Minimizing risks to pollinators in specialty crops · 17 Neonicotinoids • Synthetic derivatives...
Transcript of Minimizing risks to pollinators in specialty crops · 17 Neonicotinoids • Synthetic derivatives...
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March 1, 2018Elizabeth Long
Dept. of Entomology
Minimizing risks to pollinators in
specialty crops
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Photo: E. Y. Long
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Topics• The buzz about bees• Pollinators in OH specialty crops
-Bee biology 101
• Risks to pollinators in cropping systems- Which pesticides are most harmful?- How are bees exposed?
• What can you do to minimize risks & harm?
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flickr.com
• Wild & domesticated bees pollinate wildflowers and cultivated crops worldwide.
• The value of insect pollination:
(directly dependent crops alone!)
$11.68 billion (by honey bees)$3.44 billion (by non-Apis) 3
wallpaperslibrary.com
murrayfamilyfarms.com
makethelist.net
wiki.dickinson.edu
Why all the buzz?
Calderone, 2009
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Ohio specialty crops
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Insect pollinated crops
Crop Commercialproduct Pollinator Pollinator
impactCantaloupe fruit
Honey bees,
Squash bees,
Bumblebees, &
Solitary bees
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Gourd fruitPumpkin fruitSquash fruit
Watermelon fruitZucchini fruit
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Insect pollinated cropsCrop Commercial
product Pollinator Pollinatorimpact
Apple fruit
Honey bees,
Bumblebees,
Solitary bees,
Leafcutter
bees*, & Flies
3-great
Blackberry fruitBlueberry* fruitCucumber fruit
Fennel seedSweet cherry fruitSour cherry fruitNectarine fruit
Peach fruitPear fruitPlum fruit
Raspberry fruit6
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Meet the pollinators
• Bees-Honeybees-Bumblebees-Solitary bees
Mason beesLeafcutter beesSquash bees
• Butterflies• Flies• Beetles too!
E. Y. Long
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mybeeline.co
Honeybees
Bumblebees
wildaboutgardens.org
Leafcutter bees
gardendrum.com
Mason bees
parentmap.com
Meet the pollinators
ramblingratz.wordpress.com
Hover flies
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Squash bees
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Bee biology 101
• “Social” versus solitary bees:- Reproductive division of labor- Cooperative brood care- Overlapping of generations
• Colony size• Foraging habits• Habitat (nest sites)
• All the workers are female• Ovipositor = the stinger
- egg-layer & weapon in one!• Use pheromones to communicate
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Nest guardinghoney bee
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Honey bees & Bumblebees
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Caste Honeybee1 Bumblebee2
Queen 1 1Workers 10,000 - 50,000 up to 400Drones 100 - 500 0 - 50
Queen
Worker
Drone
pestech.com
1Queen stings repeatedly, workers only once, drones not at all.2Queen & workers can sting repeatedly, drones not at all.
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drives caste formation
Cridge, et al. 2015, Nutrients 7(3) 1787-1797
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Solitary bees
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• No division of labor.• Nest sites often instems or the ground.
• Colonies are small.• Rarely sting! ars.usda.gov
ohioline.osu.edu wildlifetrusts.org
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Bee populations are declining. . .
Estimated declines: ~33% each year from 2007-201013
2013
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Suspects in the decline of bees
flickr.com
Parasites & Pathogensthedailygreen.com
Management practices
123rf.com
Habitat simplification
Deere.com
Pesticides
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Pesticides & Bees
• Insecticides-Contact + fast action vs. ingestion + residual activity -Neonicotinoids (“Neonics”)
• Also, synergistic (potent) mixtures betweenfungicides + insecticides.
• Adjuvants can be toxic too!15
Herbicides < Fungicides < Insecticidesincreasing
toxicity
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Unintended impacts beyond the field• Systemic pesticides used in agriculture can pose
environmental risks to non-target areas and organisms1-3.
1Bonmatin et al. 2014, 2Chagnon et al. 2014, 3van der Sluijs et al. 2014
soilhealthconsortia.org
Soil
Lynn Betts, USDA-NRCS
Water
flickr.com
Air
wallpaperslibrary.com
Honeybees
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Neonicotinoids
• Synthetic derivatives of nicotine; potent neurotoxins that act on the central nervous system of insects1.
• Effective against a broad range of pests, especially sucking insects and soil pests1.
• Widely adopted based on:- Low vertebrate toxicity - Persistence (EPA documents half-life between 148- 1,155 days for clothianidin).- High water solubility = allowing systemic action in plant tissues (present in all plant parts).
Clothianidin
1 Tomizawa & Casida 2003
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flickr.com
thrasherpestcontrol.com
• Death of bees occurring with planting of neonicotinoid-treated maize seeds.
Unexpected exposure to neonics
Indiana, USASpring 2010/2011
J. Obermeyer
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Impacts on bees• Lethal effects (happen immediately)
• Acute poisoning & death
• Sublethal effects (happen over time)• Impaired ability to fly & return “home”• Impaired learning ability• Increased foraging time• Increased susceptibility to pathogens• Reduced lifespan• Reduced egg-laying• Reduced queen production
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Intersections with pesticides
• Directly (body contact)• Body hairs trap particles
• Indirectly (secondary contact)• Pollen, nectar, water, & “plant” water (guttation).• Contact with contaminated surfaces (flowers,
leaves, or soil).
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Growing concerns about bees
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What is the risk?
• How likely are pollinators to come into contact with pesticide residues?
• How contaminated are pollinator resources?
• How toxic are the contaminants to bees?- So, something less toxic can still be harmful if it’s present a lot
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Risk = Frequency (%) x residue dose Toxicity (LD50)
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extension.org
entnemdept.ufl.edu
Roy Niswanger (flickr.com)
Jeremy Sell
Residues in plants pose threats too
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Residues detected in plant products
www4.uwsp.edu
Guttations:11,900 - 47,000 ppb (field)82,800 - 110,000 ppb (lab)
carolinabees.com
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Range of concentrations of various neonicotinoid insecticides in:
Pollen:1.1 - 134 ppb
Long & Krupke, 2015 Current Opinion in Insect Science 10: 8-13
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Cascading effects of pesticide exposure on bee health
flickr.com
Parasites & Pathogens
Deere.com
Pesticides
• Honeybee hives located in seed-treated corn areas have greater “stress” gene activity, and higher pathogen and Varroa mite loads.
Field study, Alburaki et al. 2015
• Higher exposure to insecticides (imidacloprid& clothianidin) associated with reduced winter survival, higher Varroa mite loads, and symptoms of colony collapse.
Semi-field studies, Dively et al. 2015 & Lu et al. 2014
• Bees with increasing amounts of clothianidin have less glycogen, fat, & protein.
Field study, Lundgren 2016
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Tiit Kaijuste
Marlin E. Rice
Are pollen resources contaminated?
blogspot.com
Non-agricultural area Seed-treated corn field
• Sampled bee-collected pollen for 16 weeks (May-Sept).
• Screened pollen for 67 pesticides.
• Identified pollen collected by honey bees.
blogspot.com
Untreated corn field
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Pesticides detected in pollen
Non-agricultural area
Sampling dateLong & Krupke, 2016 Nature Communications 7: 11629
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Adjacent to untreated maize
Pesticides detected in pollen
Sampling dateLong & Krupke, 2016 Nature Communications 7: 11629
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Adjacent to neonicotinoid treated maize
Pesticides detected in pollen
Long & Krupke, 2016 Nature Communications 7: 1162930
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What pollen sources do honey bees use?
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BroccoliCauliflower
CabbageMustardRadish
HorseradishTurnip
Plant familyNon-agricultural area
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What pollen sources do honey bees use?
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Plant familyAdjacent to untreated maize
Legumes, peas & beans:
alfalfa, red clover, white clover, etc.
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Legumes, peas & beans:
alfalfa, red clover, white clover, etc.
What pollen sources do honey bees use?
Adjacent to neonicotinoid-treated maizePlant family
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Residues in pumpkin pollen
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Neonicotinoid Application method Level in pollen
Imidacloprid(Admire Pro, high rate) Transplant water 60.9 ppb
Imidacloprid(Admire Pro, low rate) Transplant water 36.7 ppb
Imidacloprid(Admire Pro, high rate)
½ rate at transplant + ½ rate drip irrigation (3 wks post transplant)
80.2 ppb
Thiamethoxam(Platinum)
½ rate at transplant + ½ rate drip irrigation
(3 wks post transplant)68 ppb
Thiamethoxam(Actara)
Foliar spray (x 2)(4 & 6 wks post transplant) 95.2 ppb
Thiamethoxam(FarMore) Seed treatment Not detected
Dively & Kamel, 2012, J. Agriculture & Food Chemistry 60: 4449-4456
(~6 wks post transplant)
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What can you do?
• Spray only when you need to!
• Don’t spray when pollinators are active.- Apply pesticides in the late evening, night, or early morning.
• Don’t spray when the crop, or nearby plants (including weeds), are in bloom.
• Be mindful of pesticide drift:- Don’t spray when winds favor drift.- Use ground applications instead of air when possible.
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entnemdept.ufl.edu
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What can you do?
• If drenching/irrigating with systemic products, do so as early as possible before flowering.
• Let neighboring beekeepers know when you plan to spray.
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entnemdept.ufl.edu
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Look for new bee advisory box!
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ecoipm.org
Summary
• Pollinators are valuable members of our specialty cropping systems.
• Pollinator ‘lifestyle’ can influence how they are impacted by pesticides.
• Pollinators are exposed to multiplepesticides throughout the season.
• Judicious use of pesticides & knowledge of pollinators in your system are key ways youcan help safeguard these insects. -
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Squash bees may ‘sleep’ inside flowers!
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Purdue University:Dr. Christian H. KrupkeDr. Jeffrey Holland
Other collaborators:Dr. Brian EitzerThe Connecticut Agricultural Experiment Station
Funding Sources:USDA-NCIPM program, Award #2012-01993Indiana Corn Management Council
Acknowledgements
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Questions?Office: (330) 202-3556E-mail: [email protected]: @DrEliLong
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