José Rizal and His World

8/9/2019 Jos Rizal and His World

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Jos RizalFrom Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (Redirected from Jose Rizal)

This name uses Spanish naming customs : the first or paternal family name is Rizal Mercado and thesecond or maternal family name is Alonso Realonda.For other uses, see Jos Rizal (disambiguation .

Jos Rizal

Born Jos Protasio Rizal Mercado y Alonso Realonda

June 19, 1861 [1]

Calamba City , a!una [1]

Died "ecember #$, 1896%a!ed #&' [(]

)a!umbayan , Manila [(]

Cause of death *+ecution by irin! s-uad

Monuments uneta Par. , Manila

Calamba , a!una

"aet, Camarines /orte
http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jose_Rizal&redirect=nohttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jose_Rizal&redirect=nohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_naming_customshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_naming_customshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Family_namehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Family_namehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Rizal_(disambiguation)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Rizal_(disambiguation)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Rizal#cite_note-valdez2007p59-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calamba_Cityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laguna_(province)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laguna_(province)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laguna_(province)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Rizal#cite_note-valdez2007p59-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Rizal#cite_note-valdez2007p7-2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rizal_Parkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rizal_Parkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manilahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manilahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manilahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Rizal#cite_note-valdez2007p7-2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Execution_by_firing_squadhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luneta_Parkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manilahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manilahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calamba,_Lagunahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laguna_(province)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laguna_(province)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daet,_Camarines_Nortehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Jose_rizal_01.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_naming_customshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Family_namehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Rizal_(disambiguation)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Rizal#cite_note-valdez2007p59-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calamba_Cityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laguna_(province)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Rizal#cite_note-valdez2007p59-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Rizal#cite_note-valdez2007p7-2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rizal_Parkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manilahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Rizal#cite_note-valdez2007p7-2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Execution_by_firing_squadhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luneta_Parkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manilahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calamba,_Lagunahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laguna_(province)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daet,_Camarines_Nortehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jose_Rizal&redirect=no


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Other names Pe0e [#][ ]

Alma mater Ateneo Munici0al de Manila ,2ni3ersity o 4anto

5omas ,2ni3ersidad Central de Madrid

Organization a 4olidaridad , a i!a ili0ina

Religion Roman Cat7olic Rizal an

Spouse(s) Jose07ine )rac.en %1896'

[&]

Children ranc:sco Rizal y )rac.en %;7o died a ter birt7'

Parents rancisco Rizal Mercado % at7er'

5eodora Alonso %mot7er'

Signature

Jos Protacio Rizal Mercado y Alonso Realonda (June 19, 1 !1 " #ecem$er %&, 1 9!) 'asa Filipino nationalist, no elist, poet,ophthalmolo ist, *ournalist, andre olutionary+ e is 'idelyconsidered one of the reatest heroes of the -hilippines+.!/ e 'as the author of !oli "e T#ngere ,.0/ $l Filibusterismo ,. / and a num$er of poems and essays+ e 'as e ecuted on #ecem$er %&, 1 9!,$y a s2uad of Filipino soldiers of the3panish Army+.9/.1&/

Francisco Rizal Mercado (1 1 "1 90)
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Rizal#cite_note-3http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Rizal#cite_note-4http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ateneo_de_Manila_Universityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Santo_Tomashttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Santo_Tomashttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Santo_Tomashttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Complutense_University_of_Madridhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Complutense_University_of_Madridhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Solidaridadhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Solidaridadhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Liga_Filipinahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josephine_Brackenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Rizal#cite_note-spouse-5http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filipino_nationalismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filipino_nationalismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ophthalmologisthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ophthalmologisthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revolutionaryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_hero_of_the_Philippineshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippineshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Rizal#cite_note-national-6http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noli_Me_T%C3%A1ngere_(novel)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Rizal#cite_note-Tangere-7http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/El_filibusterismohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/El_filibusterismohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/El_filibusterismohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Rizal#cite_note-filibusterismo-8http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_Armyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_Armyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Rizal#cite_note-9http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Rizal#cite_note-VIAF-10http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Francisco_r_mercado.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Jose_rizal_signature.svghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Rizal#cite_note-3http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Rizal#cite_note-4http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ateneo_de_Manila_Universityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Santo_Tomashttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Santo_Tomashttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Complutense_University_of_Madridhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Solidaridadhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Liga_Filipinahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josephine_Brackenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Rizal#cite_note-spouse-5http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filipino_nationalismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ophthalmologisthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revolutionaryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_hero_of_the_Philippineshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippineshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Rizal#cite_note-national-6http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noli_Me_T%C3%A1ngere_(novel)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Rizal#cite_note-Tangere-7http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/El_filibusterismohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Rizal#cite_note-filibusterismo-8http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_Armyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Rizal#cite_note-9http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Rizal#cite_note-VIAF-10


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Rizal4s house in 5alam$a, 6a una+

Contents .hide/

1 7arly life 8 7ducation

% -ersonal life, relationships and entures

o %+1 Association 'ith 6eonor Ri era

o %+8 Relationship 'ith Josephine racken

: ;n russels and 3pain (1 9&


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9 5riticism and contro ersies

o 9+1 >ational hero status

9+1+1 Made national hero $y colonial Americans

9+1+8 Made national hero $y Ceneral A uinaldo

o 9+8 References to the 5atholic 5hurch

o 9+% 5riti2ues of $ooks

o 9+: Role in the -hilippine re olution

1& 6e acy

o 1&+1 3pecies named after Rizal

11 istorical commemoration

18 Rizal in popular cultureo 18+1 Adaptation of his 'orks

o 18+8 io raphical films

o 18+% ?thers

1% 3ee also

1: >otes and references

1= 3ources

1! Further readin

10 7 ternal links

Early life .edit/Jose Rizal 'as $orn to the 'ealthy Mercado


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chan e, Jos , as @Rizal@ soon distin uished himself in poetry 'ritin contests, impressin hisprofessors 'ith his facility 'ith 5astilian and other forei n lan ua es, and later, in 'ritin essays that'ere critical of the 3panish historical accounts of the pre


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Rizal as a student at the Eni ersity of 3anto Domas

Without his parents4 kno'led e and consent, $ut secretly supported $y his $rother -aciano , hetra eled alone to Madrid, 3pain in May 1 8 and studied medicine at theEni ersidad 5entral deMadrid 'here he earned the de ree, /icentiate in "edicine + e also attended medical lectures atthe Eni ersity of -aris and the Eni ersity of eidel$er + ;n erlin, he 'as inducted as a mem$er ofthe erlin 7thnolo ical 3ociety and the erlin Anthropolo ical 3ociety under the patrona e of thefamouspatholo ist Rudolf Iircho' + Follo'in custom, he deli ered an address in Cerman in April1 0 $efore the Anthropolo ical 3ociety on the ortho raphy and structure of theDa alo lan ua e+

e left eidel$er a poem, @A las flores del eidel$er @, 'hich 'as $oth an e ocation and a prayerfor the 'elfare of his nati e land and the unification of common alues $et'een 7ast and West+

At eidel$er , the 8=


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Redna ela Derrace, 'here Rizal li ed durin his self


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of 'hich nine 'ere identified+ Dhey 'ere Certrude eckett of 5halcot 5rescent (6ondon), 'ealthyand hi helly oustead of the 7n lish and;$erianmerchant family, last descendant of ano$le Japanese family 3eiko Esui (affectionately called ?


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re aled them 'ith his 'it, social races, and slei ht


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soles of my shoes for runnin to the mail$o to see if there is a letter from you+ Dhere 'ill ne er $eany home in 'hich you are so lo ed as in that in russels, so, you little $ad $oy, hurry up and [email protected]/ ;n 8&&0, 3lachmuylders4 roup arran ed for an historical marker honorin Rizal to $eplaced at the house +.89/

Dhe content of Rizal4s 'ritin s chan ed considera$ly in his t'o most famous no els, !oli "eT#ngere , pu$lished in erlin in 1 0, and$l Filibusterismo , pu$lished in Chent in 1 91+ For the latter,he used funds $orro'ed from his friends+ Dhese 'ritin s an ered $oth the 3panish colonial elite andmany educated Filipinos due to their sym$olism+ Dhey are critical of 3panish friars and the po'er ofthe 5hurch+ Rizal4s friendFerdinand lumentritt, an Austria< un ary


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Freedom of assem$ly and speech

72ual ri hts $efore the la' (for $oth Filipino and 3panish plaintiffs)

Dhe colonial authorities in the -hilippines did not fa or these reforms+ 3uch 3panish intellectuals asMorayta,Enamuno, -i y Mar all, and others did endorse them+Wenceslao Retana , a political commentator in 3pain, had sli hted Rizal $y 'ritin an insultin articlein /a $poca , a ne'spaper in Madrid+ e implied that the family and friends of Rizal 'ere e ictedfrom their lands in 5alam$a for not ha in paid their due rents+ Dhe incident ('hen Rizal 'as ten)stemmed from an accusation that Rizal4s mother, Deodora, tried to poison the 'ife of a cousin, $utshe said she 'as tryin to help+ With the appro al of the 5hurch prelates, and 'ithout a hearin , she'as ordered to prison in 3anta 5ruz in 1 01+ 3he 'as made to 'alk the ten miles (1! km) from5alam$a+ 3he 'as released after t'o


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Rizal 'as implicated in the acti ities of the nascent re$ellion and in July 1 98, 'as deportedto #apitan in the pro ince ofNam$oan a, a peninsula of Mindanao+.%8/ Dhere he $uilt a school, ahospital and a 'ater supply system, and tau ht and en a ed in farmin and horticulture+.citationneeded / baca , then the ital ra' material for corda e and 'hich Rizal and his students planted in thethousands, 'as a memorial+ .citation needed /

Dhe $oys4 school, 'hich tau ht in 3panish, and included 7n lish as a forei n lan ua e (considereda prescient if unusual option then) 'as concei ed $y Rizal and antedated Cordonstoun 'ith its aimsof inculcatin resourcefulness and self


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;n #apitan, Rizal 'rote @ aec 7st 3i$ylla 5umana@, a parlor< ame for his students, 'ith 2uestionsand ans'ers for 'hich a 'ooden top 'as used+ ;n 8&&:, Jean -aul Ierstraeten traced this $ook andthe 'ooden top, as 'ell as Rizal4s personal 'atch, spoon and salter+

Arrest and trial .edit/y 1 9!, the re$ellion fomented $y the


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includin the final letters and his last $e2uests+.%9/G91 #urin their isit, Rizal reminded his sisters in7n lish, @There is something inside it @, referrin to the alcohol sto e i en $y the -ardo de Da eras'hich 'as to $e returned after his e ecution, there$y emphasizin the importance of the poem+ Dhisinstruction 'as follo'ed $y another, @ /oo1 in my shoes @, in 'hich another item 'as secreted+7 humation of his remains in Au ust 1 9 , under American rule, re ealed he had $een uncoffined,his $urial not on sanctified round ranted the 4confessed4 faithful, and 'hate er 'as in his shoes

had disinte rated+.19/

;n his letter to his family he 'roteG%Treat our aged parents as you )ould )ish to be treated.../o&ethem greatly in memory of me...?ecember @A, BCDE.% .8&/ 7e ga&e his family instructions for his burial:%0ury me in the ground. 2lace a stone and a cross o&er it. "y name, the date of my birth and of mydeath. !othing more. *f later you )ish to surround my gra&e )ith a fence, you can do it. !oanni&ersaries +@.:&/

;n his final letter, to lumentritt "Tomorro) at , * shall be shot but * am innocent of the crime ofrebellion. * am going to die )ith a tran9uil conscience. .8&/ Rizal is $elie ed to $e the first Filipinore olutionary 'hose death is attri$uted entirely to his 'ork as a 'riterL and throu h dissent and ci ildiso$edience ena$led him to successfully destroy 3pain4s moral primacy to rule+ e also$e2ueathed a $ook personally $ound $y him in #apitan to his 4$est and dearest friend+4 When

lumentritt recei ed it in his hometo'n 6itomV ice(6eitmeritz) he $roke do'n and 'ept+

'or s and )ritin*s .edit/Rizal 'rote mostly in 3panish, the then lin ua franca of Filipino scholars, thou h some of his letters(for e ampleSa "ga


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Annotations to Antonio de Mora as, 3ucesos de las ;slas Filipinas (essay, BCCD, $&ents inthe 2hilippine *slands

7l fili$usterismo (E- #iliman )+

The Triumph of Science o&er ?eath , $y Rizal+

Poetry .edit/

A 6a Ju entud Filipina 7l 5anto #el Iia*ero

riayle 5rismarl

5anto #el Iia*ero

5anto de Mar a 5lara

#alit sa -a a'a

FelictaciBn

undiman (Da alo )

Me -iden Iersos

Mi primera inspiracion
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UP_Dilimanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Triumph_of_Science_over_Deathhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Triumph_of_Science_over_Deathhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jos%C3%A9_Rizal&action=edit&section=13http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Rizal%27s_sculpture_The_Power_of_Science_over_Death.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:UPDilimanjf3556_04.JPGhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UP_Dilimanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Triumph_of_Science_over_Deathhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jos%C3%A9_Rizal&action=edit&section=13


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Mi Retiro

Mi Eltimo AdiBs

-or 6a 7ducaciBn (Reci$e 6ustre 6a -atria)

3a 3an ol na si Jesus Do My Muse (A Mi Musa)

En Recuerdo A Mi -ue$lo

A Man in #apitan

Plays .edit/ 7l 5onse*o de los #ioses (The council of -ods Junto Al -asi ( long the 2asig .::/ G% 1

3an 7uista2uio, M rtyr (Saint $ustache, the martyr .:=/

!ther works .edit/Rizal also tried his hand at paintin and sculpture+ is most famous sculptural 'ork 'as @DheDriumph of 3cience o er #eath@, a clay sculpture of a naked youn 'oman 'ith o erflo'in hair,standin on a skull 'hile $earin a torch held hi h+ Dhe 'oman sym$olized the i norance ofhumankind durin the #ark A es, 'hile the torch she $ore sym$olized the enli htenment science$rin s o er the 'hole 'orld+ e sent the sculpture as a ift to his dear friend Ferdinand lumentritt,to ether 'ith another one named @Dhe Driumph of #eath o er 6ife@+Dhe 'oman is sho'n tramplin the skull, a sym$ol of death, to si nify the ictory the humankindachie ed $y con2uerin the $ane of death throu h their scientific ad ancements+ Dhe ori inalsculpture is no' displayed at the Rizal 3hrine Museum at Fort 3antia o in ;ntramuros, Manila+ Alar e replica, made of concrete, stands in front of Fernando 5alderBn all, the $uildin 'hichhouses the 5olle e of Medicine of the Eni ersity of the -hilippines Manila alon -edro Cil 3treet in7rmita, Manila+

Reactions after death .edit/

An en ra in of the e ecution of Filipino insur ents at a um$ayan (no' 6uneta)+
http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jos%C3%A9_Rizal&action=edit&section=14http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Rizal#cite_note-Foreman-54http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Rizal#cite_note-Foreman-54http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Rizal#cite_note-55http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jos%C3%A9_Rizal&action=edit&section=15http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Triumph_of_Science_over_Deathhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Triumph_of_Science_over_Deathhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jos%C3%A9_Rizal&action=edit&section=16http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Rizal_1896_execution.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jos%C3%A9_Rizal&action=edit&section=14http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Rizal#cite_note-Foreman-54http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Rizal#cite_note-55http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jos%C3%A9_Rizal&action=edit&section=15http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Triumph_of_Science_over_Deathhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Triumph_of_Science_over_Deathhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jos%C3%A9_Rizal&action=edit&section=16


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"Mi #lti$o adi%s" .edit/"ain article: "i =ltimo adi>s

Dhe poem is more aptly titled, @ Adis, Patria Adorada @ (literally @Fare)ell, 0elo&ed Fatherland @), $yirtue of lo ic and literary tradition, the 'ords comin from the first line of the poem itself+ ;t first

appeared in print not in Manila $ut in on on in 1 90, 'hen a copy of the poem and an

accompanyin photo raph came to J+ -+ ra a 'ho decided to pu$lish it in a monthly *ournal heedited+ Dhere 'as a delay 'hen ra a, 'ho reatly admired Rizal, 'anted a ood *o$ of thephoto raph and sent it to $e en ra ed in 6ondon, a process takin 'ell o er t'o months+ ;t finallyappeared under 4Mi ltimo pensamiento,4 a title he supplied and $y 'hich it 'as kno'n for a fe'years+ Dhus, 'hen the Jesuit ala uer4s anonymous account of the retraction and the marria e toJosephine 'as appearin in arcelona, no 'ord of the poem4s e istence reached him in time tore ise 'hat he had 'ritten+ is account 'as too ela$orate that Rizal 'ould ha e had no time to 'rite@AdiBs+@3i years after his death, 'hen the -hilippine ?r anic Act of 19&8 'as $ein de$ated in the Enited3tates 5on ress, Representati e enry 5ooper of Wisconsin rendered an 7n lish translation ofRizal4s aledictory poem capped $y the peroration, @Ender 'hat clime or 'hat skies has tyrannyclaimed a no$ler ictimZ@.!%/ 3u$se2uently, the E3 5on ress passed the $ill into la' 'hich is no'kno'n as the -hilippine ?r anic Act of 19&8+.!:/

Dhis 'as a ma*or $reakthrou h for a E3 5on ress that had yet to rant e2ual ri hts to African Americans uaranteed to them in theE3 5onstitution and the 5hinese 7 clusion Act 'as still ineffect+ ;t created the -hilippine le islature, appointed t'o Filipino dele ates to the E3 5on ress,e tended the E3 ill of Ri hts to Filipinos, and laid the foundation for an autonomous o ernment+Dhe colony 'as on its 'ay to independence+ .!:/ Dhe Americans, ho'e er, 'ould not si n the $ill intola' until 191! and did not reco nize -hilippine ;ndependence until the Dreaty of Manila in 19:!Qfiftyyears after Rizal4s death+Dhis same poem 'hich has inspired li$erty


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Attempts to de$unk le ends surroundin Rizal, and the tu of 'ar $et'een free thinker and 5atholic,ha e kept his le acy contro ersial+

Rizal 3hrine in 5alam$a 5ity, 6a una, the ancestral house and $irthplace of Jos Rizal, is no' a museumhousin Rizal memora$ilia+

Jos Rizal4s ori inal ra e at-aco -ark in Manila+ 3li htly reno ated and date repainted in 7n lish+

ational hero stat(s .edit/Dhe confusion o er Rizal4s real stance on the -hilippine Re olution leads to the sometimes $itter2uestion of his rankin as the nation4s premier hero+.!9/. 0&/ ut then a ain, accordin to the >ational

istorical 5ommission of the -hilippines (> 5-) 3ection 5hief Deodoro Atienza, and Filipinohistorian Am$eth ?campo , there is no Filipino historical fi ure, includin Rizal, that 'as officiallydeclared as national hero throu h la' or e ecuti e order +.01/.08/ Althou h, there 'ere la's andproclamations honorin Filipino heroes+

Made national hero )y colonial A$ericans .edit/3ome su est that Jose Rizal 'as made a le islated national hero $y the American forcesoccupyin -hilippines+ ;n 19&1, the American Co ernor CeneralWilliam o'ard Daftsu ested thatthe E+3+ sponsored-hilippine 5ommission name Rizal a national hero for Filipinos+ Jose Rizal 'as
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rizal_Shrine,_Calambahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rizal_Shrine,_Calambahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancestral_houses_of_the_Philippineshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancestral_houses_of_the_Philippineshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancestral_houses_of_the_Philippineshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paco_Parkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jos%C3%A9_Rizal&action=edit&section=22http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Rizal#cite_note-83http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Rizal#cite_note-84http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ambeth_Ocampohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ambeth_Ocampohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ambeth_Ocampohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Rizal#cite_note-85http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Rizal#cite_note-85http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Rizal#cite_note-natheroes-86http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jos%C3%A9_Rizal&action=edit&section=23http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Howard_Tafthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippine_Commissionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Jose_Rizal%27s_first_grave_in_Paco_Park,_Manila.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Rizal_Shrine_Calamba_City.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rizal_Shrine,_Calambahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancestral_houses_of_the_Philippineshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paco_Parkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jos%C3%A9_Rizal&action=edit&section=22http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Rizal#cite_note-83http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Rizal#cite_note-84http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ambeth_Ocampohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Rizal#cite_note-85http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Rizal#cite_note-natheroes-86http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jos%C3%A9_Rizal&action=edit&section=23http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Howard_Tafthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippine_Commission


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an ideal candidate, fa oura$le to the American occupiers since he 'as dead, and non< iolent < $othfa oura$le 2ualities 'hich, if emulated $y Filipinos, 'ould not threaten the American rule or chan ethe status 2uo of the occuppiers of -hilippine islands+ Rizal did not ad ocate freedom for -hilippineseither +.0%/ 3u$se2uently, the E3o+ %:! 'hich set the anni ersaryof RizalOs death as a [day of o$ser ance+Y.0:/

Renato 5onstantino 'rites Rizal is a @Enited 3tates


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;n $l Filibusterismo , Rizal had Father Florentino sayG @...our liberty )ill (not be secured at thes)ord8s point...)e must secure it by ma1ing oursel&es )orthy of it. nd )hen a people reaches thatheight -od )ill pro&ide a )eapon, the idols )ill be shattered, tyranny )ill crumble li1e a house ofcards and liberty )ill shine out li1e the first da)n. @. !/ Rizal4s attitude to the-hilippine Re olution isalso de$ated, not only $ased on his o'n 'ritin s, $ut also due to the aryin eye'itness accountsof - o Ialenzuela , a doctor 'ho in 1 9= had consulted Rizal in #apitan on $ehalf of onifacio and

the


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Co ernment poster from the 19=&s

Dhou h popularly mentioned, especially on $lo s, there is no e idence to su est that Candhi or>ehru may ha e corresponded 'ith Rizal, neither ha e they mentioned him in any of their memoirsor letters+ ut it 'as documented $y Rizal4s $io rapher, Austin 5oates 'ho inter ie'ed Ja'aharlal>ehru and Candhi that Rizal 'as mentioned, specifically in >ehru4s prison letters to his dau hter;ndira+.9&/.91/

As a political fi ure, Jos Rizal 'as the founder of /a /iga Filipina , a ci ic or anization thatsu$se2uently a e $irth to theational

istorical ;nstitute and in teacher4s pro rams all o er the -hilippines), Reminiscences and Dra els ofJose Rizal and Jose Rizal @-earl of Enselfishness@+ e recei ed an a'ard from the president of the-hilippines @in reco nition of his un'a erin support and commitment to promote the health andeducation of disad anta ed Filipinos, and his in alua$le contri$ution to en ender the teachin s andideals of #r+ Jose Rizal in the -hilippines and in 7urope@+ ?ne of the reatest researchers a$outRizal no'adays is 6ucien 3pittael+
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Letters_from_a_Father_to_His_Daughterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Letters_from_a_Father_to_His_Daughterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Letters_from_a_Father_to_His_Daughterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Rizal#cite_note-108http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Rizal#cite_note-109http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political_figurehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Liga_Filipinahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Liga_Filipinahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Liga_Filipinahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andr%C3%A9s_Bonifaciohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Rizal#cite_note-111http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Rizal#cite_note-111http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippine_Revolutionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Philippine_Republichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Philippine_Republichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emilio_Aguinaldohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emilio_Aguinaldohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Rizal#cite_note-112http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Rizal#cite_note-113http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Rizal#cite_note-114http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Rizal#cite_note-115http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gomburzahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austin_Coateshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austin_Coateshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benedict_Andersonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benedict_Andersonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Rizal#cite_note-Coates-31http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Rizal#cite_note-117http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Rizal_Died_for_You-_Be_Worthy_of_Him_-_NARA_-_5730063.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Letters_from_a_Father_to_His_Daughterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Letters_from_a_Father_to_His_Daughterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Rizal#cite_note-108http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Rizal#cite_note-109http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political_figurehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Liga_Filipinahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andr%C3%A9s_Bonifaciohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Rizal#cite_note-111http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippine_Revolutionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Philippine_Republichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Philippine_Republichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emilio_Aguinaldohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Rizal#cite_note-112http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Rizal#cite_note-113http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Rizal#cite_note-114http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Rizal#cite_note-115http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gomburzahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austin_Coateshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benedict_Andersonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benedict_Andersonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Rizal#cite_note-Coates-31http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Rizal#cite_note-117


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Dri$ute to Rizal at5a ena h rid e in 3in apore

Repu$lic Act 1:8= 'as passed in 19=! $y the -hilippine le islature re2uirin all hi h schooland colle e curricula a course in the study of his life, 'orks and 'ritin s+

Monuments erected in his honor can $e found in MadridL.1&:/ DokyoLWilhelmsfeld, CermanyLJin*ian , Fu*ian, 5hinaL.1&=/5hica oL.1&!/ 5herry ill Do'nship, >e' Jersey L onoluluL.1&0/ 3an #ie oL.1& / Me ico 5ity, Me icoL.1&9/ 6ima, -eru L.11&/ 6itomerice, 5zech Repu$licL.citationneeded / DorontoL.citation needed /and Montreal, Tue$ec, 5anada+ .citation needed /

A t'oacional de Filipinas, >acionalista,Reformador -olitical, 7scritor, 6in ]istica y -oeta, 1 !1"1 [email protected]/.11%/.11:/

Dhe E33 Rizal (##


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Dhe statue of Rizal at the Rizal -ark in Wilhelmsfeld, Cermany

Dhe >ational istorical ;nstitute lo o for the 1=&th irth Anni ersary of Jos Rizal

Dhe on on Co ernment erected a pla2ue $eside #r+ Jos Rizal4s residence in on on

A pla2ue marks the eidel$er $uildin 'here he trained 'ith -rofessor ecker 'hile inWilhemsfeld+ Dhere is a smallRizal -ark in that city 'here a $ronze statue of Rizal stands+ Dhestreet 'here he li ed 'as also renamed after him+ A sandstone fountain in -astor Ellmer4shouse arden 'here Rizal li ed in Wilhelmsfeld, 'as i en to the -hilippine o ernment and isno' located at Rizal -ark in Manila+.11=/

Dhrou hout 8&11, the >ational istorical ;nstitute and other institutions or anized se eralacti ities commemoratin the 1=&th $irth anni ersary of Rizal, 'hich took place on June 19 ofthat year+
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rizal_Parkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sandstonehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilhelmsfeldhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilhelmsfeldhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rizal_Parkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Rizal#cite_note-137http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Historical_Institutehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Historical_Institutehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:HK_Central_Rednaxela_Terrace_Shelley_Street_Dr_Jose_Rizal_2012.JPGhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Rizal_@_150_logo.pnghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Jose_Rizal_statue_in_Wilhelmsfeld,_Germany.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rizal_Parkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sandstonehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilhelmsfeldhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rizal_Parkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Rizal#cite_note-137http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Historical_Institute


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Rizal in popular culture .edit/Adaptation o& his works .edit/Dhe cinematic depiction of Rizal4s literary 'orks 'on t'o film industry a'ards more than a centuryafter his $irth+ ;n the 1&thFAMA3 A'ards , he 'as honored in the est 3tory cate ory for Cerardo de

6eBn4s adaptation of his $ook!oli "e T#ngere + Dhe reco nition 'as repeated the follo'in year 'ithhis mo ie ersion of$l Filibusterismo , makin him the only person to 'in $ackearly e ery to'n and city in -hilippines contains a street named after Rizal (Rizal street

and Rizal a enue) At least ten to'ns ^ cities in -hilippines are named @Rizal@ (for e ample GRizal < 5a ayan) A road in the 5hanakyapuri area of >e' #elh i (;ndia) is named #r+ Jose - Rizal Mar

Dhe E33 Rizal (##


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"omin!o am=co

>nez de la Rosa *u!enio 2rsua

Jose a rancisco Mercado

)ernarda Monic7a Manuel de ?uintos

Juan Mercado

Cirila Ale@andro Clemente Mercado orenzo Alberto Alonso

rancisco Rizal Mercado Manuel Alonso Juan Alonso re!orio

4aturnina Rizal /arcisa Rizal ucia Rizal Jos Rizal Jose a Riz

Paciano Rizal Blym0ia Rizal Mar:a Rizal Conce0ci n Rizal 5r

57is does not include all o t7e ancestorDs siblin!s, only t7e notable onesE

[s7o; ]An!estors of Jos Rizal

See also .edit/ ..Jos Rizal Eni ersity/

Jos Rizal4s Clo$al Fello'ship

Rizal 3hrine (5alam$a 5ity)

Rizal 3hrine (Manila)

Rizal Dechnolo ical Eni ersity

"a1amisa

Rizal 6ithout the P&ercoat

Jos Mart , 5u$an national hero also e ecuted $y the 3panish in 1 9=

/otes and references .edit/otes

1+ J($p (p . When Jos 'as $aptized, the record sho'ed his parents as Francisco RizalMercado and Deodora Realonda+@Jos RizalOs 6inea e@

8+ J($p (p . At a e (in 1 !9) he 'as reputed to ha e 'ritten the poem Sa a1ing mga


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!+ J($p (p . Adolf ernard Meyer (1 :&"1911) 'as a Cerman ornitholo ist and anthropolo ist,and author of the $ook 2hilippinen3typen (#resden, 1 )

0+ J($p (p . #r+ Reinhold Rost 'as the head of the ;ndia ?ffice at the ritish Museum and areno'ned 19th century philolo ist+

+ J($p (p . ;n his letter @Manifesto to 5ertain Filipinos@ (Manila, 1 9!), he statesGReforms, ifthey are to bear fruit, must come from abo&e for reforms that come from belo) are uphea&als both&iolent and transitory. ($pistolario Rizalino , op cit)

9+ J($p (p . Accordin to 6au$ach, Retana more than any other supporter 'ho 4sa ed Rizal for posterity4+ (6au$ach, op+cit+, p+ % %)

1&+ J($p (p . Rizal4s trial 'as re arded a tra esty e en $y prominent 3paniards of his day+ 3oonafter his e ecution, the philosopher Mi uel de Enamunoin an impassioned utterance reco nized Rizalas a @3paniard@, @+++profoundly and intimately 3panish, far more 3panish than those 'retched menQfor i e them, 6ord, for they kne' not 'hat they didQthose 'retched men, 'ho o er his still 'arm$ody hurled like an insult hea en'ard that $lasphemous cry, 4Ii a 7spanaS4@Mi uel de Enamuno,epilo ue to Wenceslao Retana4s5ida y $scritos del ?r. Jos Rizal +(Retana, op+ cit+)

11+ J($p (p . "e retracto de todo corazon de cuanto en mis palabras, escritos, impresos y

conducta ha habido contrario # mi cualidad de hi o de la *glesia Lat>lica G Jesus 5a anna, Rizal8sNnfading -lory: ?ocumentary 7istory of the Lon&ersion of ?r. Jos Rizal (ManilaG 19 %)18+ J($p (p . Joa2uin, >ick, Rizal in 3a a, -hilippine >ational 5entennial 5ommission, 199!G@@;t

seems clear no' that he did retract, that he 'ent to confession, heard mass, recei ed communion,and 'as married to Josephine, on the e e of his death@+

1%+ J($p (p . @Dhat is a matter for hand'ritin e perts, and the 'ei ht of e pert opinion is infa or of authenticity+ ;t is nonsense to say that the retraction does not pro e Rizal4s con ersionL thelan ua e of the document is unmistaka$le+@.=8/

1:+ J($p (p . Dhe retraction, Ja ier de -edro contends, is the end of a process 'hich started'ith a personal crisis as Rizal finished the Fili +.=9/.!&/

1=+ J($p (p . Rizal4s third no el"a1amisa 'as rescued from o$li ion $y ?campo+

1!+ J($p (p . onifacio later mo$ilized his men to attempt to li$erate Rizal 'hile in Fort3antia o+ (6au$ach, op+cit+, chap+ 1=)

10+ J($p (p . Antonio 6una denounced the


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BD. _ Jump up toG a b c d Austin 5rai , /ineage, /ife and /abors of Rizal + Coo le ooks+ Retrie edon 8&&0 &


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@D. J($p (p . Al arez, 3+I+, 1998, Recallin the Re olution, MadisonG 5enter for 3outheast Asia3tudies, Eni ersity of Wisconsin 1< 18!1ational istorical 5ommission of Dhe-hilippines+ Retrie ed 3eptem$er %, 8&1%+

K@. J($p (p . @Dhe life and 'orks of Jose Rizal@+ Retrie ed 3eptem$er %,8&1%+

KK. J($p (p . Foreman, J+, 19&!, Dhe -hilippine ;slands, A -olitical, Ceo raphical,7thno raphical, 3ocial and 5ommercial istory of the -hilippine Archipela o, >e' \orkG 5harles3cri$ner4s 3ons

KQ. J($p (p . \oder, #r+ Ro$ert 6+ @Dhe 6ife and of #r+ Jos Rizal@+ Retrie ed 3eptem$er%, 8&1%+

KE. J($p (p . Ricardo Ro2ue -ascual, Jos Rizal 0eyond the -ra&e (ManilaG -+ Ayuda ` 5o+,19!8)

K . J($p (p . ;ldefonso D+ Runes and Mameto R+ uenafe, Dhe For ery of the Rizal @Retraction@and Josephine4s @Auto$io raphy@ (ManilaG R ook 5ol, 19!8)+

KC. J($p (p . @Rizal4s RetractionG A >ote on the #e$ate, 3illiman Journal (Iol+ 18, >o+ 8, April,May, June 19!=), pa es 1! "1 %@+/ife and 6ritings of Jos Rizal + Retrie ed 3eptem$er 9, 8&&9+

KD. J($p (p . Rafael -alma, -ride of the Malay Race (>e' \orkG -rentice all, 19:9)

QA. _ Jump up toG a b Am$eth ?campo (8&& )+Rizal 6ithout the P&ercoat + An il -u$lishin +

QB. _ Jump up toG a b c >icolas Nafra (19!1)+7istoricity of Rizal8s Retraction + ookmark+

QG. J($p (p . Cuerrero, 6eBn Maria ;;; (19!%)+ @Dhe First FilipinoG A io raphy of Jos Rizal@+>ational istorical ;nstitute of Dhe -hilippines, Manila+

Q@. _ Jump up toG a b Cre orio Naide (8&&%)+Jose Rizal: /ife, 6or1s and 6ritings of a -enius,6riter, Scientist and !ational 7ero + >ational ookstore+

QK. J($p (p . 3chumacher, John+ @Dhe Makin of a >ationG 7ssays on >ineteenthationalism@+

QQ. J($p (p . Molina, Antonio M+ (199 )+ @Mo, Jos Rizal @+ 7diciones de 5ultura isp nica,Madrid+

QE. J($p (p . @Enco erin 5ontro ersial Facts a$out Jos Rizal@(mariarona$eltran+com)

Q . _ Jump up toG a

b

Marciano Cuzman (19 )+Dhe ard Facts A$out Rizal4s 5on ersion+3ina tala -u$lishers+

QC. _ Jump up toG a b Jesus 5a anna (19 %)+Rizal8s Nnfading -lory: ?ocumentary 7istory of theLon&ersion of ?r. Jose Rizal +

QD. J($p (p . Ja ier de -edro (8&&=)Rizal Dhrou h a Class #arkly, Eni ersity of Asia and the-acific

EA. J($p (p . @7 olution of Rizal4s Reli ious Dhou ht@+
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Rizal#cite_ref-Alvarez_49-0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1881261050http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Rizal#cite_ref-50http://joserizal.info/Writings/Letters/Family/1896-f-letters.htmhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Rizal#cite_ref-51http://www.joserizal.com/http://www.joserizal.com/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Rizal#cite_ref-52http://joserizal.nhcp.gov.ph/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Rizal#cite_ref-53http://thelifeandworksofrizal.blogspot.com/2011/08/indolence-of-filipinos-summary-and.htmlhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Rizal#cite_ref-Foreman_54-0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Rizal#cite_ref-55http://joserizal.nhcp.gov.ph/Writings/plays_portal.htmhttp://joserizal.nhcp.gov.ph/Writings/plays_portal.htmhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Rizal#cite_ref-Pascual_57-0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Rizal#cite_ref-58http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Rizal#cite_ref-EH_59-0http://joserizal.info/Reflections/retraction.htmhttp://joserizal.info/Reflections/retraction.htmhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Rizal#cite_ref-60http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Rizal#cite_ref-AO_61-0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Rizal#cite_ref-AO_61-0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Rizal#cite_ref-AO_61-0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Rizal#cite_ref-AO_61-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Rizal#cite_ref-AO_61-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Rizal#cite_ref-NZ_63-0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Rizal#cite_ref-NZ_63-0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Rizal#cite_ref-NZ_63-0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Rizal#cite_ref-NZ_63-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Rizal#cite_ref-NZ_63-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Rizal#cite_ref-NZ_63-2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Rizal#cite_ref-NZ_63-2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Rizal#cite_ref-64http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Rizal#cite_ref-GZ_66-0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Rizal#cite_ref-GZ_66-0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Rizal#cite_ref-GZ_66-0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Rizal#cite_ref-GZ_66-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Rizal#cite_ref-GZ_66-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Rizal#cite_ref-67http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Rizal#cite_ref-68http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Rizal#cite_ref-69http://www.mariaronabeltran.com/2011/09/uncovering-controversial-facts-about.htmlhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Rizal#cite_ref-MG_70-0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Rizal#cite_ref-MG_70-0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Rizal#cite_ref-MG_70-0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Rizal#cite_ref-MG_70-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Rizal#cite_ref-MG_70-1http://www.bukal.com/pdfs/rizals%20conversion-pp.rtfhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Rizal#cite_ref-Cav_71-0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Rizal#cite_ref-Cav_71-0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Rizal#cite_ref-Cav_71-0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Rizal#cite_ref-Cav_71-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Rizal#cite_ref-Cav_71-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Rizal#cite_ref-72http://crcpublications.wordpress.com/book-titles/rizal-through-a-glass-darkly/http://crcpublications.wordpress.com/book-titles/rizal-through-a-glass-darkly/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Rizal#cite_ref-73http://202.138.141.8/pdfs/rizals%20religious%20thought-pp.rtfhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Rizal#cite_ref-Alvarez_49-0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1881261050http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Rizal#cite_ref-50http://joserizal.info/Writings/Letters/Family/1896-f-letters.htmhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Rizal#cite_ref-51http://www.joserizal.com/http://www.joserizal.com/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Rizal#cite_ref-52http://joserizal.nhcp.gov.ph/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Rizal#cite_ref-53http://thelifeandworksofrizal.blogspot.com/2011/08/indolence-of-filipinos-summary-and.htmlhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Rizal#cite_ref-Foreman_54-0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Rizal#cite_ref-55http://joserizal.nhcp.gov.ph/Writings/plays_portal.htmhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Rizal#cite_ref-Pascual_57-0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Rizal#cite_ref-58http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Rizal#cite_ref-EH_59-0http://joserizal.info/Reflections/retraction.htmhttp://joserizal.info/Reflections/retraction.htmhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Rizal#cite_ref-60http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Rizal#cite_ref-AO_61-0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Rizal#cite_ref-AO_61-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Rizal#cite_ref-NZ_63-0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Rizal#cite_ref-NZ_63-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Rizal#cite_ref-NZ_63-2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Rizal#cite_ref-64http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Rizal#cite_ref-GZ_66-0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Rizal#cite_ref-GZ_66-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Rizal#cite_ref-67http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Rizal#cite_ref-68http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Rizal#cite_ref-69http://www.mariaronabeltran.com/2011/09/uncovering-controversial-facts-about.htmlhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Rizal#cite_ref-MG_70-0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Rizal#cite_ref-MG_70-1http://www.bukal.com/pdfs/rizals%20conversion-pp.rtfhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Rizal#cite_ref-Cav_71-0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Rizal#cite_ref-Cav_71-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Rizal#cite_ref-72http://crcpublications.wordpress.com/book-titles/rizal-through-a-glass-darkly/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Rizal#cite_ref-73http://202.138.141.8/pdfs/rizals%20religious%20thought-pp.rtf


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EB. J($p (p . (19=&ational istorical 5ommission of Dhe -hilippines+ Retrie ed 3eptem$er %, 8&1%+

D. J($p (p . Naide, Cre orio and 3onia (1999)+Jose Rizal: /ife, 6or1s, and 6ritings of a-enius, 6riter, Scientist and !ational 7ero + Tuezon 5ityG All >ations pu$lishin 5o+ ;nc+;3 > 901 901< 011CB. J($p (p . 5outtie, o$ (8&&0)+ @Dhe 7nd of Ieneration@+ 3cri$d+com+ Retrie ed on 8&18


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CG. J($p (p . Rafael -alma (19:9)+ @-ride of the Malay Race@, p+ %!0+ -rentice all, >e' \ork+

C@. J($p (p . Am$eth ?campo (199&)+ @Rizal 'ithout the ? ercoat@+ An il -u$lishin 5o+,Manila+;3 > 901

CC. J($p (p . A oncillo, Deodoro+The Re&olt of the "asses +

CD. J($p (p . Tui$uyen, !ation borted: Rizal, merican 7egemony, nd 2hilippine!ationalism

DA. J($p (p . httpG^^'''+thecommunitypaper+comârchi e^8&& ^&1 1&înde +php

DB. J($p (p . 6ook, Win , am (1990)+ Jose Rizal and "ahatma -andhi: nationalism and non3&iolence + on kon G Dhe Eni ersity ?f on kon +

DG. J($p (p . .8/+ Retrie ed January 1&, 8&&0+

D@. J($p (p . Drillana ;;;, #r+ -a$lo 3+@8 historical e ents led to $irth of modern R-@+2hilippine?aily *n9uirer + Retrie ed June 11, 8&&0+

DK. J($p (p . Jos Rizal (8&&0)+The Reign of -reed + 7cho 6i$rary+ p+ 8%1+ ;3 > 90 DD. J($p (p . httpG^^'''+skd+museumên^museums


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BAQ. J($p (p . Article ;nde " ;>TE;R7R+net at the Way$ack Machine(archi ed May :, 8&& )+We$+archi e+or (May :, 8&& )+ Retrie ed on Fe$ruary 19, 8&11+

BAE. J($p (p . 3ir 5hoy Arnaldo, C?R+ -aris in 3prin time " ni hts and #amas $lossomS , Rizal ulletin, March 89, 8&1&+

BA . J($p (p . ;sle Filipinos honor -hilippines hero " a'aii >e's " onolulu 3tar

José Rizal and His World

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