©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2007 Huffman: Psychology in Action (8e) Defining consciousness: Two...
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©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2007 Huffman: Psychology in Action (8e) Defining consciousness: Two notions of consciousness 1. General state of arousal (sleep vs. wakefulness) 2. Attentional focus or current awareness (watching football game or listening to wife)
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Transcript of ©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2007 Huffman: Psychology in Action (8e) Defining consciousness: Two...
©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2007 Huffman: Psychology in
Action (8e)
Defining consciousness:Two notions of consciousness
1. General state of arousal (sleep vs. wakefulness)
2. Attentional focus or current awareness (watching football game or listening to wife)
Defining consciousness: Levels of Awareness
Higher-Level Consciousness
controlled processing
actively focus efforts toward a goal
requires attention
Defining consciousness:Levels of Awareness
Lower-Level Consciousness
Automatic processes require little attention/conscious effort
do not interfere with other ongoing activities
Daydreaming wandering thoughts fantasy, imagination, rumination potentially useful (reminding, solving)
Defining consciousness: Altered states
Altered States of Consciousness
drug states fatigue, illness, trauma, deprivation meditation, hypnosis mental disorders
©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2007 Huffman: Psychology in
Action (8e)
Cognitive Studies of Consciousness: Generally deal
with 2nd notion 1. Consciousness as attentional focus: Cocktail party effect (selective attention)
2. Automatic vs. Controlled processing (effects of practice on conscious awareness)
3. Implicit vs. Explicit memory Recall test vs. Perceptual Identification test Effects of priming
©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2007 Huffman: Psychology in
Action (8e)
Cognitive Studies of consciousness: Priming test
Word or non-word RT measure FORK = word; DXMZ = non-word SIGN – FORK DXMZ – FORK SPOON – FORK (sig reduction in rt) Unconscious priming? -- yes
©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2007 Huffman: Psychology in
Action (8e)
Cognitive studies of consciousness: Exclusion task in
priming Coconut…palm (tree or wrist?) cons: only tree/uncon: either
Hand…palm (tree or wrist?) cons: only wrist/uncon: either
Stem completion task: complete BUT_ _ _ (could be butter or butler). What happens when one is presented earlier either consciously or unconsciously?) But can only be excluded consciously
©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2007 Huffman: Psychology in
Action (8e)
Cognitive studies of consciousness: Brain Damaged
Subjects 1. Blindsight: loss of visual consciousness due to damage to primary visual cortex
2. Prosopagnosia: loss of face recognition due to damage to temporal lobe visual pathway.
©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2007 Huffman: Psychology in
Action (8e)
Sleep and Dreams: Stages of Sleep NREM (Non-Rapid-Eye-Movement) Sleep:
Stage 1 (lightest sleep) Stage 2 (deeper sleep) Stages 3 and 4 (deepest sleep)
REM (Rapid-Eye-Movement) Sleep: Light sleep (also called paradoxical
sleep)
©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2007 Huffman: Psychology in
Action (8e)
Sleep and Dreams: Stages of Sleep (Continued)
NREM (non-REM) sleep: includes Stages 1 through 4 involves lower-frequency brain waves,
decreased pulse and breathing,and occasional, simple dreams
serves a biological need (NREM needs met before REM needs)
©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2007 Huffman: Psychology in
Action (8e)
Sleep and Dreams: Stages of Sleep (Continued) REM (Rapid-Eye-Movement) sleep:
also known as paradoxical sleep. involves high-frequency brain waves,
increased pulse and breathing, large muscle .
serves a biological need. may play a role in learning and
consolidating new memories.
©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2007 Huffman: Psychology in
Action (8e)
Sleep and Dreams: Stages of Sleep in a Typical Night
©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2007 Huffman: Psychology in
Action (8e)
Sleep and Dreams: Research
The EEG, EOG, and EMG are common tools for sleep research.
What Happens When We Sleep
©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2007 Huffman: Psychology in
Action (8e)
Sleep and Dreams: Stages of Sleep & Brain Waves
©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2007 Huffman: Psychology in
Action (8e)
Sleep and Dreams: Over the Life Span
©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2007 Huffman: Psychology in
Action (8e)
Sleep and Dreams: Average Daily Hours of Sleep for Different Mammals
Why Do We Need Sleep?
Adaptive Evolutionary Function safety energy conservation/ efficiency
Restorative Function body rejuvenation & growth
Brain Plasticity enhances synaptic connections memory consolidation
Theories of Dreaming
Historical and Religious Significance
Freud’s Psychodynamic Approach manifest and latent content
Cognitive Theory information processing and memory
Activation-Synthesis Theory brain makes “sense” out of random brain activity
Sleep Disorders
insomnia sleep walking, talking, and eating nightmares and night terrors narcolepsy sleep apnea
©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2007 Huffman: Psychology in
Action (8e)
Sleep Disorders
Insomnia: persistent problems in falling asleep, staying asleep, or awakening too early
Sleep Apnea: repeated interruption of breathing during sleep
Narcolepsy: sudden and irresistible onsets of sleep during normal waking hours
©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2007 Huffman: Psychology in
Action (8e)
Sleep disorders
Nightmares: anxiety-arousing dreams occurring near the end of sleep, during REM sleep
Night Terrors: abrupt awakenings from NREM sleep accompanied by intense physiological arousal and feelings of panic
©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2007 Huffman: Psychology in
Action (8e)
Psychoactive Drugs
Psychoactive Drugs: chemicals that change conscious awareness, mood, or perception
©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2007 Huffman: Psychology in
Action (8e)
Psychoactive Drugs: Important Terms
Drug Abuse: drug taking that causes emotional or physical harm to the individual or others
Addiction: compulsion to use a specific drug or to engage in a certain activity
©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2007 Huffman: Psychology in
Action (8e)
Psychoactive Drugs: Important Terms
Psychological Dependence: desire or craving to achieve effects produced by drug
Physical Dependence: bodily processes have been so modified by repeated drug use that continued use is required to prevent withdrawal symptoms
©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2007 Huffman: Psychology in
Action (8e)
Psychoactive Drugs: Important Terms (Continued)
Withdrawal: discomfort and distress experienced after stopping the use of addictive drugs
Tolerance: decreased sensitivity to a drug brought about by its continuous use
Reward Pathway for Psychoactive Drugs
©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2007 Huffman: Psychology in
Action (8e)
Psychoactive Drugs: Four Categories
1. Depressants: act on the CNS to suppress bodily processes (e.g., alcohol, valium)
Alcohol & Neurotransmitters
©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2007 Huffman: Psychology in
Action (8e)
Psychoactive Drugs: Depressants (Continued)
©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2007 Huffman: Psychology in
Action (8e)
©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2007 Huffman: Psychology in
Action (8e)
Psychoactive Drugs: Stimulants
2. Stimulants: act on the CNS to increase bodily processes (e.g., caffeine, nicotine, cocaine)
©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2007 Huffman: Psychology in
Action (8e)
Psychoactive Drugs: Opiates
3. Opiates: act as an analgesic or pain reliever (e.g., morphine, heroin)
©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2007 Huffman: Psychology in
Action (8e)
Psychoactive Drugs: Hallucinogens
4. Hallucinogens:
produce sensory or perceptual distortions called hallucinations (e.g., LSD, marijuana)
©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2007 Huffman: Psychology in
Action (8e)
©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2007 Huffman: Psychology in
Action (8e)
Applying Psychology to Everyday Life:Club Drug Alert! Popular “Club Drugs”:
Date Rape Drug (Rohypnol) MDMA (Ecstasy) GHB (Gamma-Hydroxybutyrate) Special K (Ketamine) Crystal Meth (Methamphetamine) LSD (Lysergic Acid Diethylamide)
©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2007 Huffman: Psychology in
Action (8e)
Psychoactive Drugs: How They Work Step 1). Alter the production or synthesis of
neurotransmitters.
Step 2). Change the storage or release of neurotransmitters.
Step 3). Alter the reception of neurotransmitters.
Step 4). Change the deactivation (block the reuptake or break-down) of excess neurotransmitters.
©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2007 Huffman: Psychology in
Action (8e)
How Psychoactive Drugs Work (Step 3: Agonists vs. Antagonists)
©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2007 Huffman: Psychology in
Action (8e)
©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2007 Huffman: Psychology in
Action (8e)
Healthier Ways to Alter Consciousness
Meditation: group of techniques designed to refocus attention, block out all distractions, and produce an ASC
©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2007 Huffman: Psychology in
Action (8e)
Healthier Ways to Alter Consciousness Hypnosis:
trancelike state of heightened suggestibility, deep relaxation, and intense focus
©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2007 Huffman: Psychology in
Action (8e)
Healthier Ways to Alter Consciousness
Hypnosis is used to treat chronic pain, severe burns, dentistry, childbirth, psychotherapy.
©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2007 Huffman: Psychology in
Action (8e)
Upper Paleolithic Cave Art: Indications of rituals to achieve
ASC?
©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2007 Huffman: Psychology in
Action (8e)
Traditional ceremonies Mandan Indiana sun-dance: altered state as
pain endurance
©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2007 Huffman: Psychology in
Action (8e)
Ritual Use of Altered State Intoxicants
As far back as we can trace, humans have used consciousness altering rituals and intoxicants, but always together and always under supervision or regulation. The ritual regulated the drug use.
