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Wood Tiger

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White Ermine Spilosoma lubricipeda. Black spots vary in size: occasionally absent .Abdomen yellow. 5-8 in gardens and many other habitats. Larva is dark brown andvery hairy, with a thin red line along the back. It feeds on a wide range of low-growingplants.

Buff Ermine S. lutea has variable pattern on cream to deep yellow wings. Habits likethose of White Ermine but larva is paler brown, with no red line.

Muslin Diaphora mendica. Sexes markedly different: female thinly scaled, with vari­able amount of black spotting and a white abdomen. 5-6 in hedgerows and openwoodland. Male nocturnal, but female largely diurnal. Larva like that of Buff Ermine,feeding on low-growing vegetation. N & C.

TIGER and ERMINE MOTHS Arctiidae. Stoutly-built, brightly coloured moths,usually hairy and often poisonous. The bold colours, especially on hindwings,warn birds of the unpalatability of these moths, although forewings often havecryptic patterns. The larvae are very hairy - many are known as woolly bears ­and usually fed on docks, dandelions, and other low-growing plants. The familyalso contains the slender-bodied footmen (p. 154).

.•. Garden Tiger Arctia caja. Pattern very variable on all wings: forewing occasionally allbrown and hindwing sometimes yellow instead of orange. 6-8 in almost any habitat.

..:;.. Cream-spot Tiger A.villica has cream or white spots on forewing, sometimes runningtogether and occasionally much reduced. The black thorax with white sides is charac­teristic. 5~7 in scrubby and grassy places. Larva like that of caja but has chestnut headand shorter hair. S & c.

L\s Jersey Tiger fup/agia quadripunctaria. 6-9 in open woodland and scrub, usually fairlydry. Flies in sunshine as well as by night. Roosts in vegetation in dull weather, some­times in vast numbers as in the 'Valley of Butterflies' on the island of Rhodes. Larva isblack with a broad yellow stripe on the back and pale spots on the sides. S & C: con­fined to Devon in 8, but common in Channel Islands.

A s Scarlet Tiger Callimorpha dominula. Markings vary: yellow occasionally replaces thered. Flies in sunshine 6-8. Fens, riverbanks, and damp woodland. Larva is dark greywith broken yellow lines and grey and black hair. Feeds on bramble, sallow, and othershrubs as well as on.herbaceous plants.

.&. Wood Tiger Parasemia plantaginis. Pattern and colour vary: hindwing sometimeswith red spots but may be completely brown, especially in mountains. Pale marks onforewing may also be reduced. Sides of abdomen yellow in male. Heaths, moors,woodland clearings, and other grassy places. 6-8, flying by day and night. Larva isblack with short tufts of black and chestnut hair. N & C.

Perica/Jia matronula. Spots vary in size: those of hindwing separate or joined into aband. 5-7 in many habitats, often flying by day. Larva is dark brown or black with longbrown hairs: polyphagous, taking 2 years to mature. Widely distributed in E. Europe,reaching eastern France.

Ammobiota festiva. Pattern very variable. Female usually has fewer and narrowerpale bands and brighter hindwings. Less vivid and often just pink and grey in northernparts of range. 5-6, often flying by day, in dry grassy and scrubby habitats. Larva, verylike that of Garden Tiger, is polyphagous on low-growing plants. S & C.

Ruby Tiger Phragmatobia fuliginosa. Forewings reddish brown to dark brown, ratherthinly scaled in centre. Hindwings largely grey in north: elsewhere largely pink. 5-9,with 2 broods in many areas. All kinds of habitats, but most common in damp grass­land. Larva is dark brown and densely hairy.

P. maculosa has variable spot pattern, often much fainter than shown here. Hindwingdarker red in female. 6-8 in rough, grassy places. Larva, velvety black with short brownhair, feeds on bedstraws. S & C.

Fall Webworm Hyphantria cunea Sometimes pure white, sometimes black-spotted.7-8. Larva is yellowish green with black and orange warts and white hair. Lives com­munally in silken tent on various deciduous trees in autumn: a pest of fruit trees. AnAmerican species now established in Germany and some other parts of Europe.

Cymba/ophora pudica. Forewing ground colour ranges from white to deep pink. 8-10in scrubby and grassy places. Larva, greyish brown with short hair, feeds on variousgrasses. S: often abundant on Mediterranean coast.

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~ Short~cloaked Moth Nola cucul/ata Nolidae. Dark patch at base of forewings resem­bles a short cloak at rest. 6-7 in wooded and scrubby habitats. Larva is reddish brownwith grey hair and white spots. It feeds on blackthorn, hawthorn, and other rosaceoustrees and shrubs. Absent from far north.

b Red-necked Footman Atolmis rubrical/is. 5-8, mainly in woodland. Larva is hairy:greyish with paler markings and red spots. It eats lichens.N & C.

~ Rosy Footman Miftochrista miniata. Female is smaller. 6-8 in damp, wooded areas,including hedgerows. Larva is dark grey and very furry. It eats lichens. N & C.

/::, Dew Moth Setina irrorella. Wings thinly scaled. Female smaller and darker. 6-8. Maleoften active by day. Mainly in coastal and montane habitats: also chalk and limestonehills with bare rock. The hairy larva is dark brown with yellow and white lines. It eatslichens on rocks.

Rhyparia purpurata. Spots vary in size and may run together, especially on hindwing .6-7 in well-drained areas, sometimes flying by day. Larva is dark grey with velvetyblack rings and grey and rust-coloured hairs. It feeds on a wide range of herbs andshrubs, especially Genista species. Most of Europe.

.•.. Clouded Buff Diacrisia sannio. Sexes markedly different: amount of grey on malehindwing very variable. 4-8 on heaths, moors, and grassland. Male flies by night andday: female largely nocturnal. Larva is brown with a pale stripe along the back andclothed with brown hair. It feeds on a wide range of herbs and low-growing shrubs .

.•.. Cinnabar Tyria jacobaeae. 5-8 in open habitats, mainly on sandy soils and otherwell-drained soils. Largely nocturnal, but often seen fluttering weakly by day. Larvafeeds on ragwort. Widespread, but mainly coastal in north.

/), Crimson Speckled Utetl1eisa pulcl1e/la. Day-flying, 4-10, with 2 or 3 broods in south.Open and scrubby habitats. Hairy larva is greyish with white lines and black warts, andan orange band on each segment. It feeds mainly on forget-me-not and borage. Resi­dent in S, migrating to C each spring: sporadic visitor to B.

Feathered Footman Spiris striata. Female lacks thick black veins on forewing anddoes not have feathered antennae. Day-flying 5~7,on heaths and grassland. Rests withwings wrapped round body. Larva is black with an orange stripe along the back andyellowish spots. It feeds on various low-growing plants. Widespread, but most com~mon in S.

Set;na aur;ta. Lines on forewing often replaced by rows of dots, especially at loweraltitudes. Abdomen all black, all yellow, or a mixture. 6-9. Larva, dark brown with yel­low spots, feeds on lichens. Alps and neighbouring mountains .

.•.. Common Footman Eilema lurideola. Pale streak at front of forewing tapers stronglyand does not reach apex. 6-8 in hedgerows, woods, and orchards. Rests with wingsalmost flat - only slightly rolled round body. Larva is hairy, grey with black lines on theback and an orange line on each side. Like most true footmen larvae, it eats lichens ontrees and shrubs.

1;;;..Scarce Footman E. complana has pale streak of constant width from shoulder towing-tip. Front edge of wing almost straight. 6-8 on heaths and moors and in dampwoods. Rests with wings rolled tightly round body. Larva is greyish with a black line onthe back and orange and white spots on the sides.

J.. Dingy Footman E. griseola has uniform pale streak but front edge of wing is stronglycurved. Abdomen and hindwings dirty yellow. 6-8 in fens and damp woods. Rests withwings virtually flat. Larva is velvety black with a purplish stripe along the back and vari­able orange spots on each side.C.

bs 4~spotted Footman Uthosia quadra. Sexes markedly different: female often muchlarger. 7-9, flying by day and night. Mainly in old woodlands. Larva is black with redand grey spots and a broad yellow stripe along the back. It eats lichens .

.•.. 4-dotted Footman Cybosia mesomel/a. forewing sometimes much yellower. 6-7 onheaths and moors and in open woods. Larva is velvety black with tufts of black or darkbrown hair. It feeds on lichens.

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Noctuidae. A very large family with over 25,000 known species of stoutly-builtmoths. Forewings generally sombre and cryptically coloured, althoughhindwings may be brightly coloured. Sexes usually alike, but males often havetufts of hair at tip of abdomen. Vein M2 of forewing is close to M3 at base, thusdistinguishing the family from the Notodontidae (p. 148). Forewing usually withthree prominent spots or stigmata - the orbicular near the middle, thekidney-shaped reniform outside it, and the elongate claviform below it. At rest,the wings may be held roofwise orflat and overlapping. Larvae are usually plumpand, with a few notable exceptions, they have little hair.

A. Garden Dart Euxoa nigricans. Forewing pale to very dark brown: claviform stigmausually indistinct. 6-8 on cultivated land and grassland: mainly in lowlands. Larva ispale brown or green with a double white stripe low on each side. It feeds on a widevariety of low-growing plants.

A Archer's Dart Agrotis vestigiafis. Ground colour grey to rich brown. Well markedclaviform stigma (dart) and dark wedges near outer edge of forewing. 6-9, mainly onsandy coasts and heaths. Larva is grey and eats a wide range of Jow-growing plants .

.•. Turnip Moth A. segetum is distinguished from most other noctuids by its pearlyhindwings - white in male, grey in female. Forewings pale grey to black. 5-10 incultivated areas and waste land. Glossy larva, grey and tinged with purple, feedsmainly underground and damages crop roots.

~ Shuttle-shaped Dart A. puta has dart-shaped orbicular stigma. Female darker, withpale border to orbicular stigma, Hindwing white in male, grey in female. 5~10 in mosthabitats. Mottled brown larva eats many kinds of herbaceous plants. S & C .

.&. Heart and Dart A. exclamation is is named for prominent reniform and solid blackclaviform stigmata. Forewings pale to dark brown. Black collar distinguishes it fromseveral similar species. Open habitats, especially cultivated land. 5-9. Larva is brownabove and grey below and feeds on numerous herbaceous plants.

A Flame Shoulder Ochropleura plecta. Readily identified by the pale streak on frontedge of forewing. Hindwings shiny white. 5-9, almost everywhere. Larva, yellowishgrey with a yellow stripe on each side, feeds on a wide range of herbaceous plants .

.•. Flame Axylia putris. Pale areas of forewing sometimes tinged with red. Wraps wingsround body at rest and resembles broken twig. 5-7 in hedgerows, woodland margins,and cultivated land. Larva is mottled greyish brown with black markings and a hump atrear. It eats numerous herbaceous plants .

.•. True Lover's Knot Lycophotia porphyrea. Ground colour of forewing brick~red topurplish brown. Hindwings grey. 6-8, mainly on heaths and moors. Larva, reddishbrown with paler lines, feeds on heathers .

.•. Large Yellow Underwing Noctua pronuba. Forewings pale grey to rich chestnut, thepalest specimens being females and the darkest ones males. Always a jet-black spot orstreak near wing-tip. Flight is fast and erratic, as in all yellow underwings, flashing theyellow hindwings and then dropping rapidly to ground to confuse predators (see p.44). Rests with wings folded flat over body. 6-10, almost everywhere. Larva is brown orgreen with rows of tapering black dashes on back. It eats almost any herbaceous plant ..6. Lunar Yellow Underwing N.orbona is like a small pronuba but has a black spot inhindwing. 6-9, mainly in open country. Larva feeds mainly on grasses.

.&. Broad-bordered Yellow Underwing N. fimbriata. Forewings greyish brown tochestnut: females lighter than males and often tinged with green. 6-9 in wooded areas.Larva, brown with black around spiracles, feeds on various deciduous trees .

.•. Lesser Broad-bordered Yellow Underwing N. janthina has no black spot in hindwing.7-9 in hedgerows and other wooded areas. Larva, brownish with dark V-shaped marks,feeds on various herbs and shrubs. Absent from far north. ~ Least Yellow UnderwingN. interjecta has greyish brown to chestnut forewings with little marking. Hindwing hasblack spot underneath. 6-8 in open and scrubby country. Larva feeds mainly on grasses..• Lesser Yellow Underwing N. comes has black spot in hindwing. Forewings rangefrom grey to chestnut and very dark brown, without a black fleck near the tip. 7-9 nearlyeverywhere. Larva, like that of pronuba, feeds on various trees and shrubs .

..&. Beautiful Yellow Underwing Anana myrtilli. Forewings greyish brown to purplish.Day-flying, 4-8, mainly on heaths and moors. Larva is green, marked with yellow andwhite, and is very difficult to see on its heather food-plant. is n Small Dark YellowUnderwing A. cordigera is similar but forewings are blacker and never tinged with red.Abdomen lacks pale bands. 5-6, mainly on moorland. Larvae, reddish brown with whitelines, feeds on bearberry. N & C and southern mountains.

156

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CommonQuaker

Bright-lineBrown-eye

Antler Moth

NOCTUID MOTHS

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A. Setaceous Hebrew Character Xestia c-nigrum. Ground colour pale grey to purplishchestnut, with characteristic light and dark marking near front of forewing. Wings flatat rest. 5-10, but mainly autumnal: mainly lowland. Polyphagous larva is pale brown orgreen, heavily speckled with black.

A. Double Square-spot X. triangulum has dark mark round orbicular stigma forming 2almost square spots. Wings flat at rest. 5-7 in wooded areas. Larva is brown with blackmarks: polyphagous.

A. Ingrailed Clay Oiarsia mendica. Forewings vary from straw-coloured, throughchestnut, to dark brown: usually dark in north. Wings flat at rest. 5-7 in woods andmoors. Polyphagous larva is brown with black triangles on sides.

A. Green Arches Anaplectoides prasina Black markings vary: green fades after death.Hindwings dark grey or brown with white fringe. 5~7 in deciduous woods. Larva,brown with darker markings, feeds on various herbs and shrubs.

An Great Brocade Eurois occulta. Ground colour pale grey to black: pale orbicular andwhite-edged reniform stigmata always prominent. 6-8: moors and open woodland.Larva, purplish brown with yellow and white lines, feeds on bog myrtle. N & C.

Gothic Naenia typica. Hindwings entirely grey. 5-8 in most lowland habitats. Larva isgreyish brown with a dark line on each side and a few black dashes at the rear.Polyphagous. As Bordered Gothic Heliophobus reticulata is similar but hindwingsare white with darker edges.

Cabbage Moth Mamestra brassicae. Forewings sometimes tinged reddish brown.Hindwings silvery grey with darker margins. All year, but mainly 5-8: very common oncultivated land. Polyphagous larva is green or dull brown with darker spots: oftentunnels in cabbages.

Broom Moth Melanchra pisi. Ground colour greyish brown to purplish. 5-7.Polyphagous larva is green to dark brown with bold yellow stripes.

Broad-barred White Hecatera bicolorata. Ground colour white to bluish grey. 5-9.Larva is green or brown with dark diamonds on back. It feeds on flowers and buds ofhawkweeds and other yellow-flowered composites.

Dot Moth Melanchra persicariae. 5-9, usually in cultivated areas. Larva is green,brown, or purplish with a distinct hump at the rear. Polyphagous.

Bright-line Brown-eye Lacanobia oleracea. 5-9, especially common in gardens andother cultivated areas. Larva, green or brown with a black and yellow stripe on eachside, is polyphagous but prefers goosefoots and similar weeds.

Tawny Shears Hadena perplexa. Ground colour off-white to dark brown. Claviformstigma broad and usually edged with black. 5-9. Larva is glossy pale brown, feeding onwhite campion.

Varied Coronet H. compta flies 5-9 in gardens and open country. Larva is dull,yellowish brown and feeds in seed heads of pinks and campions. A recent arrival in B(mostly south-east).

Hedge Rustic Tho/era cespitis. Hindwing white (with grey margin in female). 7-9 ingrassy places. Larva, green at first and then greyish brown, feeds on various toughgrasses.

Feathered Gothic T. decimalis has feathery antennae only in male. Wings more slen­derthan Gothic: forewings strongly veined in white. Hindwings white with grey borderin male: grey in female. 7-9 in grassy places.

Antler Moth Cerapteryx graminis. Ground colour greyish brown to deep chestnut,with variable 'antler' pattern. Male smaller than female and normally darker. 6-9 inopen country, especially in uplands: often flies by day. Larva is glossy greyish brownand feeds on grasses: often damages pastureland.

Pine Beauty Panolis flammea. Forewing sometimes greyish brown. 2-5 in pinewoods.Larva feeds on pine needles and is a serious forest pest.

Clouded Drab Orthosia incerta. Pale grey, through reddish brown, to purplish black:reniform and orbicular stigmata usually with pale outlines. 2-4 (sometimes earlier),mainly in wooded areas: common in gardens. Larva, bluish green with white dots andlines, feeds on shrubs.

Hebrew Character O. gothica is easily identified by the heavy black mark around theorbicular stigma. Wings held roofwise at rest (unlike Setaceous Hebrew Character).1-5. Larva is polyphagous, mainly on shrubs.

Common Quaker O. stabilis is greyish brown to brick-red. 2-4 (sometimes earlier),mainly in wooded areas. Larva, bright green with yellow dots and lines, feeds on mostdeciduous trees.

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A. Brown-line Bright~eye Mythimna conigera. Pale yellowish brown to golden orange.6-9 in hedges and woodland margins. Larva is pale brown with slender yel10w linesand feeds on grasses, especially cocksfoot.

A. Clay M. ferrago. Pale straw-co loured to brick-red. Male has triangular patch of blackhair on underside. 5-8. Larva like previous species, feeding mainly on grasses.

A. Common Wainscot M. pal/ens has straw-coloured to brick-red forewings: hindwingsalmost white (sometimes greyish in female). 6-10: especially common in dampgrassland. Larva is pale brown with white lines on the back and a darker stripe on eachside. It feeds on grasses.

A. Smoky Wainscot M. impura has two or more conspicuous black dots on outer part offorewing: dark streak often less marked than shown here. Hindwing brownish grey.5-8, mainly in grassy places. Larva like previous species.

A. Bulrush Wainscot Nonagria typhae. Pale straw-coloured to brick-red. 7-9 in marshyareas, including ditches and river banks. Larva is pale brown and feeds and pupatesinside bulrush stems (Typha spp).

A. Mullein Cucullia verbasci. Ground colour pale straw to mid-brown. 4-6 in scrubbyplaces and gardens: remarkably twig-like at rest. Larva is creamy with black and yellowspots: feeds openly on leaves and flower spikes of mulleins and may completelydestroy garden specimens. Absent from far north.

A. Shark C. umbratica has very narrow forewings, pale grey to rich brownish grey.Hindwings silvery in male, heavily clouded with grey in female. 5-7 in scrubby places,gardens, and waste land. Larva, greyish brown with black spots, feeds on sowthistleand lettuce.

Cucul/ia argentea. flies 6-8 in sandy areas.Larva, dull green with yellow lines alongthe back and a pink or red streak on each segment, feeds on the flowers and seeds ofmugwort and related plants. Eastwards from Germany and Scandinavia.

A. Early Grey Xylocampa areola. Sometimes darker and occasionally with a rosy tinge.3-5 in hedges, gardens, and woods. Larva, yellowish brown with a dark line on eachside and dark brown patches on the back, feeds on honeysuckle. Absent from far north.

A. Grey Chi Antitype chi. Distinct black cross near middle of forewing: black marks maybe heavier: ground colour often greenish, but this tends to fade after death, 8~10,mainly in open country: common in gardens. Larva is bluish green with green-edgedwhite lines. It feeds on dandelions and other low-growing plants.

'" Beaded Chestnut Agrochola Iychnidis. Pale brown to brick-red, plain or mottled butalways with 3 conspicuous spots on front edge of forewing, 9-11, often abundant at ivyblossom. Larva is yellowish green with white lines and spots. It feeds on a wide rangeof herbaceous plants and shrubs, especially sallows. Absent from far north.

A. Merveilie-du~Jour Dichonia aprilina. 8-10 around oak trees: hard to spot at rest onlichen-covered bark. Larva is greenish grey with zig-zag black lines on back. It feeds onoak buds and leaves and hides on trunks by day. Absent from far north.

A Sprawler Brachionycha sphinx. 10-12 in deciduous woodland: very well camouflagedat rest on trunks, Larva is pale green with yellow and white lines: rests with head andthorax raised. It feeds on oak and other deciduous trees. C.

A. Swordgrass Xylena exsoleta. Variable amounts of black on forewings. 9-10 and againin spring after hibernation: all kinds of open habitats. Rests with wings wrapped roundbody. Larva is green with black spots and yellow and red stripes. It feeds on manylow-growing plants and also on several trees and shrubs. Absent from far north.

A. Orange Sallow Xanthia citrago. Forewings yellow to brick-red. 8-10.Larva is greenishgrey with white lines and dots: feeds on lime. Not in far north.

1;;.. Barred Sallow X. aurago has pale yellow to orange ground colour. 8-10, mainly in andaround beechwoods. Larva, reddish brown with pale dots and lines, feeds on beechand field maple.

A. Sallow X. icteritia may have virtual1y no dark markings. 8-10 in hedgerows andscrubby places. Larva, reddish brown with darker spots and pale lines, feeds on sallowcatkins in early spring and then various low-growing plants.

A. Green~brindled Crescent Allophyes oxyacanthae. Forewings may lack greenbrindling, but always with prominent white fleck near hind edge. 9-10 in hedgerowsand woodland: often on ivy blossom. Larva is purplish brown with twin pointed humpsat rear. It feeds on hawthorn and related trees. Absent from far north.

160