finite amount of C4 resources mayrequire the JFC to adjudicate or assignsubordinate command responsibilities forproviding C4 systems support. This isnormally done in an operation plan (OPLAN).However, in the absence of such a plan, C4systems can be employed as follows: seniorto subordinate, supporting to supported,reinforcing to reinforced, left to right, betweenadjacent units as directed by the first commonsenior, or by the unit gaining an attachment.This order is more common to ground forces,but it may have application to space, naval,and air forces as well. These rules aregenerally followed except when soundmilitary judgment dictates otherwise forspecial situations.

g. The Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staffis responsible for joint C4 doctrine.

I-8

Chapter I

Joint Pub 6-0

Intentionally Blank

CHAPTER IIC4 SYSTEMS PRINCIPLES

II-1

1. General

The missions of the US military havechanged dramatically in the last decades ofthe twentieth century. The current andfuture operating environment of jointforces will be increasingly characterized byrapid change. Technological improvements inmobility, directed energy weapons, andsensors will continue to reduce factors of timeand space, and demand faster tempos ofoperation across vast areas. Increasing globalpopulation, rapidly expanding worldeconomic markets, and unprecedentedadvances in in fo rmat ion sys temstechnology will continue to perpetuate aglobal explosion of military andcommercial information networks. Theseever increasing networks are rapidlycreating a global sphere (or infosphere) ofinformation. The infosphere refers to the rapidlygrowing global network of military andcommercial C4 systems and networkslinking information data bases and fusioncenters that are accessible to the warrioranywhere, anytime, in the performance of anymission. The infosphere provides aworldwide, automated informationexchange that supports joint forces, whichis secure and transparent to the warrior. Thisemerging capability is highly flexible tosupport the rapid task organization and powerprojection. Information technology and theexistence and growth of a global infospherehave irreversibly impacted the

“At the height of the Persian Gulf conflict, the automated message informationnetwork passed nearly 2 million packets of information per day throughgateways in the Southwest Asia theater of operations. Efficient managementof information increased the pace of combat operations, improved thedecisionmaking process, and synchronized various combat capabilities. Thetechnology developed to support these networks proved to be a vital marginthat saved lives and helped achieve victory.”

General Colin L. Powell, June, 1992

fundamental approach to warfare ofmassing effects rather than forces. This hasnot only propelled joint forces into the age ofinformation, but also into information-basedwarfare with precision-guided weaponsystems that detect and engage targets basedon the electronic transfer of data. Joint forcesmust quickly adapt to this increasinglycomplex and highly uncertain operatingenvironment. For this reason, JFCs must beable to conceptually view the total jointforce C2S system as a whole to employ itto the best advantage. The JFC can thenidentify how it should be structured; identifywhere improvements can be made; and focusand balance limited C4 resources to bestadvantage to control the flow, the processing,and the quality of information essential tospeed joint force decisions and execution. Theneed for C4 systems that can deployrapidly to meet crises worldwide hasevolved into a demand for joint,interoperable systems. Leaders at allechelons now understand that real battlespacecoverage requires both hierarchicalcommunications within each Service andlateral communications between the Servicesat all levels. The fast pace of advancementsin C4 systems technology can become verycomplex for both the JFC and joint staffplanners. C4 systems exist to extend theflow of information between warriors whoare beyond audible or visual range or betweenmachines. All military communication systems,from ancient semaphore to the most recent

II-2

Chapter II

Joint Pub 6-0

computer-based systems are but technicaladvancements on the same theme of sendinginformation to warriors and organizationswhich are out of sight. However, a basicunderstanding of the major components of C4systems can reduce complexity to gain anappropriate level of understanding.

a. C4 Systems and Networks.

• C4 systems have the following majorcomponents: terminal devices,transmission media, switches, and controland management (see Figure II-1).

•• Terminal devices are the mostrecognizable components. Telephones,radios, facsimile machines, computers,televisions, or personal digital assistantsare all examples of terminal devices usedto t ransmit (send) and receiveinformation. Information, often called

traffic, can take the form of voice, data,message, video, or combinations thereof.Traffic may be secure (encrypted/covered) or nonsecure (clear). Generallyspeaking, terminal devices transforminformation from forms comprehensiveto the warfighter into a format forelectronic transmission or vice-versa.

•• Information exchanged betweenwarriors travels from originator torecipient over paths (sometimes calledlinks) using one or more transmissionmedia to connect users employingterminal devices. There are three basicelectronic transmission media: radio(including space based systems), metallicwire, and fiber-optic cable. They may beused independent ly o r in anycombination of the three. Paths may bepoint-to-point if established betweenjust two users, or they may be point-to-

Figure II-1. Basic Communications System

BASIC COMMUNICATIONS SYSTEM

A basic communications system consistsof terminal equipment, transmission mediaand switching systems, with control andmanagement providing network access.

TerminalDevices

TerminalDevices

TransmissionMedia

TransmissionMedia

SwitchingSystems

II-3

C4 Systems Principles

multipoint if the same path serves acommunity of subscribers. A path maybe part of a multi-subscriber networkwith many terminals interconnected byseveral switches. The bandwidth in termsof frequency spectrum and othertechnical factors limit how much data canbe transported through a given media.

•• Switching is the means by whichtraffic is routed through a network oftransmission media supporting manycommands, units, and warriors.Switching may be manual (operatorassisted) or automatic; it may serve localsubscribers (in a city or on a militarybase) or perform area network functions.There are basically two types of switches:circuit and message. Circuit switchesgenerally support telephone trafficwhile message switches process datacommunication. Although computerscan be used as terminal devices, they nowplay a major role in the operation andcontrol of switching systems that areterrestrially based as well as supportingon board processing in space basedcommunication systems. Computer-controlled communication links andswitching have increased both theefficient use of limited resources andwarrior access to extremely flexiblesystems that can rapidly be tailored tomeet even unforeseen mil i taryrequirements. This trend is commonlyreferred to as open systems architecture.

•• The final basic building block of C4systems is that of contro l andmanagement. There are two basic levelsof control: network and nodal.

Network control provides managementof area, regional, theater, or globalnetworks. Its principal focus is in themanagement and configuration of longhaul transmission media and switchingcenters transporting and routing bulk

data between nodal facilities. Thespecific functions of network control are:(1) Technical management and direction(2) Management of C4 resources (e.g.,C4 personnel, equipment, maintenance,logistics, and management of the radiofrequency spectrum) (3) Networkperformance analysis (e.g., monitorinformation flow versus network designto determine required modifications tomaintain or improve performance) (4)Fault isolation (5) Security (6) Networkplanning and engineering (e.g., linkanalysis and engineering of a networkexpansion via microwave link), and (7)Configuration Management.

Nodal control is concerned with themanagement of local C4 systems. Itsprincipal focus is in the switching systemsand terminal devices supporting warriorsat locations such as command centers orC2 facilities and/or concerned withextension of the network. (1) Nodalcontrol centers perform basically the samefunctional tasks as do network controlcenters except that they are primarilyfocused on installing, operating, andmaintaining local operations inside thenodal vice a larger network distributedacross a larger geographic area. (2) Nodespoints can be manned or unmanned suchas the case with C4 systems in aircraft,spacecraft, or unmanned aerial vehiclesused to extend the range of radiocommunications. Nodes may be entirelyautomated or combinations of manual andautomatic control at more complex sites.

• The networks that result from opensystems architectures are calledinformation grids. They allow thewarrior users to gain access, process, andtransport information in near real time toanyone else on the network. Informationgrids refer to computer controllednetworks that provide vir tualconnectivity on the demand of the

II-4

Chapter II

Joint Pub 6-0

warrior; they support local and areanetwork operations. They are also thebasic components of larger gridnetworks that, when interconnected,support regional, theater, and ultimatelya global grid that is also referred to asthe infosphere. Computers controlconnectivity so quickly that wasteful andinefficient permanent or full periodconnectivity is no longer required; anexample could be cellular telephonenetworks where mobile users maintaincontinuous virtual connectivity eventhough they are connected throughnumerous links and nodal switchingcenters as they move during the course ofa single call. This allows a full range ofuser service to be distributed across vastareas—hence these distributed gridnetworks are also extremely redundant;individual users have hundreds ofcomputer selectable paths available viceone or two, making their service manytimes more reliable.

b. Emerging open systems architecturesoffer significant improvements in the flowand processing of information; however,their vulnerability to attack is increased.JFC’s must ensure that both passive and activeC2-protect operations are conducted continuouslyto preserve the integrity and security ofnetworks and nodal C4 systems from hostileattack. For example, powerful encryption andkey management systems provide passiveprotection of data while active protectionmay include technical C4 personnelmonitoring systems to detect and locateunauthorized network intrusion or attackingan enemy jammer with anti-radiation missiles.

c. Information throughput expands indirect relation to the needs of the warfighterand the handling capacity of informationtechnology. Likewise, military forces gainagility, initiative, and flexibility if they havethe information tools to plan, coordinate andsynchronize activities.

2. C4 Principles

To ensure the continuous and uninterruptedflow and processing of information, jointwarfighters must have C4 systems that areinteroperable, flexible, responsive, mobile,disciplined, survivable, and sustainable.See Figure II-2.

a. Interoperable. Joint and Service C4systems must possess the interoperabilitynecessary to ensure success in joint andcombined operations. Interoperability is thecondition achieved among C4 systems oritems of C4 equipment when information orservices can be exchanged directly andsatisfactorily between them and their users.To ensure C4 systems’ interoperability , allaspects of achieving it must be addressedthroughout the life cycle of a system.

• Additional principles furtheringinteroperability include:

°

°

°

°

°

°

°

Interoperable

Flexible

Responsive

Mobile

Disciplined

Survivable

Sustainable

C4 PRINCIPLES

Figure II-2. C4 Principles

II-5


•• Commonality. Equipment andsystems are common when: (1) they arecompatible, (2) each can be operated andmaintained by personnel trained on theothers without additional specializedtraining, (3) repair parts (components orsubassemblies) are interchangeable, and(4) consumable items are interchangeable.

•• Compatibility. Compatibility is thecapability of two or more items orcomponents of equipment or materialto exist or function in the same systemor environment without mutualinterference. Electromagneticcompatibility, including frequencysupportability, must be considered at theear l iest conceptual stages andthroughout the planning, design,development, testing and evaluation, andoperational life of all systems.

•• Standardization. The broadobjectives of the NCS and the DISN,coupled with the need for tactical C4systems to interface with facilities of theDISN, require that C4 systems bestandardized as far as practical.Standardization includes aspects ofcompatibility, interoperability, andcommonality. Plans for standardizationmust ensure that the essentialrequirements of a l l Serv ices andagencies are accommodated. Space,weight, or other limitations may preventsystems used by different Services andagencies from taking the same form. Insuch cases, the equipment should includethe maximum possible number ofcomponents common to all Services, andoperational characteristics must becoordinated between the Services andagencies concerned. The following areobjectives of standardization:

Minimize the addition of buffering,translative, or similar devices for thespecific purpose of achieving workableinterface connections.

Achieve the maximum economy possiblefrom cross-servicing and cross-procurement.

Permit emergency supply assistanceamong Services.

Facilitate interoperability of functionallysimilar joint and Service C4 systems.

Avoid unnecessary duplication inresearch and development of newtechnology.

• Liaison. Liaison is the contact orcommunication maintained betweenelements of military forces that ensuresmutual understanding and unity ofpurpose and action.

•• No amount of technology canreplace face-to-face exchange ofinformation between commanders.However, as the pace and complexity ofoperations increases, the commandermust extend his presence through liaison.There are no firm rules for selectingliaison personnel, but the commandermust trust completely the integrity of hisliaison officer to operate and makedecisions on his behalf. The criticalfunctions of liaison are to monitor,coordinate, advise, and assist thecommand to which the team isattached.

•• In terms of mission accomplishment,liaison is one of the most effectiveprinciples of all and can be enhanced by

II-6

Chapter II

Joint Pub 6-0

placing competent C4 systems personnelwith the forces employed to extend theeyes and ears for the commander and theC4 systems director.

•• C4 systems liaison personnel canensure that systems function as intendedand can take corrective action, asrequired. C4 personnel that are carefullyselected, trained, and positioned withinliaison teams can significantly enhancethe operation of C4 systems within joint ormultinational forces. They often preventC4 systems problems before they occurand reduce restoral time when a failuredoes occur.

b. Flexible. Flexibility is required to meetchanging situations and diversified operationswith a minimum of disruption or delay.Flexibility can be obtained by system design(standardization), using commercialfacilities, mobile or transportable C4 systems,or pre-positioned facilities. Although certainstandard C4 systems (e.g., the GlobalCommand and Control System (GCCS), orthe DISN) must operate under rather strictstandards, systems requirements and designsshould consider the planners’ needs to tailorsystems to meet strategic, operational,and tactical requirements. Flexible systemswill allow planners to more readily integrateall levels of joint and Service C4 systems intoplans. The connectivity that can be achievedand maintained from flexible systems isparticularly important in providingcommanders ’ con t ingency needs .Flexibility is a necessary adjunct to otherprinciples of interoperability, survivability,and compatibility.

c. Responsive. C4 systems must respondinstantaneously to the warriors’ demands forinformation. To be responsive, systems mustbe reliable, redundant, and timely.

• Reliable. C4 systems must be availablewhen needed and must perform as

intended. The reliability of C4 systemsis achieved by designing equipment andsystems with low failure rates and errorcorrection techniques, standardizingequipment, establishing standardizedprocedures and supervising theirexecution, countering computer attacksand electromagnetic jamming anddeception, and establishing effectivelogistic support programs.

• Redundant. Redundancy provides foralternate paths, back-up systems,a n d equ ipment tha t recovercommunications quickly in the event offailure. Evolving open systemsarchitectures are inherently redundantthrough the multiplicity of paths availablethrough the network. Employing self-healing strategies in the design of thesenetworks ensures that data is replicatedat several locations in the network whichcan be recovered quickly, in the event thatportions of the network or nodal sites aredestroyed.

• Timely. As weapon system technologymakes it increasingly feasible for the timebetween warning and attack to becompressed, so must the processing andtransmission time for warning, criticalintelligence, and operation orderexecution information be compressed.The demand for rapid communicationsthroughout the defense establishmentconcerning C2, logistic, weather,intell igence, and administrativeinformation requires that the element ofspeed be considered during all aspectsof C4 system planning.

d. Mobile. The horizontal and verticalflow and processing of information must becontinuous to support the rapid deploymentand employment of joint military forces.Warriors at all levels must have C4systems that are as mobile as the forces,elements, or organizations they support

II-7


without degraded information quality orflow. More than ever before, modular designand micro-electronics can make C4 systemslighter, more compact, and more useful towarfighters.

e. Disciplined. C4 systems and associatedresources available to any JFC are limited andmust be carefully used to best advantage.Discipline begins with the JFC focusingand balancing the joint force commandand control infrastructure based onpredetermined needs for cr i t icalinformation (minimum essential informationcritical to decisionmaking and missionexecution). This ensures that limited C4systems and their associated forces andresources are employed to best advantage.

• Control and Management. The JFCand joint staff must ensure that the flow,processing, and quality of information isdeliberately controlled. This requires theplanned complementary employment of allinformation related forces and systems.The C2S system must overlay the rest ofthe joint force to provide the meansthrough which the JFC and subordinatecommanders drive the joint force towardspecific mission objectives. The C2Sforces that comprise the C2S systemshould be task-organized and arrayedto collect, transport, process, andprotect information as well as supportC2W operations that deny the enemythe same capability. Control andmanagement of C2S forces is thereforecrucial to the JFC’s ability to implementeffective C2 within the joint force. Thecontrol and management of C4 networksand nodal operations is central to thiseffort.

•• C4 systems supporting current andfuture networks operate at high speeds.It is not uncommon to have little or notime for coordination through command

and staff channels. Therefore, the JFCdepends on network and nodal controlcenters (e.g., Joint CommunicationsControl Center (JCCC)) to provide thetechnical direction essential to maintaineffective C2. Much of this direction ismachine-to-machine while otherdirections must be between network andnodal control center personnel. C4network control provides technicalmanagement of system configurationand resources, performance, faultisolation, security, and system planningand engineering. Planning andmanagement of frequency spectrumresources is critical to this effort.

•• Spectrum Management. Thecomplexity and vast distances involvedin joint warfighting makes control andmanagement of the electromagneticspectrum a crucial factor in the JFC’sability to influence decisive action. Thehorizontal flow of information betweenadjacent subordinate ommands is equallycritical during mission execution anddemands continuous and uninterruptedaccess to the electromagnetic spectrum tosupport highly mobile, fast movingoperations. The JFC ensures thatfavorable electromagnetic compatibilityexists through the comprehensivemanagement of the electromagneticspectrum.

•• Management of the electromagnetic(radio frequency) spectrum is fundamentalto the ar t o f communicat ions.Frequencies and their use are thefoundation for electrical, electronic, andelectromagnetic communications.Frequency resources are governed byinternational law as national (host-nation) resources. Frequency assetsmust be coordinated and deconflicted ona continuous basis at strategic,operational, and tactical levels via a

II-8

Chapter II

Joint Pub 6-0

variety of national and internationaltechnical and political channels.

•• During crisis or wartime operations,the JFC employs C2W operations tocontrol and dominate the frequencyspectrum while denying this capabilityto the enemy. Close and continuouscoordination between frequencymanagers and both C2W and C4 systemplanners is crucial to ensure thecontinuous and uninterrupted access tothe electromagnetic spectrum.

• Information Priority. The prioritization ofinformation is essential since C4systems have afinite capacity.Prioritization of specific types ofinformation is the responsibility of the JFC,subordinate commanders, and staffplanners that essentially provides abenchmark from which discipline oninformation flow and processing within C4networks can be maintained. Prioritizationis also essential to sizing C4 network andnodal systems requirements (e.g., the levelof C4 assets devoted to intelligencerequirements may reduce networkresponsiveness to other users requiring adecision by the JFC during campaignand operation planning).

f. Survivable. National policy dictates thesurvivability of both the national commandcenters and the C4 systems through whichdecisions are transmitted to the forces in thefield. It is not practical or economicallyfeasible to make all C4 systems or elementsof a system equally survivable. The degreeof survivability for C4 systems supporting thefunction of C2 should be commensurate withthe survival potential of the associatedcommand centers and weapon systems. C4systems survivability can be achieved throughapplication of techniques such as dispersal ofkey facilities, multiplicity of communicationmodes, hardening (electrical and physical), ora combination of these techniques.

• Security. The JFC ensures that bothoffensive and defensive C2W actionsare employed to protect friendly C2.These actions are referred to as C2-protect operations. Since C4 networksand associated nodal systems are crucialto the joint force C2S system, theypresent a high value target to the enemyand must be protected to maintain theintegrity of the joint force C2infrastructure. C4 systems defenseincludes measures to ensure the securityof information and C4 systems throughinformation protection, intrusion/attackdetection and effect isolation, andincident reaction to restore informationand system security.

•• Information Protection. Security ofinformation and C4 systems involves theprocedural and technical protection ofinformation and C4 systems majorcomponents (terminal devices,transmission media, switches, and controland management), and is an integralcomponent of the JFC’s C2-protectioneffort. This is accomplished throughapplication of information protectionmeans including: (1) Physical security ofC4 system component facilities. (2)Personnel security of individualsauthorized access to C4 systems. (3)Operations security (OPSEC) proceduresand techniques protecting operationalemployment of C4 system components.(4) Deception, deceiving the adversaryabout specific C4 system configuration,operational employment, and degree ofcomponent importance to missionaccomplishment. (5) Low probability ofintercept (LPI) and low probability ofdetection (LPD) capabilities andtechniques designed to defeat adversaryattempts to detect and exploit C4 systemtransmission media. (6) Emissionscontrol procedures designed to supportOPSEC and LPI/LPD objectives. (7)Transmission security capabilities

II-9


designed to support OPSEC and LPI/LPD objectives. (8) Communicationssecurity (COMSEC) capabilities toprotect information transiting terminaldevices and transmission media fromadversary exploitation. (9) Computersecurity capabil i t ies to protectinformation at rest, being processed, andtransitioning terminal devices, switches,networks, and control systems fromintrusion, damage, and exploitation. (10)C4 system design and configurationcontrol (e.g., protected distributionsystems, protection from compromisingemanation (TEMPEST)) to mitigate theimpact of information technologyvulnerabilities. (11) Identifyingtechnological and procedural vulnerabilityanalysis and assessment programs.

•• Intrusion/Attack Detection andEffect. In addition to informationprotection, C4 systems security involvesprocedural and technical measuresand capabilities to detect and isolatethe effects of C4 system intrusions.Examples include system auditing tools,virus scans, authentication proceduresand use of alternate frequencies.

•• Incident Reaction. Incident reactionmeasures include offensive actions toeliminate threats, closing systemcomponent vulnerabilities, use ofalternate frequencies, and changingCOMSEC keying material.

g. Sustainable. C4 systems must providecontinuous support during any type and lengthof joint operation. This requires theeconomical design and employment of C4systems without sacrificing operationalcapability or survivability. The following arespecific examples:

• Consolidation of functionally similarfacilities, which are closely located, underone command or Service.

• Integration of special purpose anddedicated networks into the DISNswitched systems, provided they canoffer equal or better service.

• Carefu l p lanning, design, andprocurement of facilities and systems.

• Efficient management and operatingpractices and effective communicationsdiscipline.

• Maximum use of the DISN common-usersubsystems.

• Judicious use of commercial services.

h. Other relevant principles. Theprinciples listed above are by no means thecomplete set of C4 systems principles; otherprinciples or terms have been identified.Subject to the interpretation and discretion ofthe user, these are either encompassed in thoselisted above or applied when appropriate.These principles include: integration,maintainability, mobility, modularity,planning, prioritization procedures, readiness,responsibility, responsiveness, simplicity, andsupportability. (See Joint Pub 6-02, “JointDoctrine for Employment of Operational/Tactical Command, Control, Communications,and Computer Systems,” for a more detaileddescription of C4 principles.)

3. C4 Principles for Joint andMultinational Operations

Joint and multinational operations arecomplex and bring together diverse militaryorganizations to operate as one force.Multinational forces may have differencesin C4 systems, language, terminology,doctrine, and operating standards that cancause confusion. Confusion increases thedemand for information and also the level ofuncertainty. The lower the echelon ofinterface between diverse commands, thehigher the uncertainty becomes and the greater

II-10

Chapter II

Joint Pub 6-0

the demand on C4 systems. The JFC shouldensure that great care is taken instructuring the multinational force priorto operations to avoid unnecessaryconfusion within friendly forces. Once theJFC establishes the specific C2 organizationfor a joint or multinational operation, theinformation exchange requirements for C4systems are then established and severalprinciples apply:

a. Establish Liaison Early. Effective C4systems interface in joint and multinationaloperations demands the use of liaison teams.Their importance as a source of both formaland informal information exchange cannotbe overstated. Requirements for liaisonshould be established early and to the extentpossible, liaison teams should be trainedand maintained for known or anticipatedrequirements.

b. Effective Use of Limited C4 Resources.The demand for information often exceedsthe capabilities of C4 assets within joint andmultinational commands. It is crucial thatthe JFC identify C4 systems requirementsearly that are external to the command orrequire the use of national and/or host-nation C4 resources (e.g., space basedsystems support, CJCS-controlled assets, JointCommunications Support Element (JCSE),and frequency spectrum).

c. Standardization of Principles.Standardization of principles and proceduresby allied nations and coalition partners formultinational communications is essential.

d. Agreement in Advance of War.Combined communications agreementsshould be made with probable allies. Theseshould cover principles, procedures, and overallcommunications requirements (includingstandard message text formats, standard data

bases and data formats, frequencymanagement, and procedures for deconflictingfrequency problems between allied and civilianorganizations) and should be arrived at bymutual agreement in advance of war.

e. Policy in Absence of Agreements.Where communications agreements have notbeen arrived at in advance of war,multinational forces should adopt theprocedures of one ally or coalition partneron direction of a duly establishedmultinational authority.

f. US Interpreters. The United Stateswill provide its own interpreters to ensurethat US interests are adequately protected.

g. Choice of Cryptographic Systems. Theoperational acceptability and disclosure orrelease of COMSEC to foreign governmentsfor multinational use will be determined andapproved by national authorities (NationalCOMSEC Committee) before entering intodiscussions with foreign nationals.

4. C4 Architectures andInterfaces

C4 systems doctrine seeks to achieveinteroperability and compatibility throughdeveloping joint and Service C4 systems ona life cycle basis to include architectures,standards, and life cycle support to functionalsystems. (DOD Directive 4630.5, CJCSI6212.01, “Compatibility, Interoperability, andIntegrat ion of Command, Control ,Communicat ions, Computers, andIntelligence Systems.”)

a. Architecture

• The joint C4 architecture providesa framework of functional andt e c h n i c a l re l a t i o n s h i p s f o r

II-11


a c h i e v i n g compat ib i l i ty andinteroperability of C4 systems.Architectures provide the logical linkbetween operational requirements and C4systems development. They are based ondoctrine defining command relationshipsand information requirements (whatinformation is exchanged to support thevaried functions of operations,intelligence, logistics, and planning). Thesupporting analyses for architecturesdocument the doctrinal basis for jointinterfaces and can recommend or prescribean equipment solution for each interface.The equipment solution may be met byexisting, programmed, or yet to bedeveloped systems.

“We have set the course with the C4IFor The Warrior concept. Manymilestones have been achieved. TheGlobal Command and Control Systemis well underway. We continue to makeprogress toward a common globalvision to provide the Joint ArmedForces with the critical information theyneed.”

General John M. Shalikashvili12 June 1994

• The Common Global Vision. C4I ForThe Warrior (C4IFTW) (see FigureII-3) sets forth a 21st century vision ofa global information infrastructure madeup of a web of computer controlled

Figure II-3. The Evolution of C4I For The Warrior

WWMCCS = Worldwide Military Command andControl System

NationalStrategic

Theater

Tactical

GCCS

Mid-Term

GCCS = Global Command and Control System

Quick Fix

GCCS

JTF Navy

MarineCorps

Air Force

Army JTF Navy

MarineCorps

Air Force

Army

CONUS

FIELD

Objective

GCCS GlobalInfosphere

JTF

Navy

MarineCorps

Air Force

Army

WWMCCS

THE EVOLUTION OF C4I FORTHE WARRIOR

II-12

Chapter II

Joint Pub 6-0

Forces of the United States on a coursetoward an open systems architecturereferred to as the global grid (see FigureII-4) that will provide virtual connectivityfrom anywhere to anywhereinstantaneously on warrior demand. Thearchitecture of grid networks cansupport both vertical and horizontalinformation flow to joint andmultinational forces. Commanders atall levels require a distributedcommunications grid comprised oflinks employing any electronictransmission media overlaying an areaof responsibility/joint operations area.Nodal points may be terrestrial, airborne,and/or space-based. Nodal pointsautomatically store, relay, and processinformation. Voice, data, and imagery

telecommunications grids thattranscends industry, media, government,military, and other nongovernmententities. C4IFTW provides a unifyingtheme, guiding principles, andmilestones for achieving globalcommand, control, communications,computers, and intelligence (C4I) jointinteroperability that:

•• Will allow any warrior to perform anymission—any time, any place.

•• Is responsive, reliable, and secure.

•• Is affordable.

• The Infosphere Architecture. The C4IFor The Warrior vision put the Armed

FUSING TIME & PRECISIONMOBILE GROUND

TARGETS AIR TARGETS FIXED TARGETS

TRACK PRODUCERS

SENSOR / SURVEILLANCE GRID

TRACKS

Land Sensors

INTENT, DIRECT, NEGATE

JointLink

JointLink

Space Sensors Black Sensors Air Sensors Sea Sensors

DYNAMICALLYMANAGED GRID

"THE GRID"

SHOOTERS

C-2CENTERS Destroy

Decide

Detect &Identify

Joint Link

Figure II-4. “The Grid”

II-13


flows together in digitized form acrossall communication paths. Automateduser terminals from man portable tomore stationary types allow personnel toinstantly connect in any fashion desired(e.g., electronic mail; instantlyreconfigured (virtual) voice radio nets;imagery; connected sensor grids; orextended personal presence by creatingsynthetic environments such as virtualreality). The specific paths used to set-up virtual connectivity are controlled bycomputers. Warriors no longer dependon a single communication link, but havevastly increased reliability andflexibility with access via any ofhundreds or thousands of circuitsavailable through the GCCS and DODinformation infrastructures, host nation,commercial service, or any combination.Virtual connectivity is automaticallydetermined, established, and maintainedon warrior demand through the gridnetwork. When no longer needed, theresource is automatically made availableproviding efficient use of C4 resources.

• The Warrior Vision of the Infosphere.The bottom line is a shared image of thebattlespace between joint decisionmakersand warfighters at all levels and withinstantaneous sensor to shooterconnectivity. The JFC and subordinateleaders gain a coherent understandingof operational situations, regardless ofthe enemy’s actions or responses,strategically, operationally, or tactically.Commanders see the battlespacetogether as a team—they perceive andmove ideas and knowledge in a timelyand coherent fashion. The virtual gridalso links sensors to shooters to allowrapid exploitation of opportunity andgenerate quick, decisive actions.

b. Interfaces. These are based onstandards developed for the purpose of

ach iev i ng i n t e r ope rab i l i t y andcompatability.

• Technical interface standards specifythe technical parameters of systems thatdetermine their physical and performancecharacteristics.

• Procedural interface standards addressthe form and format of the informationto be exchanged and are divided into thethree categories below.

•• Data base standards include both thelogical structure and the data elements.Computer to computer bulk data transfersinclude standard formats for initial orreplacement data loads and for data basemaintenance purposes.

•• Bit oriented message standardsprovide message formats for data linksbetween command centers, sensorplatforms, and weapon platforms.Related procedural information tooperate the joint interface using thesemessage standards is contained in theJoint Pub 3-56.2X, (to be replaced byCJCSI 6120.0X series) “TacticalCommand and Control PlanningProcedures for Joint Operations,” series.

•• Character oriented messagestandards improve interoperability by:(1) Producing messages that can be readby humans and processed by machine.(2) Reducing the time and effortrequired to draft, transmit, analyze,interpret, and process messages. (3)Impr oving information exchangethrough vocabulary control. (4)Providing uniform reportingprocedures to be used across the rangeof military operations. (5) Facilitatingexchange of information between theUS and multinational commands;reducing or eliminating dual reporting by

II-14

Chapter II

Joint Pub 6-0

US units when they operate withmultinational commands or units or aftertheir transfer to a multinational force. (6)Providing , through the Joint Pub6-04, “US Message Text FormattingProgram,” (to be replaced by CJCSmanuals), the management anddocumentation for these standards.

5. Decision Support Systems

Decision support systems (i.e., reporting,intelligence, and logistics) are included withinthe umbrella definition of C4 systems. Adetailed presentation of the interfaces for eachis beyond the scope of this publication, butkey principles regarding C4 systems supportto the functional areas, vice the systems, canbe presented. Also, all the principles presentedin this chapter apply to these supportedsystems as they do to C4 systems.

a. Joint Reporting System Support

• Reporting includes intelligence,situation reports from maneuver forces,and logistic status. The informationvaries from data required for staffplanning, and significant events requiringa commander’s immediate attention.

• The principal sources of operationallysignificant information are the C4systems of the combatant commands, themanagement and/or information systemsof the Services, the support systems ofthe DOD agencies, and the JointReporting Structure (JRS). The Joint Pub1-03, “Joint Reporting Structure (JRS),”series (to be replaced by CJCS manuals)prescribes standard JRS reporting withinand between the Joint Staff, combatantcommands, Services, and agencies anddetails the procedures, formats, andreporting channels for the reports.

• Some principles for reporting:

•• Commanders p rov ide theorganization and procedures so thatreports receive command attention whenrequired to support decisionmaking andcontrol of mission execution.

•• Reports adhere to standard formatswhen feasible to facilitate their handlingthrough electronic systems and speedinterpretation by people.

•• Commanders review reportingrequirements for their commands toassure that the content and frequency ofreports support assigned missions withoutneedlessly burdening subordinates.

b. Intelligence Support

• Intelligence organizations use a varietyof sensors and other information sourcesto collect and analyze data and produceintelligence products. C4 systemssupport to intelligence is normallylimited to providing the communicationsinterface and media required to moveintelligence information. C4 systemssupport does not typically cover thecollection and production of intelligence.(See Joint Pub 2-0, “Joint Doctrine forIntelligence Support to Operations,”series.)

• The basis for system interoperabilityis the application of standard dataelements and structures andinformation exchange standardsapplicable to all levels of command andto all Services and supporting agencies.The Services and agencies areresponsible for fielding intelligencesystems based on these standards.

• Basic intelligence system principles:

•• Intelligence requirements must beincorporated in the planning and

II-15


execution of military operations.Intelligence staffs should coordinate withthe J-6 staff to identify requirements andobtain an assessment of the intelligencecommunications required to supportoperations. Intelligence requirementsgenerally exceed communicationcapabilities, therefore, communicationsand intelligence communities continue todevelop concepts for expandingcommunication pipelines and imagerycompression techniques.

•• Each echelon of command receivesorganic and external intelligencesupport. Commanders direct requirementsfor assets through the J-2 staff element.

•• Defense intelligence organizations andsystems operate on a shared informationbasis. Accordingly, within limits imposedby security, intelligence is distributed up,down, and across echelons.

•• The responsibility for the applicationof intelligence information is shared byintelligence and operations.

c. Logistic Support. Accurate andtimely logistic information is required forthe management of critical resources. Aprinciple source of operationally significantlogistic information is the JRS. Informationnot routinely supplied through the JRS maybe provided in response to specific queriesfrom combatant command systems, Servicelogistic systems, and the DOD agencies.

d. Planning Support. In addition toconveying force status and intelligenceinformation, C4 systems provide processingcapabilities for planning. The Joint Pub5-03, “Joint Operation Planning andExecution System (JOPES),” series providesinstructions for using GCCS (WWMCCS) fordeliberate and crisis action planning.

e. Decision Support. Operational andtactical decision support systems alsoinclude maneuver, fire support and targetplanning, C2W, air operations, and C4systems control and management. These areaddressed in detail in other publications.

II-16

Chapter II

Joint Pub 6-0

Intentionally Blank

CHAPTER IIIC4 SYSTEMS DOCTRINE FOR EMPLOYMENT,CONFIGURATION, PLANS, AND RESOURCES

III-1

“It is DOD Policy: That for purposes of compatibility, interoperability, andintegration, all C3I systems developed for use by US forces are consideredto be for joint use.”

DOD Directive 4630.5

1. Employment

a. Authority. The employment authorityand responsibilities of the combatantcommanders include control, review, andcoordination of assigned C4 resources andactions affecting such resources within thegeographic or functional area of responsibilityof the command.

b. C4 Systems Employment Capabilities.The most important guiding principle for C4systems in support of employment is that theybe designed to support wartime scenarios.Procedures used in conflict must becomparable to those used during peacetimeand not be subject to degradation because ofany subsequent increase in system loading.Commensurate with the level of employment,systems must provide the C4 capabilitiesdescribed in Figure III-1.

c. C4 Systems Conflict Levels. C4systems planners must continually prioritizeand choose from among the individual jointand Service system capabilities that supportdifferent needs across the range of militaryoperations. Different conflict levels imposedifferent, and sometimes contentious,requirements on the C4 systems thatsupport them. Various conflict levels canoccur simultaneously over a wide geographicarea, each requiring different options andresponses. Given the scope and oftenconflicting nature of C4 requirements thatmust be accommodated, the following brieflydescribes their employment at four levelsof conflict.

• Peacetime C4 Systems

•• Deterrence relies on peacetime forceshaving a wartime capability. Therefore,peacetime C4 systems support threebasic requirements: daily operations,attack warning, and transition to war.Day-to-day peacetime communicationsare primarily carried out with existingsecure and nonsecure telephone service,record traffic, and data transmissions.Dedicated C4 systems using satellite,radio, and terrestrial links are active andexercised to provide immediate wartimecapability. Such a deterrence posturerequires that the type and scope of anenemy action be rapidly recognized andcharacterized.

•• Data from intelligence and sensorsystems must be correlated, processed,and presented by systems withinminutes. To transmit the data, rapidconnectivity via the emergency actionmessage (EAM) networks, and other C4networks is required to supportconventional and nuclear responses. Thiswarning capability supports maximumpreservation of alert forces, response andretaliatory operations, and US defensivemeasures. C4 systems also support thetransition to wartime posture. Systemsthat support wartime forces, missions,and facilities, including appropriateCOMSEC equipment , must beprepositioned and ready for activation.

III-2

Chapter III

Joint Pub 6-0

MANDATORY C4CAPABILITIES

Support activities across the range of military operations

Support a smooth, orderly transition from peace to war

Monitor and assess the status of US, multinational, neutral,and enemy forces and resources

Provide for the collection, processing, transmission, anddissemination of data and products

Provide warning and attack assessment, and disseminate alertnotification

Monitor the execution of selected options

Provide for the tracking, control, and reporting of reinforcingforces and materiel

Support reconstitution and resource allocation

Support transition from hostilities to peace

Protect systems/networks through C4 defensive measures

• Crisis and Contingency C4 Systems.During a crisis, actions must be takenquickly before the opportunity toinfluence events and prevent escalationis lost. In the early stages of a crisis,critical C2 connectivity is needed toestablish and maintain communicationswith military units, diplomatic personnel,friendly forces, and, wherever possible,hostile elements. In addition to thesystems used during the peacetime phase,

•• The vulnerability of C4 networks toadversary attack or unauthorizedintrusion demands adequate defensivemeasures against malicious activities.Proactive vulnerability analyses and riskassessments are essential and must becontinuous. When networks arebreached by an unauthorized intruder, theintruder must be quickly isolated tominimize damage, the network recoveredand returned to normal operations.

Figure III-1. Mandatory C4 Capabilities

III-3

C4 Systems Doctrine for Employment, Configuration, Plans, and Resources

the indefinite nature of a crisissituation may require activation ofcontingency C4 circuits and assets suchas the JCSE or component organicelements. Crisis operations may involveUS forces operating outside of traditionaltheaters and areas of operations, as partof a joint or multinational task force.When a contingency arises, the need for

accurate, t imely nat ional- levelintelligence is paramount. A NationalIntelligence Support Team (NIST) isformed to bridge the gap between theater-level and national-level intelligence. TheNIST is an interagency team fromnational-level intelligence agenciesdeployed to support a combatantcommander’s national-level intelligencerequirements. The team is comprised ofintelligence analysts from the DefenseIntelligence Agency (DIA), NationalSecur i ty Agency, and Cent ra lIntelligence Agency who provideimmediate access to their respectiveagency’s data systems, national experts,and to the greater intelligencecommunity. The NIST may also provideJoint Worldwide IntelligenceCommunications System and Joint

Tactical ground mobile forces satellite communications earth station.

Deployable Intelligence Support Systemservices in support of the deployed JointIntelligence Center.

• Conventional War C4 Systems

•• The combatant commander maytake command of C4 forces andagencies within the theater that are not

organic to tactical forces. C4 systemscontrol provides network status andsupports reconfiguration andreconstitution. It also provides priorityfor circuits and facilities required toexecute and sustain critical commandfunctions.

•• Wartime C4 systems support tojoint operations focuses on wartime C2requirements; they also supportintelligence, logistics, combat servicesupport, and special operations. As theC2 functions expand, additionalcommunications links and C4 systems,constituted during the crisis phase, areusually brought on line. Targeting,strike mission planning, and rapid ad hocplanning must also be supported.Systems supporting wartime roles are

III-4

Chapter III

Joint Pub 6-0

multifaceted and redundant to ensurereliable, accurate, and survivable C4support under the most hostile situations.

•• At this point, essential C4 systemsare comprised of many systems andmodes interconnecting the combatantcommander with component commanders,supporting combatant commanders andany multinational forces. Measures toinclude controlling emissions andrestricting external communications

are implemented. Systems and facilitiessupporting control of nuclear weaponsremain active in case a potential forescalation to nuclear conflict exists.

• Nuclear War C4 Systems. The planningfor and employment of nuclear weaponsmay be US or allied responsibilities. Thecombatant commander(s) and the NCAmust be able to consult with each otherand the alliance in the event of a possibleallied nuclear response. Nuclear C4systems must provide accurateinformation to support releasedecisions. This support includes situationassessment, reports of nuclear detonation,preparation and transmittal of EAMs, and

provision of conferencing communicationsfor decisionmakers. A combination ofradios, landlines, and satellite systems,for example, interconnect thecombatant commanders and the NCA.To ensure maximum survivability,airborne, ground mobile hardened, andelectromagnetic-pulse-protected systemsand communications platforms areincluded in the diverse array of C4systems specifically designed to supportnuclear operations.

2. Assistance and Coordination

a. Within their capabilities and consistentwith assigned missions, the combatantcommanders assist other combatantcommands, Military Services, and DODagencies in satisfying their C4 systemsrequirements.

b. Military Services and DOD agenciesare responsible for coordinating withappropriate combatant commanders thoseC4 system projects, plans, programs, andService requirements that have an impact onthe systems, networks, or facilities within theirgeographic or funct ional areas ofresponsibilities.

Joint warfare requires skilled operators and complex C4 systems.

III-5


Figure III-2. C4 Systems Responsibilities of the Combatant Commanders

3. C4 Systems Configuration

The configuration of the individualService or component C4 systems is toodetailed for this publication.

a. C4 Systems of the CombatantCommands

• The C4 systems of the combatantcommands are configured and operatedgenerally to meet the requirements ofthe command being served; however,the priority requirement will be tosupport the National Military CommandSystem (NMCS). These systemsprovide the means through which thecommanders send and receiveinformation and exercise commandand control over their forces.

• The C4 system of a combatantcommand includes the C4 systems ofsubordinate unified commands andjoint task forces (JTFs) when suchorganizations are established andassigned.

• Combatant commanders’ C4 systemresponsibilities are shown in FigureIII-2.

b. C4 Systems of the Headquarters of theService Component Commands

• The C4 systems of the Servicecomponent commands are configuredand operated generally to meet therequirement of the command beingserved; however, the priority requirementwill be to support the NMCS. Thesesystems provide the means throughwhich the commanders send andreceive information and support theirforces.

• The Service component commandersubmits to the parent Service theoperational requirements for the C4system of the command. The Servicecomponent commander keeps thecombatant commander apprised of theserequirements. The requirements will beresponsive to the NMCS and, in additionto meeting the commanders own needs,

Provide guidance to subordinate commands to ensureinteroperability of the command-wide C4 systems necessaryto accomplish assigned operational functions

Forward the command's submissions for C4 systemsrequirements to the Joint Staff for validation

Designate a joint communications site manager (usually thejoint force commander) when two or more component commandsare collocated within a geographic area

Provide C4 systems reporting for those systems under theircombatant command (command authority) or operational control

C4 SYSTEMS RESPONSIBILITIESOF THE COMBATANT COMMANDERS

III-6

Chapter III

Joint Pub 6-0

will be in accordance with theinteroperability guidance of thecombatant commander.

c. C4 Systems of the MilitaryDepartments and Services. The C4 systemsof the Military Departments and Services areconfigured and operated generally to meet therequirements of individual Service commandsand the requirement to provide serviceablewartime capabilities that can support existingforces logistically, generate new forces,establish force readiness levels adequate todeal with existing threats, and provide supportfor the NMCS. These systems facilitatecoordination of the means by which USforces are sustained across the range ofmilitary operations.

d. C4 Systems of DOD Agencies. The C4support systems of DOD agencies areconfigured generally to meet the requirementsof the agency being served; however, thepriority requirement will be to support theNMCS. These systems provide the meansthrough which the directors control theautomated flow and processing of informationneeded to accomplish the missions of theiragencies.

4. C4 Systems Plans

a. Guidance. The combatant commandersprovide broad guidance for employmentrequirements of C4 systems that affect thecommunications posture and capabilitieswithin the command.

JOINT C4 IN THE GULF WAR

The communications network established to support Operations DESERTSHIELD and DESERT STORM was the largest in history. A flexible andresponsive command, control, and communications system was installed inrecord time — and it maintained a phenomenal 98 percent readiness rate. Thefinal architecture provided connectivity with the NCA, US sustaining bases,CENTCOM, other Coalition forces, and subordinate component elements. Thiswas not an easy task.

In addition to equipment differences among various Coalition members, therewere differences among US forces. Ultimately, several generations ofequipment and many different command and staff elements were melded. Atthe height of the operation, this hybrid system supported more than 700,000telephone calls and 152,000 messages a day. Additionally, more than 35,000frequencies were managed and monitored daily to ensure radio communicationnets were free of interference from other users.

On 8 August, in support of the rapid deployment of US forces, CENTCOMdeployed the first contingent of communications equipment and personnel toprovide crucial links between the in-theater forces and CINCCENT at MacDillAFB. Included in the initial communications package was a super highfrequency (SHF) multichannel satellite terminal, several ultra high frequency(UHF) single-channel tactical satellite (TACSAT) terminals, and associatedterminal equipment, to provide secure voice, facsimile and Defense SwitchedNetwork (DSN), Automatic Digital Network (AUTODIN), and Worldwide MilitaryCommand and Control System connectivity to the initial deployed headquarterselements. The Joint Communications Support Element (JCSE) was amongthe first of these deployments (The JCSE is responsible to the CJCS forproviding tactical communications to JTF headquarters and SOCOM.) At the

III-7


same time, communications equipment from the XVIII Airborne Corps, I MEF,and the 9th Air Force began arriving and links were established quickly.

The rapidly deployable JCSE provided the primary communications supportto CENTCOM and SOCCENT during the initial deployment. JCSE resourcesincluded UHF and SHF SATCOM radios, line-of-sight radios, High Frequency(HF) radios, and circuit and message switches. Throughout OperationsDESERT SHIELD and DESERT STORM, JCSE communications providedcontinuous transmission and switching support for CENTCOM headquarters,linking the command with its components and the NCA. The final JCSEresources were deployed in mid-January in response to a requirement tosupport the CENTCOM Alternate command post, and to provide Ground MobileForce/Defense Satellite Communications System (GMF/DSCS) satellite supportto UK forces.

The Saudi national telephone service augmented early deployingcommunications packages. There were very limited in-place DefenseCommunications System (DCS) facilities anywhere in Southwest Asia (SWA)and, although the Saudi telecommunications system is modern and reliable, ithas neither the capacity nor the geographical dispersion to support a largemilitary force. Available international telephone access also was only a smallpart of the total requirement.

Parallel to the rapid buildup of combat forces in SWA was the deployment oforganic tactical communications systems from Army, USMC and USAF unitsto tie components and subordinate commands into a joint voice and messageswitching network. Because of the high demand for limited airlift resources,initial forces arrived with minimum essential communications capabilities,usually single channel UHF SATCOM and sporadic access to the localcommercial telephone system using secure telephone units (STU-III). Thislevel of communications support would have been insufficient to conductoperations had hostilities begun immediately. The network continued toexpand, however, as air and surface transports brought more communicationsequipment into the theater. The arrival of heavy tropospheric scatter and line-of-sight radio equipment (which provided the bulk of the intra-theaterconnectivity) improved multiple path routing, adding robustness to the jointnetwork.

By November, there was more strategic connectivity (circuits, telephone trunksand radio links) in the AOR than in Europe. By the time Operation DESERTSTORM began, networks that included satellite and terrestrial communicationslinks provided 324 DSN voice trunks into US and European DSN switches,along with 3 AUTODIN circuits to CONUS and European AUTODIN switches,supporting 286 communications centers. The Defense Data Network (DDN)was extended to the tactical level, providing high-speed packet switched datacommunications. At its peak, the joint communications network included 118GMF satellite terminals, 12 commercial satellite terminals, 61 TRI-TAC voiceand 20 TRI-TAC message switches. (This was the first major operationalemployment of the jointly developed TRI-TAC equipment.)

SOURCE: DOD Final Report to Congress:Conduct of the Persian Gulf W ar, April 1992.

III-8

Chapter III

Joint Pub 6-0

b. Review of C4 Systems Plans. Thecombatant commanders review, coordinate,and, when appropriate, validate commandinitiated requirements for systems,networks, projects, and related resources,including those of the component commandsand combat and support forces. The reviewwill ensure essential performance of missions,establishment of selective implementationpriorities, and agreement with approved plansand programs, including employment plans.

c. C4 Systems Requirements. Thecombatant commanders determine C4system deficiencies through operations andexercises, assess C4 system capabilities tosupport combatant commander missions (asdetailed in C4 system master plans (see CJCSI6111.01, “Command, Control , andCommunicationsSystems EvaluationProgram”)), andcompare currentneeds with current capabilities andplanned needs with planned capabilities.Resulting deficiencies are addressed as C4requirements and submitted in accordancewith published guidance.

d. C4 Systems Operational PlanningProcess

• C4 systems support of joint operationsis planned within the chain of commandthat extends from the President to thecombatant commanders and is primarilythe responsibility of the Chairman ofthe Joint Chiefs of Staff in conjunctionwith the combatant commanders. C4systems planning is unique in that:

•• It provides the mechanisms (i.e., C4systems) on which to conduct deliberate,crisis action, and campaign planning.

•• Planning for C4 systems isaccomplished using those samesystems’ deliberate and crisis action

procedures, from OPLANs down to theJFC, as well as those joint planningactivities that support the preparation forstrategic direction and integration withthe functions of the Military Services.

• C4 systems planning establishes thecontext in which the combatantcommanders and/or subordinate JFCsidenti fy the requirements forcommunications and C4 systemswithin the theater or joint operations area.A determination as to numbers, types,and locations of C4 systems results fromstaff planning at those levels involved inthe operation. Planning would typicallyinclude the combatant command staff,joint force staff elements, especially theJ-2, J-3, J-4, J-5, J-6, and componentsin coordination with supportingcombatant commands and Services.

• Joint Pub 5-0, “Doctrine for PlanningJoint Operations,” establishes doctrineand general guidance for planning.Joint Pub 5-00.2, “Joint Task ForcePlanning Guidance and Procedures,”provides an annex on communicationsplanning from a JFC perspective. TheJoint Pub 5-03 series (to be replacedby CJCSI 3122.0X series) explains theJOPES, a C4 system resident on theGCCS (near term WWMCCS AutomatedData Processing and WWMCCSInformation Network). Joint Pub 6-0subordinate publications also provideC4 systems planning guidance.

e. Planning DISN and Non-DISN(Tactical) C4 Systems Interfaces.Requirements for interface between theDISN and tactical C4 systems occur atvarious organizational levels and includeDISN switched networks, C2 and supportnetworks, and transmission capabilitiesranging from a few circuits to many.

III-9


• The combatant commanders designatewhere, when, and how DISN andnon-DISN C4 systems interface. In thepreparation of plans, commanders shouldensure that these points, and thosefacilities for which interface capabilityis required, are identified and thatoperational interface requirements areestablished. Normally, interface willoccur at the headquarters of thecommanders of component commands,at the headquarters of other elementsdirectly controlled by the combatantcommander, or at designated areacommunications nodes. Additionalinterface points may be specified by theChairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff.

• When the combatant commanderdetermines that the extension of the DISNis appropriate, the combatant commandermay designate certain operationaltactical C4 facilities to replace DISNfacilities or make other appropriatetemporary arrangements until DISNfacilities can be provided.

• New equipment which must interfacewith the DISN in joint tactical operationswill conform to the applicable electricalinterface standards developed by DISA,in coordination with the Joint Staff,combatant commanders and Services.

5. C4 Systems Resources

a. Allocation of C4 System Resources

• Combatant commanders determinepriorities of C4 systems and allocatecommunications circuits and channels(bandwidth) within the geographic or

functional area of responsibility of theircommands, including those required bycomponent and other subordinatecommands.

• Where the C4 support services requiredby a combatant command, MilitaryService, or DOD agency use theresources or traverse the C4 systems,networks, or facilities within the area ofresponsibility of another combatantcommand, the allocation of resourcesare accomplished through mutualagreement of the commands, MilitaryServices, or agencies concerned.Component requirements for C4resources must be validated by therespective combatant commander.

b. Allocation of Critical C4 Resources

• Where the availability of C4 systemresources is critical and a mutuallyacceptable agreement cannot beachieved by the combatant commander,Military Services, or DOD agenciesconcerned, the matter is referred to theChairman of the Joint Chiefs of Stafffor resolution on behalf of the NCA.

• Cases are referred to the Chairman ofthe Joint Chiefs of Staff, on behalf ofthe NCA, by either a joint or individualcommunication from the combatantcommanders, Military Services, or DODagencies concerned. Referrals includeinformation on the mission requiringsupport; C4 system resources of eachcommand, Military Service, or DODagency concerned; reasons whycommon-user systems cannot be used;and impact if C4 service is not provided.

III-10

Chapter III

Joint Pub 6-0

Intentionally Blank

CHAPTER IVC4 SYSTEMS EMPLOYMENT RESPONSIBILITIES

IV-1

“The history of command can thus be understood in terms of a race betweenthe demand for information and the ability of command systems to meet it.”

Martin Van Creveld, Command in W ar,Harvard University Press, Cambridge, MA, 1985

1. CJCS Responsibilities

a. The Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Stafffunctions within the chain of command bytransmitting to the combatant commanders theorders of the President and the Secretary ofDefense. The Chairman coordinates allcommunications in matters of joint interestaddressed to the combatant commandersby other authority.

b. The Chairman operates the NMCSfor the Secretary of Defense to meet the needsof the NCA and establishes operationalpolicies and procedures for all componentsof the NMCS and ensures their implementation.

c. General operational responsibility forthe Nuclear Command, Control, andCommunications (C3) System lies with theChairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff. TheNuclear C3 System is centrally directedthrough the Joint Staff. The Nuclear C3System supports Presidential nuclear C2 andNCA C2 of the combatant commands in theareas of integrated tactical warning and attackassessment, decisionmaking, decisiondissemination, and force management andreport back.

2. Combatant CommanderResponsibilities

Combatant commanders:

a. Submit C4 system requirements, forjoint operations within the scope of theirmissions and functions, to the Chairman of

the Joint Chiefs of Staff. They also provideinformation copies of the correspondence tothe Services, and Defense agencies. Thissubmission will include requirements forCJCS-controlled mobile, transportable C4assets, when such requirements are notsatisfied by normal Military Department orMilitary Service processes.

b. Collect, provide comments on, andforward to the Chairman of the Joint Chiefsof Staff requirements applicable to jointoperations for all C4 equipment that aregenerated by subordinate operationalcommands and are being submitted directlyto the Military Departments or Services.DISN/C4 resources must be validated at thecombatant commander level.

c. Report to the Chairman of the JointChiefs of Staff incompatibilities or lack ofinteroperability among C4 systems andbetween tactical systems and the DISN.

d. Test the C4 systems portions ofappropriate OPLANs periodically as a partof a CJCS-sponsored or command-sponsoredexercise. These tests will identify unresolvedissues, verify operational procedures andinteroperability, and provide joint training.

e. Ensure that Service components andsubordinate unified commands submitrequirements for all C4 systems applicableto joint operations through the combatantcommanders to the Military Departments orServices in accordance with procedures ineffect.

IV-2

Chapter IV

Joint Pub 6-0

f. Submit a C4 system master plan to theChairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff. (SeeCJCSI 6111.01, “Command, Control, andCommunications Systems EvaluationProgram.”)

3. Military DepartmentResponsibilities

In accordance with guidelines and directionfrom the Secretary of Defense, each MilitaryDepartment or Military Service , asappropriate, has the following commonfunctions and responsibilities pertaining tojoint operations:

a. To provide interoperable andcompatible C4 systems, warfighters, andreserves of equipment and supplies for theeffective prosecution of war and to plan forthe expansion of peacetime communicationsto meet the needs of war.

b. To provide, organize, and train its C4systems personnel and provide interoperableand compatible C4 systems equipment forjoint operations.

c. To install, operate, and maintainassigned facilities of the DISN, including thecapability of meeting the provisions of

C4 Systems must be mobile to support joint warfighters.

applicable standards. The Service responsiblefor operation and maintenance of the DISNfacility will be responsible for providing theconditioning equipment required to effect theDISN or non-DISN interface.

d. To maintain mobile, transportable C4system assets, which are controlled by theChairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, in ahigh state of readiness.

e. To cooperate with and assist the otherServices in accomplishing their C4 systemfunctions, as determined by proper authority.

4. Service and Commander inChief, United States SpecialOperations Command(USCINCSOC)Responsibilities and C4Organizations

The C4 system responsibilities of eachService will normally parallel and bedetermined by other related assignedresponsibilities and command relationships.Each Service and USCINCSOC has thefollowing responsibilities and implementsthem through organizations discussed

IV-3


below that are unique to their respectiveoperating environments:

a. To provide, operate, and maintain theC4 facilities organic to its own tactical forces,including organic Service elements.

b. To provide, operate, and maintainterminal equipment on DISN access circuits,circuits required for communications withelements of other Services, and associatedcircuit facilities as may be assigned ormutually agreed.

c. To provide, operate, and maintaininteroperable and compatible C4 systemsfor distress, disaster, emergency, and safetyas directed by proper authority and inaccordance with applicable internationalagreements.

d. To provide the capability for interfaceof non-DISN facilities.

• The Service operating a non-DISNfacility that must interface with the DISNwhile using existing equipment will meetrequired interface standards.

• A Service procuring new non-DISNfacilities that are to interface with theDISN must ensure that they meetapplicable standards.

e. To provide the combatant commandswith Service C4 system and connectivityrequirements for forces assigned to thatcommand for inclusion in commanddeliberate planning.

f. Army Communications Organizations.The Army communications organizationalstructure extends from the Serviceheadquarters level down to the Army divisionand separate combat brigade. At theDepartment of the Army (DA), the Directorof Information Systems for Command,Control, and Communications is responsible

for the overall planning, programming, andbudgeting of Army communications/information systems that support bothstrategic and tactical requirements worldwide.The responsibility includes those DefenseCommunications System (DCS) facilities thatare assigned to the Army for engineering,installation, operation, and maintenance.

• The Army communications organizationsare designed around Army strategicmissions as assigned by the JointStrategic Capabilities Plan and the DA,and the tactical communications requiredto support deployed Army forces fromthe Army level down to the smallest unit.Strategic communications are designedto support the Army mission of operatingand maintaining assigned portions of theDefense Information Systems Networkworldwide. Additionally, in Europe, thePacific, and the continental United States,the mission is to provide Armyforces and other Services withconductivity into the DCS through Armycommunications systems and voiceand message switches. Tacticalcommunications in support of all Armyforces are provided by tactical mobilecommunications units from separates i g n a l b r i g a d e s t h a t p r o v i d ecommunications in support of Army andother non-Army c orps units. Support tocorps, divisions, and below is providedby organic signal brigades andbattalions designed to meet theoperational requirements of their units.

• United States Army InformationSystems Command (USAISC) has theprincipal responsibility of engineering,installing, operating, and maintainingall Army DCS facilities and thecommunications for theater army atEchelons Above Corps (EAC).Subordinate to USAISC are the Armysignal commands and brigades thatimplement DCS and EAC communications

IV-4

Chapter IV

Joint Pub 6-0

Figure IV-1. US Army Information Systems Command

missions for their respective areas ofoperations. USAISC is also responsiblefor supporting post communicationsfacilities that include local switching anddistribution systems. See Figure IV-1.

• The theater Army component commandsare directly responsible to the geographiccombatant commanders and under theguidance of Headquarters, DA, foradministrative and long-range ProgramObjective Memorandum matters.

Component commands include USArmy Europe, Heidelberg, Germany; theUS Army Pacific, Fort Shafter, HI; andUS Army Central at Fort McPherson,GA. Each Army component commandhas a fairly large information systemsstaff and intelligence staff (which isnormally part of the Joint IntelligenceCenter). During war, the Theater ArmyCommunications Command hasoperational control over the signalorganizations supporting the theater Army

US ARMY INFORMATIONSYSTEMS COMMAND

Ft. Shafter,HI

Panama

Ft. Huachuca, AZ

Worms, Germany

Dhahran,Saudi Arabia

Seoul, Korea

US Army Information Systems Command

2nd Signal Brigade

7th Signal Brigade

US ArmyEngineering andImplementationActivity-Europe

11th Signal BrigadeFt. Huachuca, AZ

516th Signal BrigadeFt. Shafter, HI

106th Signal BrigadePanama

5th Signal CommandWorms, Germany

54th Signal BattalionDhahran, Saudi Arabia

1st Signal BrigadeSeoul, Korea

IV-5


and its component commands. Int h i s ro le , the Theater ArmyCommunications Command isresponsible for all in-theater Armycommunications that are not organic toArmy corps and smaller-sized units. TheTheater Army Communications Commandwould operate and maintain in-theaterArmy DCS facilities (and, in some cases,joint facilities) that are, in turn, under themanagement/control of the DISA AreaCommunications Operations Center.

• In October 1992 the Army modified theway USAISC operates on an installation.Prev ious ly, the Directorate ofInformation Management (DOIM)worked directly for USAISC and did notfall under the post commander for theinstallation, operation, and maintenanceof communications systems. Today, theDOIM is assigned to USAISC but isunder the operational control of thegarrison commander. Units that arepart of this directorate provide thein ter face between insta l la t ioncommunications and commercial or DCScommunications organizations.

• F r o m a t a c t i c a l s t a n d p o i n t ,communications units below Armylevel are organic to the supportedcommand (corps, division, or separatebrigade). At most Army corps, a signalbrigade composed of several signalbattal ions supports the corpsh e a d q u a r t e r s a n d p r o v i d e scommunications between the corps andits subordinate commands. Each divisionand separate combat brigade contains anorganic signal battalion or company toprovide its communications systems.These units are normally organized tosupport a Division Main, TacticalCommand Post, Division Artillery, orDivision Support Command. They useMobile Subscriber Equipment toprovide communications access nodes

that connect the combat brigades acrossthe division. For a separate combatbrigade, a signal company or reinforcedcommunications platoon normallywil l provide the same type ofcommunications support. Responsibilityfor communications support is fromhigher echelons to lower organizations.Figure IV-2 illustrates Army tacticalcommunications configurations.

• Other units having large-scalecommunications systems to supportunique operations in a corps or divisionare the military intelligence brigades(corps level) or Combat Electronic-Warfare Intelligence battalions(division level) and the Air DefenseArtillery (brigade and battalion level)that have dedicated communicationssystems to support their assigned unitswhen dispersed across the battlefield.

g. Navy Communications Organizations.The US Navy is one of two Services withinthe Department of the Navy. The other, theMarine Corps, is discussed later in this chapter.The Chief of Naval Operations (CNO), as theNavy’s Chief of the Service, is responsiblefor recruiting, organizing, training, equipping,and providing naval forces for assignment tocombatant commands, and for administeringand supporting these forces. Providingcommunications support to the forces is theresponsibility of several organizationssubordinate to the CNO. Figure IV-3 showsthe structure of naval communications withinthe Department of the Navy.

• The N-6, Directorate of Space andElectronic Warfare, is the principalNavy staff responsible to the CNO forC4I. The N-6 is charged with oversightand development of the technologicalsystems and organizational supportsystems that focus on the commandand control of forces by naval commanders.Primary responsibilities include the

IV-6

Chapter IV

Joint Pub 6-0

Figure IV-2. Representative Theater Army Tactical Configurations

Naval C4I strategy and developingsystems that support C4I For TheWarrior and doctrine governing relatedspace, Information Warfare, and C4Isystems.

• Subordinate to the N-6 is the NavalComputer and TelecommunicationsCommand (NCTC). The NCTC ischarged with the administrative andtechnical oversight of the Navy’s shore-based naval telecommunicationsfacil it ies—Naval Computer andTelecommunications Area MasterStations (NCTAMS), Naval Computerand Telecommunications Stations(NCTS), and other computer and

telecommunications shore sites. TheNCTC has administrative control of allshore-based telecommunicationsfacilities worldwide, oversees theoperations of the naval portion of theDCS, and maintains administrative andlogistical oversight of the NavalTelecommunications Integration Centerand the Naval Electronic SpectrumCenter.

• A NCTAMS is the transmission andswitching hub for routing all fleet-originated traffic into the DCS and fordistributing DCS and internal Navytraffic to fleet units. At the tacticalunit level, a ship’s communications

IV-7


• The NCTAMS is responsible for allNaval Computer and TelecommunicationsSystem daily operations within itsassigned region. NCTAMS alsomaintain control over subordinateNCTSs within their area. FleetCommanders have operational controlof NCTC facilities, such as NCTAMS,located in their areas of operation. Forexample NCTAMS Paci f ic , anadministrative subordinate of NCTC, isunder the operational control of theCommander-in-Chief, Pacific Fleet.Four NCTAMS: NCTAMS LANT inNorfolk, VA; NCTAMS MED in Bagnoli(Naples), Italy; NCTAMS WESTPAC inFinegayan, Guam; and NCTAMSEASTPAC in Wahiawa, HI, are theprimary shore-based telecommunicationsand computer hubs serving US Navy fleetactivities worldwide.

• The US Atlantic Fleet at Norfolk, VA,serves as the Navy component commandfor the United States Atlantic Command;the US Pacific Fleet at Makalapa, HI,for the United States Pacific Command(USPACOM); the US Naval ForcesEurope located in Naples, Italy, withadministrative staff in London, serves asthe Navy component command for theUnited States European Command(USEUCOM); US Naval ForcesCentral, with headquarters at MacDillAFB, FL, and a forward headquarters inBahrain, serves as the Navy componentcommand for the United States CentralCommand (USCENTCOM). Theseh e a d q u a r t e r s h a v e o r g a n i ctelecommunications staffs whosupervise these activities within theirareas of operations.

h. Air For ce Commun ica t ionsOrganizations are shown in Figure IV-4.The Office of the Chief of Staff of the AirForce is organized with a DeputyChief of Staff for Command, Control,

NAVALCOMMUNICATIONS

STRUCTURE

Naval Computer andTelecommunications

Command

Naval Computer andTelecommunications Area

Master Station


Station


Center

Naval CommunicationsDetachment

Figure IV-3. Naval CommunicationsStructure

off icer i s responsib le for a l ltelecommunications activities. At anaval base, Naval Computer andTelecommunications Centers orD e t a c h m e n t s f u r n i s h b a s etelecommunication and computerservices and provide entry into the DCS.The NCTAMS is administrativelysubordinate to the Commander, NCTC.

IV-8

Chapter IV

Joint Pub 6-0

Communications, and Computers referredto as SC. The SC is responsible to the Chiefof Staff of the Air Force for architecture andtechnical policy, joint interoperabilitymatters, future concepts, monitoringprograms, and budgets for the Air Force C4infrastructure. The SC currently hasresponsibility for direct oversight of threedirectorates and three Field OperatingAgencies. On the staff side are: Plans, Policy,and Resources; Architectures, Standards, andInteroperability; and Mission Support.Organizations outside the staff include theAir Force Pentagon CommunicationsAgency; Air Force Frequency ManagementAgency; and the Air Force C4 Agency.Operational and tactical level communicationsare within the Air Combat Command atLangley AFB, VA.

• The Air Force Pentagon CommunicationsAgency (AFPCA) is responsible forsupporting Air Force communications inthe Pentagon and the Washington, D.C.area. They were reorganized in March,1995 under the single agency manager

for Pentagon Technical Services, but willcontinue to function as AFPCA.

• The Air Force Frequency ManagementAgency is responsible for all mattersinvolving frequency management.

• The Air Force C4 Agency is responsiblefor carrying out policy directed by theAF Deputy Chief of Staff for C4. As thetechnical arm of Headquarters USAF/SC,it ensures C4 integration across the AirForce.

• The 3 Combat Communications Group(CCG) at Tinker AFB, OK, and the 5CCG at Warner Robins AFB, GA, aresubordinate to the Air Combat Commandat Langley AFB, VA. The 1 CombatCommunications Squadron (CCS) and644 CCS are subordinate to US AirForces Europe and Pacific Air Forces,respectively. Additionally, Air NationalGuard and Air Reserve Forces CombatCommunications Squadrons are alsoemployed when required. CCG/CCS

Architectures,Technology, &

InteroperabilityMission Systems

US AIR FORCE C4ORGANIZATIONAL STRUCTURE

Air ForceDeputy Chief of StaffCommand, Control,

Communications, & Computers

InfrastructureStrategic SystemsVisual InformationTactical / Intelligence

Systems

ArchitectureInteroperability &

IntegrationTechnology &

Standards

Force ManagementResourcesProgram EvaluationPlans & Policy

FrequencyManagement Agency

Air Force C4 AgencyAir Force Pentagon

CommunicationsAgency

Field OperatingAgencies

Plans, Policy, &Resources

Figure IV-4. US Air Force C4 Organizational Structure

IV-9


missions will be to deploy equipment andp e r s o n n e l to a u g m e n t i n i t i a lcommunications capabilities already intheater. Their assets provide a morerobust mixture of Tri-Service TacticalCommunications (TRI-TAC) andcommercial communications equipmentthan is often found in a theater ofoperations. Capabilities provide longhaul communications capabilities toinclude ground mobile forces (GMF)satellite, tropospheric and line of sight(LOS) microwave, digital and analogswitching, record communications, andtechnical control capabilities. Under theTheater Deployable Communicationsprogram, older TRI-TAC equipment willbe replaced with advanced digitalequipment which includes multi-bandcapable satellite terminals capable ofbackward compatibility with GMFterminals while also being capable ofusing commercial satellite bands. Ina d d i t i o n t o t h e m o r e r o b u s tcommunications capabilities, the CCGsand CCSs provide deployed Air TrafficControl capabilities to support bare baseoperations.

i. Marine Corps CommunicationsOrganizations. The US Marine Corps is aseparate Service within the Department of theNavy. Headquarters Marine Corps (HQMC)is located at the Navy Annex of the Pentagon,Washington, D.C. The Commandant of theMarine Corps (CMC) has the primaryresponsibility for recruiting, organizing,training, equipping, and providing Marineforces for assignment to combatantcommands. The Service administers andsupports those forces, including C4, througha senior staff and subordinate commands.

• As shown in Figure IV-5, the CMC’sprincipal military staff assistant forcommunications and intelligencefunctions is the Assistant Chief of Stafffor C4I. The C4I Department located at

HQMC is responsible for all mattersregarding these functional areas, toinclude planning, programming,budgeting, directing, and operations.

• In addition to the headquarters staff, twolarge Marine Corps support commandshave communications responsibilities: theMarine Corps Systems Commandand the Marine Corps CombatDevelopment Center located atQuantico, VA. They are responsible fordeveloping C4I-related doctrine, trainingand education, equipment acquisitionstrategies, technical development, andhardware and software program oversight.

• All US Marine Corps operational forcesare organized for combat as Marine air-ground task forces (MAGTFs).Regardless of size, each MAGTFconsists of a command element, a groundcombat element, an aviation combatelement, and a combat services u p p o r t e l e m e n t . A l l h a v ecommunications requirements andsupport organizations. Figure IV-6illustrates the structure of a notional USMarine Corps operational backbonecommunications structure.

• MAGTFs are assigned to two regionalMarine Forces: Marine ForcesAtlantic and Marine Forces Pacific(MARFORPAC). These commands areMarine components of the variousgeographic combatant commanders; theyconcurrently constitute the Marinesegments of US Navy components togeographic combatant commanders. Forexample, the Commanding General,MARFORPAC, is the Marine componentcommander for USCENTCOM andUSPACOM. The most recent additionto the organizational structure isMarine Forces Europe, which is locatednear USEUCOM headquarters atVaihingen, Germany.

IV-10

Chapter IV

Joint Pub 6-0

US MARINE CORPS COMMUNICATIONAND INTELLIGENCE OVERVIEW

Secretary of theNavy

USMC CombatDevelopmentQuantico, VA

CommandantUS Marine Corps

USMC SystemsCommand

Quantico, VA

Marine Corps Computer andTelecommunication Activity

Quantico, VA

Intelligence ActivityQuantico, VA

Assistant Chief ofStaff C4I

IntelligenceDivision

C4I SystemsDivision

DeputyACS Intelligence

Deputy ACS C4ISystems

Integration

ResourceManagement

Division

Figure IV-5. US Marine Corps Communications and Intelligence Overview

• Marine Forces Pacific has twowarfighting MAGTFs: I MarineExpeditionary Force (MEF) located atCamp Pendleton, CA, and III MEFassigned to Camp Butler, Okinawa,Japan. Marine Forces Atlantic, withheadquarters at Camp Lejeune, NC, isassigned II MEF, which is also home-based at Camp Lejeune, NC. Each MEFcontains a command element, an

infantry division, a Marine aircraftwing, and a service support group.MEFs can be further task-organized asoperationally necessary into smallerMAGTFs; additionally, it is possible toadd elements to a MEF to increasecombat power. During the Gulf War, forexample, both the 1st Marine Division(from I MEF) and the 2nd MarineDivision (from II MEF), along with

IV-11


NOTIONAL US MARINE CORPS OPERATIONALBACKBONE COMMUNICATIONS STRUCTURE

TropoAN / TRC-170

GMFSAT

JFACC

DefenseCommunicationsSystem (DCS)

NavyTelecommunications

System (NTS)

MEF(MAGTF HQ)

TropoAN / TRC-170

TropoAN / TRC-170

TropoAN / TRC-170

GMFSAT

GMFSAT

GMFSAT

GMF SATAN / TSC-85

UHF SATAN / TSC-96

LOSAN / MRC-142

LOSAN / MRC-142

JTF

Division(GCE)

Air Wing(ACE)

FSSG(CSSE)

Figure IV-6. Notional US Marine Corps Operational Backbone Communications Structure

coalition forces, formed the groundc o m b a t e l e m e n t o f I M E F —USCENTCOM’s Marine component.

• Organic telecommunications andintelligence support to the MEFheadquarters is provided by aSurveillance, Reconnaissance, andIntelligence Group (SRIG). WithinSRIGs are a communications battalion,a radio battalion, and other tacticalsurveillance and intelligence organizations.

• The communications battalion, themajor communications unit within aMEF, is charged with providing

common-user, general servicemessage, and other telecommunicationssupport as required to the MEFheadquarters. This includes, but is notlimited to, multi-channel satellite, singlechannel satell ite, multi-channelterrestrial, and single channel terrestrialtransmissions systems, along withcircuit, packet, and message switchingservices. The communicationsbattalion also provides necessaryequipment to interface with the DCS,the Naval Telecommunications System,JTF systems, and multinational militarysystems as required. The communicationsbattalion may be augmented as

IV-12

Chapter IV

Joint Pub 6-0

directed for joint operations by JTF-provided communications equipmentand systems. A communicationsbattalion is located with each MEF—the 7th with III MEF on Okinawa, Japan;the 8th with II MEF at Camp Lejeune,NC; and the 9th with I MEF at CampPendleton, CA.

• MAGTF Special CompartmentedIntelligence (SCI) communicationsterminal support is provided by dedicatedSpecial Security CommunicationsTeams from the SRIG’s radio battalion.The communications battalion, however,provides most of the trunking andswitching support for SCI circuits withinthe MEF.

• Each Marine aircraft wing has an organiccommunications squadron, each Marinedivision an organic communicationscompany, and each service support groupa communications company. Thesecommunications units provide internalcommunication to their respectiveorganizations; the MEF’s communicationbattalion provides common-user externalcommunications.

• The traditional staff functions ofcommunications-electronics andcomputer systems have beencombined in all Marine tacticalorganizations from the MEFheadquarters to the battalion/squadronlevel into one principal staff officer titledeither the G-6 or S-6, depending on thesize of the unit. For example, a MEF hasa G-6, while an infantry battalion has anS-6.

j. Coast Guard CommunicationsOrganizations. Although the Coast Guardi s at tached to the Depar tment ofTransportation, it has participated, as an armof the US Navy, in every national conflict. Itroutinely participates in various DOD

activities and in Navy fleet and joint exercises.The Coast Guard is headquartered inWashington, D.C., and has an Atlantic andPacific area headquarters, ten districtheadquarters, ten air stations, and twelvecommunications and long-range electronicaid to navigation (LORAN) stations thatprovide C4 support worldwide. The CoastGuard Office of Command, Control,a n d C o m m u n i c a t i o n s m a n a g e scommunications organizations thatroutinely interact with the Services, as dosubordinate units engaged directly inoperations involving the joint community.The Coast Guard is directly connected withall major DOD common-user systems suchas Defense Data Network, Defense SwitchedNetwork, and Defense CommercialTelecommunications Network. Additionally,it plays a very active role in the counterdrugcommunity and has C4 access to systemssupporting that effort.

• In addition to major systems connectivity,the Coast Guard has mobile/transportable systems such as ultra highfrequency (UHF) tactical satellite(TACSAT) and LOS radio systems thatprovide secure and nonsecureconnectivity at the operator level. Thisis important to the day-to-day operationswhere it and the military communityroutinely interact. Examples includesearch and rescue, aids tonav iga t ion , and mar i t ime lawenforcement. Major missions under thelatter category include customs andimmigration issues such as those recentlyexperienced with Haitian refugees, anddaily operations in the areas of smugglingand narcotics enforcement.

• O r g a n i z a t i o n a l l y , s e v e r a lcommunications responsibilities existin the mission area of aids tonavigation that are especially importantto the Navy and Air Force. These includethe long-range electronic aid to

IV-13


navigation known as LORAN-C,Differential Global Positioning System,and OMEGA. In a related mission, theCoast Guard has an important role inGlobal Positioning System (GPS)management. Specifically, it operates theGPS Information Center that providescivil users of that system with systemstatus and other GPS satelliteinformation. In that regard, it worksdirectly with the United States SpaceCommand in the development of theDOD Operational Capability ReportingManagement System regarding theinterface of the military with thenonmilitary GPS community.

k . Spec ia l Ope ra t i ons F o rcesCommunications Organizations. Specialoperations forces (SOF) have uniquemissions that include direct action, strategicreconnaissance, unconventional warfare,foreign internal defense, counterterrorism,psychological operations, and civil affairs.The execution of these missions oftenrequires communications and intelligencesystems support that is distinctly differentfrom that required by conventional forces.

• Located at MacDill AFB in Tampa, FL,US Special Operations Command(USSOCOM) is the combatantcommand with oversight of the specialoperations community. In normalcircumstances, the orientation ofUSSOCOM is support, not operationalcontrol. It does so with the help of itsfour component commands, whichsimilarly have intelligence andcommunications staffs, but also haveunits and capabilities that can be taskedto support communications missions.

• SOF units require lightweight, highlymobile, and efficient communicationsthat have a low probability of detectionand interception. SOF units haveorganic communications capability to

connect tactical headquarters to smalldeployed elements operating in the field.Communications normally consist ofUHF satellite and high frequency (HF)or UHF/very high frequency LOScommunications equipment. USSOCOMacquired communications systems undera program called “Crashout,” that providean initial deployable communicationsJoint Special Operations Task Force(JSOTF) package. These packagesinclude commercial and militarytransmission, cryptographic, terminalequipment, power generation assets,UHF TACSAT, international maritimecommercial satellite, HF radios, STU-IIIsecure telephones, and computerterminals.

5. DOD Agency Responsibilities

DOD Agency Responsibilities:

a. DIA is responsible for developing,implementing, and managing theconfiguration of information, data, andcommunications standards for intelligencesystems, in coordination with the Joint Staff,Services, other agencies, and the Office of theSecretary of Defense. DIA establishes defensewide intelligence priorities for attaininginteroperability between tactical, theater, andnational intelligence related systems andbetween intelligence related systems andtactical, theater, and national C4 systems.

b. DISA is responsible for ensuringthat the DCS/DISN meets the worldwidenetwork and transmission telecommunicationsrequirements of the NCA, DOD, and otherauthorized government agencies anddepartments. DISA is further charged withproviding reliable, flexible informationservices to all users at acceptable costs.These services include providing networkservice to facilitate information transfer;planning, programming, and network systemengineering; implementing all DISN

IV-14

Chapter IV

Joint Pub 6-0

programs; and centralized internal DISAtelecommunications services. DISA, forexample, has operational control of theDefense Network (scheduled to be replaced1 October 1995 by DISN Internet ProtocolRouter Data Services), video teleconferencingfor all DOD, the Red Switch Network, theDefense Message System, and other extensivetelecommunications and computer networks.The Director, DISA, is also designated theNuclear C3 System Engineer. The NuclearC3 System Engineer is charged with providingtechnical support to the Joint Staff in carryingout responsibilities with respect to the NuclearC3 System. This nuclear C3 technical supportincludes: operational assessments, the draftingof related Joint Emergency Action Proceduresand Operation Plans, developing battlestaffcertification plans, providing assessmentsof engineering or operational issues,recommending techniques and systems tocounteract the threat, performing threatassessments to include survivability studies,and proposing developmental efforts and newC3 systems to meet Nuclear C3 Systemobjectives.

• DISA is also responsible for specifyinginterfaces with non-DCS/DISN militaryand commerc ia l e lements andrecommending standards to promoteinteroperability between DCS and non-DCS stations. It also analyzes non-DODcommunications activities and facilitiesthat can be fully integrated or collocatedwith DCS/DISN operating facilities.

• A significant quantity of criticallyimportant intelligence circuits traverseDCS/DISN transmission and switchingnetworks or commercial networksmaintained by DISA. Consequently,knowledge of this agency and how itoperates is important for thoseintelligence planners who are developingnew requirements that requirecommunications support.

c. The National Security Agency isresponsible for developing and prescribingcryptographic standards and principlesthat are technically secure and sound;development and executive management ofDOD cryptographic hardware and softwaresystems; and providing specialized support tothe NCA and operating forces (e.g., NationalIntelligence Support Teams and other specialcapabilities).

6. Responsibilities of the JTFEstablishing Authority

The establishing authority:

a. Ensures that C4 systems personnel,COMSEC, and equipment requirements ofthe Commander, Joint Task Force (CJTF), andCommander, Joint Special Operations TaskForce, are supported.

b. Coordinates C4 activities with theChairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, DISA,Services, combatant commands, componentforces, and others, as appropriate.

c. Prepares C4 policy and guidance toenable subordinate forces to operate withinthe unified command structure.

d. Ensures compatibility of JTF C4systems.

7. CJTF Responsibility

The CJTF:

a. Ensures adequate and effective C4systems are available to support the jointforce C2 infrastructure.

b. Publishes C4 plans, annexes, andoperating instructions to support theassigned mission.

IV-15


c. Provides overall management of all C4systems supporting the JTF.

d. Reviews and coordinates C4 plansprepared by subordinate commands.

e . R e q u e s t s C J C S - c o n t ro l l e dtransportable communications assets,including JCSE assets, in accordancewith CJCS MOP 3, “CJCS-ControlledCommunications Assets” and other establishedprocedures. (See Chapter II for additionalinformation on spectrum managementresponsibilities.)

f. Ensures compatibility of JTF C4systems.

8. The JTF Director of C4Systems (J-6) Responsibilities

The JTF J-6:

a. Responds to the CJTF on all C4matters.

b. Exercises staff supervision, operationaldirection, and management control of allCJCS-controlled transportable assets,including JCSE, and C4 assets employed injoint C4 systems and networks.

c. Establishes the JCCC to support toplevel network control and management withinthe joint operations area.

9. Joint CommunicationsSupport ElementResponsibilities

The JCSE is a unique communicationsorganization under the operational control ofthe CJCS. Headquartered at MacDill AFB,the JCSE consists of an active duty elementof about 500 personnel and two Air NationalGuard Joint Communications SupportSquadrons. JCSE’s primary mission is toprovide tactical communications supportfor two simultaneously deployed JTFs andtwo JSOTFs. The JCSE possesses a widerange of tactical communicationscapabilities tailored to meet a variety ofcontingency missions. The unit is staffed withpersonnel from all the Services and isequipped with a wide array of tactical andcommercial communications equipment.

10. DISA Liaison OfficerResponsibilities

The DISA Liaison Officer:

a. Serves as the interface betweenexercise and/or joint operation participantsand DISA.

b. Provides staff advice to the JTF J-6 onDISN matters.

IV-16

Chapter IV

Joint Pub 6-0

Intentionally Blank

CHAPTER VJOINT AND MULTINATIONAL C4 SYSTEMS

STANDARDIZATION AND PROCEDURES

V-1

1. Standardization

Standardization among allied nationsand the United States is achieved throughinternational forums in accordance withpolicy and procedures in CJCSI 2700.01,“International Military Rationalization,Standardization, and Interoperability (RSI)Between the United States and Its Allies andOther Friendly Nations.” This policyd o c u m e n t c o v e r s a l l a s p e c t s o finteroperability. With respect to C4systems, the policy focuses on enhancingmultinational combat capabilities for USmilitary forces to communicate and sharedata and information. Areas of particularconcern for compatibility and commonality

include C4 and automated informationsystems, battlefield surveillance systems,target designation systems, and targetacquisition systems, and COMSEC hardwareand software systems.

a. The United States participates in manyforums of RSI negotiations around theworld, including:

• North Atlantic Treaty Organization(NATO). All wartime essentialcommunication computer systems usedin the European theater will comply withthe NATO Air Command and ControlSystem.

“When masses of troops are employed, certainly they are widely separated,and ears are not able to hear acutely nor eyes to see clearly.Therefore officers and men are ordered to advance or retreat by observingthe flags and banners and to move or stop by signals of bells and drums.Thus the valiant shall not advance alone, nor shall the coward flee.”

Chang Yu: (c. 1000)

Unique operating environments may require specialized C4 systems.

V-2

Chapter V

Joint Pub 6-0

• Other multilateral organizations(e.g., American, British, Canadian,Australian Armies, Air StandardizationCoordinating Committee, MultinationalCommunications-Electronics Board).

• Bilateral contacts.

b. For C4 systems multinational doctrine,the Command, Control, Communications,and Computer Systems Directorate (J-6)is the Joint Staff office of primaryresponsibility.

2. MilitaryCommunication-ElectronicsBoard (MCEB)

The MCEB is a decisionmaking instrumentof the Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staffand the Secretary of Defense for determiningcorporate system C4 strategy to support thewarfighter. The MCEB considers andresolves issues related to the interoperability,compatibility, and integration of the C4I ForThe Warrior vision. The MCEB is chairedby the Director for Command, Control,Communications, and Computer Systems (J-6), Joint Staff, and composed of twenty-twoorganizations from the Services and Defenseagencies at the flag officer/Senior ExecutiveService level.

3. Joint and Allied Publications

Communicat ions methods andprocedures for joint and multinationalcommunications-electronics matters, whichare established by the MCEB for use by theMilitary Services, appear in the followingpublications:

a. Allied Communications Publications(ACPs). These publications are produced inconjunction with allied nations. MCEBsupervises US participation in the productionof ACPs. ACPs are approved for US use bythe Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff.

b. Joint Army-Navy-Air ForcePublications (JANAPs) and Supplementsto ACPs. JANAPs and US supplements toACP’s US C4 publications are developedunder the direction of the Chairman of theJoint Chiefs of Staff for US use under thefollowing conditions:

• When no ACP covers a specific subject.

• To expedite the provision of new orsupporting information to the ArmedForces of the United States pendingacceptance by other allied nations.

• To meet requirements peculiar tospecialized US operations or forproviding such augmenting, supporting,or new information to enhance or clarifyusage of ACPs.

CHAPTER VIGLOBAL C4 INFRASTRUCTURE

VI-1

1. The Nature of the GlobalInformation Environment

Advances in information technologiesand continued reduction in cost ofinformation-related equipment andsystems continue to fuel an explosion ofnetworks around the globe that form theinfosphere. In reality, the various labels placedon systems and networks are misleading asthere are no discrete boundaries in theinformation environment. All are inextricablyintertwined and this trend will only intensifywith the continuous application of rapidlyadvancing technology.

a. Viewing this environment as aninfosphere reveals its true nature. This

worldwide telecommunications webtranscends industry, media, and the militaryand includes both government andnongovernment entities. The infosphereelectronically links organizations andindividuals around the globe. It ischaracterized by a merging of civilian andmilitary information networks andtechnologies. While the benefits received aretremendous, reliance on this technology andinfrastructure generates dependence anddependence creates vulnerabilities that haveto be accounted for and overcome.

b. In the post-Cold War era, US militaryforces are tasked with a wide varietyof missions, from disaster relief, topeacekeeping, to fighting a major regional

“Just as we capitalized on our strong base of heavy manufacturing to gainvictory in World War II, we will rely on America’s dynamic new base ofavailable technologies to tailor our fighting force to tomorrow’s battlefield.Specifically, we are exploiting advances in information technology to raiseour readiness to respond to unstable situations throughout the world.”

General Gordan R. Sullivan

Timely relevant information is critical for successful military operations.

VI-2

Chapter VI

Joint Pub 6-0

conflict. Declining resources dictate that theUS military accomplish this wider variety ofroles and missions with a smaller forcestructure. Historically, the US military hasrelied on technology as a force multiplierto accomplish assigned missions as efficientlyas possible while preserving human life andlimiting the destruction of property. One wayto accomplish such missions efficiently isto leverage sophisticated informationtechnologies. Today, and in the future,efficient use of information technologies willrequire the support of the infosphere,including both an evolving national anddefense information infrastructure.

2. National CommunicationsSystem

The National Communications Systemis an interagency group that coordinates thetelecommunications assets of 23 Federaldepartments and agencies to ensurecompatibility and interoperability duringemergencies without compromising day-to-day operations.

a . T h e N C S c o n s i s t s o f t h etelecommunications assets of the entitiesrepresented on the NCS Committee ofPrincipals and an administrative structureconsisting of the Executive Agent, the NCSCommittee of Principals, and the Manager.NCS Committee of Principals consists ofrepresentatives from those Federaldepartments, agencies, or entitiesdesignated by the President that lease orown telecommunications facilities orservices of significance to national securityor emergency preparedness. The NCSincludes, to the extent permitted by law, otherExecutive entities that bear policy,regulatory, or enforcement responsibilitiesof importance to national security oremergency preparedness telecommunicationscapabilities.

b. The NCS departments, agencies, orentities include the Departments of State,Treasury, Commerce, Defense, Justice,Interior, Agriculture, Health and HumanServices, Transportation, Energy, andVeterans Affairs; Central Intelligence Agency,General Services Administration; USInformation Agency; National Aeronauticsand Space Administration; FederalEmergency Management Agency; FederalCommunications Commission; NuclearRegulatory Commission; Postal Service;Federal Reserve System; National SecurityAgency; National Telecommunications andInformation Agency; and the Joint Staff. Theassets are operated and funded by theirrespective parent agencies, pursuant tocross-Service or mutual support arrangements.

c. The purpose of the NCS is to assist thePresident, National Security Council, Officeof Science and Technology Policy, and Officeof Management and Budget to:

• Exercise their wartime and non-wartime emergency functions and theirplanning and oversight responsibilities.

• Coordinate the planning for andprovision of national security andemergency preparedness communicationsfor the Federal government under allcircumstances.

d. The Secretary of Defense is theExecutive Agent for the NCS. The principaladviser for NCS matters is the AssistantSecretary of Defense for Command, Control,Communications, and Intelligence. TheDirector, DISA, is the Manager, NCS.

3. Defense Information SystemsNetwork

The DISN is a composite of certain DODinformation systems and networks under

VI-3


the management control and C4 systemsoperational direction of DISA. The DISN isa significant effort that has beenundertaken by DOD to transform the wayinformation is developed, used, and shared.This includes modifications to the existingDCS to establish a defense informationinfrastructure, the Corporate InformationManagement initiative, programs toimplement the CJCS C4I For The Warriorconcept, and the integration of advancedtechnology demonstrations conducted underthe global grid initiative. DISN will ultimatelysubsume or replace most Service- andAgency-unique stovepipe networks andsystems.

a. The existing DCS provides the longhaul, point-to-point, and switched networktelecommunications needed to satisfy the C2requirements of DOD and civil agenciesdirectly concerned with national security orother critical emergency requirements. DCSfacilities are employed in support of C2,

operations, intelligence, weather, logistic, andadministrative functions. The objective ofthe DCS is to organize the complex of DODcommunications networks, equipment,control centers, and resources to provide aneffective, responsive, survivable worldwidecommunications system. The system providesmaximum security consistent with threat,cost effectiveness, and acceptable risk factorsand makes use of any DCS circuitry availableat a given time for fulfilling the priority needsof the users.

b. The DISN architecture (see FigureVI-1) prescribes a global networkintegrating existing DCS assets, militarysatellite communications, commercial satellitecommunications initiatives, leasedtelecommunications services, as well as thededicated worldwide enterprise-leveltelecommunications infrastructure thatprovides the interoperable transport for theend-to-end transfer of information in supportof military operations.

DIR DIR

ATMSwitch

ATMSwitch

ATMSwitch

ATMSwitch

KEY ELEMENTS OF THE DISN GOAL

BISDNTandem

BISDNAccess

BISDNTandem

BISDNTandem

ATMSwitch

ATMLAN

BISDNTandem

ATMLAN

DIR

IMC IMCIMC IMC

DIR

Airborne /Mobile

Shipboard,Transportable,

Personal

UserElements

UserElements

LOCALAREA

LOCALAREA

DEPLOYED / MOBILE ELEMENTSFIXED ELEMENTS

WIDE AREA

FIXED DEPLOYED

G

R

C

C

ATM Asynchronous Transfer ModeBISDN Broadband Integrated Services Digital NetworkC Terminal ConnectionDIR DirectoryDPI Data Processing Installation

IMC Integrated Management CenterPCS Personal Communications ServiceR RadioV / D / I Voice, Data, ImageryG SATCOM / Terrestrial Gateway

Terminal

T SATCOM Trunk TerminalSATCOM or Radio LinkFiber OpticsTerrestrial Connectivity Whenever Available

Integrated Systems and Network Management and Control

SENSOR

MultilevelSource V / D / I

Workstation

High DefinitionStudio Video

MegacenterDPI

PCS

Figure VI-1. Key Elements of the DISN Goal Architecture

VI-4

Chapter VI

Joint Pub 6-0

c. The development of DISN will be anevolutionary process that will support themilitary’s move into the 21st centuryinformation age, and will replace theindividual legacy communications systemswith a seamless transport.

4. Global Command andControl System

GCCS provides a fused picture of thebattlespace within a modern C4 systemcapable of meeting warfighter needs into the21st century. It incorporates the core planningand assessment tools required by thecombatant commanders and their subordinatejoint force commanders and meets thereadiness support requirements of theServices. GCCS is required to move thecombatant commanders and subordinate jointforce commanders joint C2 support capabilityinto the modern era of client/serverarchitecture using commercial, open systemsstandards for both commercial andgovernment off-the-shelf applications. Theumbrella standards and unifying approach thatGCCS brings to the ongoing DOD C4Imigration strategy are essential for theServices and agencies to successfully reducethe large number of systems in use today.

a. Much of what has been defined as GCCSinitial operating capability has been fieldedat several operational sites and networked viathe DISN. GCCS is being implemented at allcombatant commands and their componentsand at the Service headquarters. The JointStaff, in consultation with the combatantcommanders, will apply a set of user-definedcriteria in determining precisely when GCCSwill be declared fully operational.

b. Until GCCS is fielded, WWMCCSwill continue to provide the means forstrategic and operational direction andtechnical administrative and decisionsupport for the command and control of

US military forces. WWMCCS ensureseffective connectivity among the NCA, theChairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, andother components of the NMCS down to theService component commanders. The systemis comprised of:

• The National Military CommandSystem.

• The C4 systems of the combatantcommands.

• The WWMCCS-related managementand information systems of theheadquarters of the Military Departments.

• The C4 systems of the headquarters ofthe Service component commands.

• The C4 support systems of DODagencies.

c. WWMCCS is described in DODDirective 5100.30 and the Joint Pub 6-03,“WWMCCS Objectives and ManagementPlan,” series. The primary mission ofWWMCCS is to support the NCA’s C2function. On a noninterference basis,WWMCCS is available to support thecombatant commanders.

d. WWMCCS automation elements area subset of WWMCCS and extend throughthe various levels of C2. The flow ofinformation through the system is enhancedby both formalized reporting systemsdefined in the Joint Pub 1-03, “Joint ReportingStructure,” series (to be replaced by a seriesof CJCS manuals) and by standardcompatible communications and computersystems interconnected to form a network ofreporting systems and data bases. WWMCCSautomation supports joint operation planningand execution functions. The basicWWMCCS elements are described in FigureVI-2.

VI-5


BASIC WORLDWIDE MILITARYCOMMAND AND CONTROL SYSTEM ELEMENTS

Primary and alternate command facilities

Tactical warning systems that notify operational commandcenters of threatening events

General and special purpose communications to conveyinformation, hold conferences, and issue orders

Data collection and processing systems

Executive decision aids such as documents, procedures,reporting structures, and an interactive system permittingthe user to connect with the system, enter data, andreceive output records, forms, and displays

Figure VI-2. Basic Worldwide Military Command and Control System Elements

5. National Military CommandSystem

a. The NMCS is the priority componentof WWMCCS (GCCS) designed to supportthe NCA and the Joint Chiefs of Staff in theexercise of their responsibilities. The NMCSprovides the means by which the Presidentand the Secretary of Defense can receivewarning and intelligence so that accurate andtimely decisions can be made, the resourcesof the Military Departments can be applied,military missions can be assigned, anddirection can be communicated to combatantcommanders or the commanders of othercommands established by the NCA. TheNMCS must be capable of providinginformation so that appropriate and timelyresponses can be selected, directed, andimplemented by the NCA.

b. Both the communication of warning andintelligence from all sources and thecommunication of decisions and commandsto military forces require that the NMCS bea responsive, reliable, and survivablesystem. This capability requires that the C4systems within WWMCCS be configured andoperated for effective support of the NMCSas well as their specific missions. Systemsmust be compatible and interoperable. C4systems must provide direct connection or real-time relay wherever necessary. Data andmessage text formats must be standard. Alldetails of system configuration and operationmust be as efficient as possible in terms ofboth effectiveness and use of resources.

c. An enduring command structure withsurvivable C4 systems is both required andfundamental to NMCS continuity ofoperations.

VI-6

Chapter VI

Joint Pub 6-0

• The NMCS includes four primarynodes—the Nat iona l M i l i t a ryCommand Center (NMCC Site R),United States Strategic CommandCenter, United States Space CommandCenter, the National Airborne OperationsCenter, and such other command centersas may be designated by the Secretary ofDefense. Support of the NMCS will bethe priority function of all primary andalternate command centers.

• These centers must be linked byreliable C4 systems, supported bywarning and intelligence systems, andcontinuously staffed and ready for use.Special capabilities must be providedfor communication with strategicoffensive and defensive forces and forother forces that may be required forquick reaction in crises. In this case, thecommunications will be designatedand operated to ensure minimumelapsed time for the transmission oforders to the operating units of theseforces. The NMCS also includes C4systems connecting its centers withprimary and alternate command centersof the following:

•• Headquarters of the combatantcommands.

•• Service Headquarters of the MilitaryDepartments.

•• Other designated commands andDOD agencies that provide supportthrough the WWMCCS.

•• Major or key intelligence direction,analysis, and indication and warningcenters.

•• Other functional activities; e.g.,counterdrug.

d. Effective coordination and liaisonmust be established and maintained withthose activities of the US Governmentoutside the Department of Defense thathave functions associated with the NMCS;e.g., the White House Situation Room,Department of State Operations Center,Central Intelligence Agency OperationsCenter, the National Coordinating Center forTelecommunications, UN Military Mission,US Coast Guard Operations Center,Federal Aviation Administration Executive

C4 Systems extend the joint warriors' abilityto exchange information across vast distances.

VI-7


Communications Control Center, and suchother agencies, activities, or centers as maybe designated.

• Appropriate military information willbe provided to these associated systemsthrough the NMCS, using timely,secure, and reliable communicationssystems. Conversely, pol i t ical ,intelligence, diplomatic, and economicinformation input to the NMCS will beprovided by these same systems. Inaddition, the NMCS should providec o m m u n i c a t i o n s t o s u p p o r trepresentatives of the White Houseand other Government activities thatmay use the NMCS in a politico-militarysituation concerning strategic directionof US military forces.

• The Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staffwill provide for lateral coordinationwith US Government activitiesexternal to the Department of Defenseto ensure necessary interchange of datato and from the NMCS.

6. Command Relationships

a. Commanders of combatant commandswill develop agreements that clearlydelineate the commanders’ relationships withthe DISA field organizations within their areasof responsibility. The agreements will begoverned by the guidance in DOD Directive5105.19, “Defense Information SystemsAgency (DISA),” additional guidance issuedby the Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff,and the following policy:

• Directors of DISA field organizationsand Service component commanderswill be responsive to the operationalneeds of the combatant commanders,who exercise combatant command(command authority) (COCOM) overthe Service component operatingelements of the DISN. This authority is

normally exercised through the Servicecomponent commanders.

• In accordance with DOD Directive5105.19, “Defense Information SystemsAgency (DISA) , ” DISA f ie ldorganizations, under the command ofthe Director, DISA, exercise operationaldirection (the authoritative directionnecessary to ensure the effectiveoperation of the DISN) over the DISNoperating elements.

• If a major emergency necessitates the useof all available forces, the combatantcommanders have COCOM over theService component operating elementsof the DISN. In exercising this authority,the combatant commanders will becognizant of DISN support to the NCA,DOD agencies, and other combatantcommanders and will preserve DISNintegrity and standards to the maximumpossible extent.

• Operating elements of the DISN aresubject to authoritative direction fromdifferent sources. To avoid conflictingdirection, the combatant commanderswill normally express their DISNoperational requirements to the seniorDISN field organization serving theirareas of responsibility.

b. Combatant commanders developcampaign and operation plans with C4systems annexes that stress the integratednature of the theater network. Componenttactical C4 systems will support the overallnetwork guidance and COCOM of thecombatant commander.

c. The relationships of the Chairman ofthe Joint Chiefs of Staff, the MilitaryDepartments, and the combatant commandersto DISA are further defined in DOD Directive5105.19, “Defense Information SystemsAgency (DISA).”

VI-8

Chapter VI

Joint Pub 6-0

Intentionally Blank

APPENDIX AREFERENCES

A-1

1. DOD Directive 4630.5, “Compatibility and Interoperability of Tactical Command,Control, Communications, and Intelligence Systems.”

2. DOD Instruction 4630.8, “Procedures for Compatibility, Interoperability, andIntegration of Command, Control, Communications, and Intelligence (C3I) Systems.”

3. CJCS MOP 30, “Command and Control Warfare.”

4. CJCSI 6212.01, “Compatibility, Interoperability, and Integration of Command,Control, Communications, Computers, and Intelligence Systems.”

5. Joint Pub 0-2, “Unified Action Armed Forces (UNAAF).”

6. Joint Pub 1-02, “Department of Defense Dictionary of Military and Associated Terms.”

7. Joint Pub 6-01.1, “Tactical Digital Information Link (TADIL) Message Standards.”(To be replaced by a CJCS Manual)

8. Joint Pub 6-02, “Joint Doctrine for Employment of Operational/Tactical Command,Control, Communications, and Computer Systems.” (Under revision)

9. Joint Pub 6-03 series, “WWMCCS Objectives and Management Plan.” (To be replacedby a series of CJCS Manuals)

10. Joint Pub 6-04 series, “US Message Text Formatting.” (To be replaced by a series ofCJCS Manuals)

11. Joint Pub 6-05 series, “Manual for Employing Joint Tactical CommunicationsSystems.” (To be replaced by a series of CJCS Manuals)

A-2

Appendix A

Joint Pub 6-0

Intentionally Blank

APPENDIX BADMINISTRATIVE INSTRUCTIONS

B-1

1. User Comments

Users in the field are highly encouraged to submit comments on this publication to theJoint Warfighting Center, Attn: Doctrine Division, Fenwick Road, Bldg 96, Fort Monroe,VA 23651-5000. These comments should address content (accuracy, usefulness,consistency, and organization), writing, and appearance.

2. Authorship

The lead agent and Joint Staff doctrine sponsor for this publication is the Director forCommand, Control, Communications, and Computer Systems (J-6).

3. Change Recommendations

a. Recommendations for urgent changes to this publication should be submitted:

TO: JOINT STAFF WASHINGTON DC//J6/J7//

Routine changes should be submitted to the Director for Operational Plans andInteroperability (J-7), JDD, 7000 Joint Staff Pentagon, Washington, D.C. 20318-7000.

b. When a Joint Staff directorate submits a proposal to the Chairman of the JointChiefs of Staff that would change source document information reflected in thispublication, that directorate will include a proposed change to this publication as anenclosure to its proposal. The Military Services and other organizations are requestedto notify the Director, J-7, Joint Staff, when changes to source documents reflected inthis publication are initiated.

c. Record of Changes

CHANGE COPY DATE OF DATE POSTEDNUMBER NUMBER CHANGE ENTERED BY REMARKS__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

B-2

Appendix B

Joint Pub 6-0

4. Distribution

a. Additional copies of this publication can be obtained through Service publicationcenters.

b. Only approved pubs and test pubs are releasable outside the combatant commands,Services, and Joint Staff. Release of any joint publication to foreign governments orforeign nationals must be requested through the local embassy (Defense Attache Office)to DIA Foreign Liaison Branch, C-AS1, Room 1A674, Pentagon, Washington D.C.20301-7400.

c. Additional copies should be obtained from the Military Service assignedadministrative support responsibility by DOD Directive 5100.3, 1 November 1988,“Support of the Headquarters of Unified, Specified, and Subordinate Joint Commands.”

By Military Services:

Army: US Army AG Publication Center2800 Eastern BoulevardBaltimore, MD 21220-2898

Air Force: Air Force Publications Distribution Center2800 Eastern BoulevardBaltimore, MD 21220-2896

Navy: CO, Navy Aviation Supply OfficeDistribution Division (Code 03443)5801 Tabor AvenuePhiladelphia, PA 19120-5000

Marine Corps: Marine Corps Logistics BaseAlbany, GA 31704-5000

Coast Guard: Coast Guard Headquarters, COMDT (G-REP)2100 2nd Street, SWWashington, D.C. 20593-0001

d. Local reproduction is authorized and access to unclassified publications isunrestricted. However, access to and reproduction authorization for classified jointpublications must be in accordance with DOD Regulation 5200.1-R.

GLOSSARYPART I—ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS

GL-1

ACE aviation combat element (MAGTF)ACP Allied Communications PublicationAFPCA Air Force Pentagon Communications Agency

C2 command and controlC2S command and control supportC2W command and control warfareC3 command, control, and communicationsC4 command, control, communications, and computersC4I command, control, communications, computers,

and intelligenceC4IFTW C4I For The WarriorCCG Combat Communications GroupCCS Combat Communications SquadronCJCS Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of StaffCJTF Commander, Joint Task ForceCJCSI Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff InstructionCMC Commandant of the Marine CorpsCNO Chief of Naval OperationsCOCOM combatant command (command authority)COMSEC communications securityCSSE combat service support element (MAGTF)

DA Department of the ArmyDCS Defense Communications SystemDIA Defense Intelligence AgencyDISA Defense Information Systems Agency (formerly DCA)DISN Defense Information Systems NetworkDOD Department of DefenseDODD Department of Defense DirectiveDODI Department of Defense InstructionDOIM Directorate of Information Management

EAC Echelons Above CorpsEAM emergency action message

FSSG force service support group (MAGTF)

GCCS Global Command and Control SystemGCE ground combat elementGMF ground mobile forcesGPS Global Positioning System

GL-2

Glossary

Joint Pub 6-0

HF high frequencyHQMC Headquarters Marine Corps

JANAP Joint Army, Navy, Air Force PublicationJCCC Joint Communications Control CenterJCSE Joint Communications Support ElementJFC joint force commanderJOPES Joint Operation Planning and Execution SystemJRS Joint Reporting StructureJSOTF Joint Special Operations Task ForceJTF joint task force

LORAN long-range electronic aids to navigationLOS line of sightLPD low probability of detectionLPI low probability of intercept

MAGTF Marine air-ground task forceMARFORPAC Marine Forces PacificMCEB Military Communications-Electronics BoardMEF Marine expeditionary forceMOP Memorandum of PolicyMSE mobile subscriber equipment

NATO North Atlantic Treaty OrganizationNCA National Command AuthoritiesNCS National Communications SystemNCTAMS Naval Computer and Telecommunications Area

Master StationNCTC Naval Computer and Telecommunications CommandNCTS Naval Computer and Telecommunications StationsNIST National Intelligence Support TeamNMCS National Military Command SystemNTS Navy Telecommunications System

OPLAN operation planOPSEC operations security

RSI rationalization, standardization, and interoperability

SC Deputy Chief of Staff for C4SCI Sensitive Compartmented IntelligenceSINCGARS Single-Channel and Airborne Radio SystemSOF special operations forcesSRIG Surveillance, Reconnaissance, and Intelligence Group

GL-3

Glossary

TACSAT tactical satelliteTRI-TAC Tri-Service Tactical Communications Program

UHF ultra high frequencyUNAAF Unified Action Armed ForcesUSAISC United States Army Information System CommandUSCENTCOM United States Central CommandUSCINCSOC Commander in Chief, United States Special

Operations CommandUSEUCOM United States European CommandUSPACOM United States Pacific CommandUSSOCOM US Special Operations Command

WWMCCS Worldwide Military Command and Control System

PART II—TERMS AND DEFINITIONS

GL-4 Joint Pub 6-0

authoritative direction over all aspects ofmilitary operations, joint training, andlogistics necessary to accomplish themissions assigned to the command.Combatant command (command authority)should be exercised through thecommanders of subordinate organizations.Normally this authority is exercised throughsubordinate joint force commanders andService and/or functional componentcommanders. Combatant command(command authority) provides fullauthority to organize and employcommands and forces as the combatantcommander considers necessary toaccomplish assigned missions. Operationalcontrol is inherent in combatant command(command authority). Also calledCOCOM. (Joint Pub 1-02)

command. 1. The authority that acommander in the Military Service lawfullyexercises over subordinates by virtue ofrank or assignment. Command includes theauthority and responsibility for effectivelyusing available resources and for planningthe employment of, organizing, directing,coordinating, and controlling militaryforces for the accomplishment of assignedmissions. It also includes responsibility forhealth, welfare, morale, and discipline ofassigned personnel. 2. An order given bya commander; that is, the will of thecommander expressed for the purpose ofbringing about a particular action. 3. Aunit or units, an organization, or an areaunder the command of one individual. 4.To dominate by a field of weapon fire orby observation from a superior position.(Joint Pub 1-02)

command and control. The exercise ofauthority and direction by a properlydesignated commander over assigned andattached forces in the accomplishment ofthe mission. Command and control

area of influence. A geographical areawherein a commander is directly capableof influencing operations by maneuver orfire support systems normally under thecommander’s command or control. (JointPub 1-02)

area of interest. That area of concern to thecommander, including the area of influence,areas adjacent thereto, and extending intoenemy territory to the objectives of currentor planned operations. This area alsoincludes areas occupied by enemy forceswho could jeopardize the accomplishmentof the mission. (Joint Pub 1-02)

architecture. A framework or structure thatportrays relationships among all theelements of the subject force, system, oractivity. (Joint Pub 1-02)

combatant command. A unified or specifiedcommand with a broad continuing missionunder a single commander established andso designated by the President, through theSecretary of Defense and with the adviceand assistance of the Chairman of the JointChiefs of Staff. Combatant commandstypically have geographic or functionalresponsibilities. (Joint Pub 1-02)

combatant command (commandauthority). Nontransferable commandauthority established by title 10 (“ArmedForces”), United States Code, section 164,exercised only by commanders of unifiedor specified combatant commands unlessotherwise directed by the President or theSecretary of Defense. Combatantcommand (command authority) cannot bedelegated and is the authority of acombatant commander to perform thosefunctions of command over assigned forcesinvolving organizing and employingcommands and forces, assigning tasks,designating objectives, and giving

functions are performed through anarrangement of personnel, equipment,communications, facilities, and proceduresemployed by a commander in planning,directing, coordinating, and controllingforces and operations in the accomplishmentof the mission. (Joint Pub 1-02)

command, control, communications, andcomputer systems. Integrated systems ofdoctrine, procedures, organizationalstructures, personnel, equipment, facilities,and communications designed to support acommander’s exercise of command andcontrol across the range of militaryoperations. Also called C4 systems.(Approved for inclusion in Joint Pub 1-02)

command and control warfare. Theintegrated use of operations security(OPSEC), military deception, psychologicaloperations (PSYOP), electronic warfare(EW), and physical destruction, mutuallysupported by intelligence, to denyinformation to, influence, degrade, ordestroy adversary command and controlcapabilities, while protecting friendlycommand and control capabilities againstsuch actions. Command and controlwarfare applies across the operationalcontinuum and all levels of conflict. Alsocalled C2W. C2W is both offensive anddefensive: a. counter-C2—To preventeffective C2 of adversary forces by denyinginformation to, influencing, degrading, ordestroying the adversary C2 system. b. C2-protection—To maintain effectivecommand and control of own forces byturning to friendly advantage or negatingadversary efforts to deny information to,influence, degrade, or destroy the friendlyC2 system. (Joint Pub 1-02)

commonality. A quality which applies tomateriel or systems: a. possessing like andinterchangeable characteristics enabling eachto be utilized, or operated and maintained, by

personnel trained on the others withoutadditional specialized training. b. havinginterchangeable repair parts and/orcomponents. c. applying to consumable itemsinterchangeably equivalent withoutadjustment. (Joint Pub 1-02)

communications. A method or means ofconveying information of any kind from oneperson or place to another. (Joint Pub 1-02)

communications security. The protectionresulting from all measures designed todeny unauthorized persons information ofvalue which might be derived from thepossession and study of telecommunications,or to mislead unauthorized persons in theirinterpretation of the results of suchpossession and study. Also called COMSEC.Communications security includes: a.cryptosecurity; b. transmission security; c.emission security; and d. physical securityof communications security materials andinformation. a. cryptosecurity—Thecomponent of communications security thatresults from the provision of technicallysound cryptosystems and their proper use.b. transmission security—The componentof communications security that resultsfrom all measures designed to protecttransmissions from interception andexploitation by means other thancryptanalysis. c. emission security—Thecomponent of communications security thatresults from all measures taken to denyunauthorized persons information of valuethat might be derived from intercept andanalysis of compromising emanations fromcrypto-equipment and telecommunicationssystems. d. physical security—Thecomponent of communications security thatresults from all physical measures necessaryto safeguard classified equipment, material,and documents from access thereto orobservation thereof by unauthorizedpersons. (Joint Pub 1-02)

GL-5

Glossary

GL-6

Glossary

Joint Pub 6-0

compatibility. Capability of two or moreitems or components of equipment ormaterial to exist or function in the samesystem or environment without mutualinterference. (Joint Pub 1-02)

control. 1. Authority which may be less thanfull command exercised by a commanderover part of the activities of subordinate orother organizations. (Joint Pub 1-02)

information . 2. The meaning that a humanassigns to data by means of the knownconventions used in their representation.(Joint Pub 1-02)

interoperability. 1. The ability of systems,units, or forces to provide services to andaccept services from other systems, units,or forces and to use the services soexchanged to enable them to operateeffectively together. 2. The conditionachieved among communications-electronicsequipment when information or servicescan be exchanged directly and satisfactorilybetween them and/or their users. The degreeof interoperability should be defined whenreferring to specific cases. (Joint Pub 1-02)

National Communications System. Thetelecommunications system that resultsfrom the technical and operat ionali n t e g r a t i o n o f t h e s e p a r a t etelecommunications systems of the severalexecutive branch departments and agencieshaving a significant telecommunicationscapability. Also called NCS. (Joint Pub1-02)

National Military Command System. Thepriority component of the WorldwideMilitary Command and Control Systemdesigned to support the National CommandAuthorities and Joint Chiefs of Staff in theexercise of their responsibilities. Alsocalled NMCS. (Joint Pub 1-02)

Service component command. A commandconsisting of the Service componentcommander and all those Service forces,such as individuals, units, detachments,organizations, and installations under thecommand, including the support forces thathave been assigned to a combatantcommand, or further assigned to asubordinate unified command or joint taskforce. (Joint Pub 1-02)

standardization. The process by which theDepartment of Defense achieves the closestpracticable cooperation among the Servicesand Defense agencies for the most efficientuse of research, development, andproduction resources, and agrees to adopton the broadest possible basis the use of: a.common or compatible operational,administrative, and logistic procedures;b. common or compatible technicalprocedures and criteria; c. common,compatible, or interchangeable supplies,components, weapons, or equipment; and,d. common or compatible tactical doctrinewith corresponding organizationalcompatibility. (Joint Pub 1-02)

tactical command, control, communications,and computer system(s). The facilities,equipment, communications, procedures,and personnel essential to theater level andbelow commanders for planning, directing,and controlling operations of assigned andattached forces pursuant to the missionassigned and which provide(s) for theconveyance and/or exchange of data andinformation from one person or force toanother. (Approved for inclusion in JointPub 1-02)

telecommunication. Any transmission,emission, or reception of signs, signals,writings, images, sounds, or information ofany nature by wire, radio, visual, or otherelectromagnetic systems. (Joint Pub 1-02)

Assess-ments/

Revision

CJCSApproval

TwoDrafts

ProgramDirective

ProjectProposal

J-7 formally staffs withServices and CINCS

Includes scope of project,references, milestones,and who will developdrafts

J-7 releases ProgramDirective to Lead Agent.Lead Agent can beService, CINC, or JointStaff (JS) Directorate

STEP #2Program Directive

l

l

l

The CINCS receive the pub andbegin to assess it during use

18 to 24 months followingpublication, the Director J-7, willsolicit a written report from thecombatant commands andServices on the utility and qualityof each pub and the need for anyurgent changes or earlier-than-scheduled revisions

No later than 5 years afterdevelopment, each pub is revised

STEP #5Assessments/Revision

l

l

l

Submitted by Services, CINCS, or Joint Staffto fill extant operational void

J-7 validates requirement with Services andCINCs

J-7 initiates Program Directive

l

l

l

STEP #1Project Proposal

All joint doctrine and tactics, techniques, and procedures are organized into a comprehensive hierarchyas shown in the chart above. is the keystone publication for the series ofjoint doctrine publications. The diagram below illustrates an overview of the development process:

Joint Pub 6-0 C4 Systems

JOINT DOCTRINE PUBLICATIONS HIERARCHY

JOINT PUB 1-0

PERSONNELand

ADMINISTRATION

JOINT PUB 4-0 JOINT PUB 6-0

LOGISTICS C4 SYSTEMS

JOINT PUB 0-2

JOINT PUB 1

UNAAF

JOINTWARFARE

JOINTDOCTRINE

PUBLICATION

Lead Agent forwards proposed pub to Joint Staff

Joint Staff takes responsibility for pub, makesrequired changes and prepares pub forcoordination with Services and CINCS

Joint Staff conducts formalstaffing for approval as a Joint Publication

STEP #4CJCS Approval

l

l

l

Lead Agent selects Primary Review Authority(PRA) to develop the pub

PRA develops two draft pubs

PRA staffs each draft with CINCS, Services,and Joint Staff

l

l

l

STEP #3Two Drafts

ENHANCEDJOINT

WARFIGHTINGCAPABILITY

INTELLIGENCE

JOINT PUB 2-0

OPERATIONS

JOINT PUB 3-0 JOINT PUB 5-0

PLANS

JP 6-0 Doctrine for C4 Systems Support in Joint Operations

Documents

Transcript of JP 6-0 Doctrine for C4 Systems Support in Joint Operations