It’s Open Access: No Fooling

ANCHASL, April 1 2005Pat Thibodeau

Duke University Medical Center Library

All About Open Access

Brief history / background Definitions / principlesReactions of traditional publishersNew publishing model?Viewpoints and concerns Evolving models of open accessNIH proposal

The Open Access Movement

Possible roles / activities for librariansDirectory of Open Access JournalsBioMed CentralPublic Library of SciencePubMed Central

Disclaimer / Disclosure

Member – Reed Elsevier North American Advisory BoardReceive compensation for travel to board meetingsHonorarium donated directly to MLAOpinions expressed today do not reflect Reed Elsevier

How Did We Get to OA

Goal publishers and authors – immediate wide-spread dissemination of research resultsIncrease in prices – decrease in accessGinsparg – Los Alamos – arXiv - early 1990’sSPARC 1998 – Declarations of Independence– Alternative publishing models

1999 Open Archives Initiative

Medical Community and OA

1991 Preprints – Behavioral & Brain Research1992 Genbank1993 NCBI Entrez Network1994 Human Genome Project1996 Journal of Clinical Investigation1997 PubMed1999 BioMed Central free access1999 E-Biomed proposed – Dr. Varmus2000 PubMed Central2003 Public Library of Science – 1st journal

Defining OA – The Principles

Budapest Open Access InitiativeMeeting 2001, principles 2002International in scopeTwo basic strategies– Self-archiving by the author– Launching of new journals

Open Society Institute founded to support new approaches

BOAI Strategies

Author self-archiving– Preprints, final versions, and corrections– Repositories searchable - Open Archives Initiative

standards

New Journals– Wide dissemination of information– No copyright restrictions, use copyright to ensure

permanent access– No subscription or access fees – other funding sources– As traditional publishers fail, more funding available

Bethesda Principles

Bethesda, MDHoward Hughes InstituteGenerate discussion among biomed communityGoal – open access to primary scientific literatureActions to promote rapid and efficient transition to OA

Bethesda’s 2 Criteria

Free access without restrictions– Acknowledging author/copyright holder– Perpetual access/permissions

Immediate deposit of electronic copy– Repository maintained by academic institution,

scholarly society, government agency, reputable group

– Enable open access, unrestricted distribution, interoperability, and long-term archiving

Publishers’ Reactions

Concern about fate of peer review systemSkepticism about sustainability– Funding models– Acceptance by STM community– Impact factors

Anxiety over own survival– Fear of loss of subscriptions– Challenge of changing traditional publishing model

Washington DC Principles for Free Access to Science

2004 issued by 48 Non-profit publishersMaintain and enhance the independence, rigor, trust, and visibility that have established scholarly journals as reliable filters of information emanating from clinical and laboratory researchReinvest revenues in direct support of science worldwide

Support of Open Access

Select articles immediately accessibleFull text available immediately or after months of publication, depending on business needsFree to scientists in many low-income nationsOnline linking between journalsContent indexed by major search engines

Additional Statements

Commitment to long-term preservationWork with authors/editors on development of robust online toolsFees should NOT be solely borne by authors and their funding institutionsFree society should support several publishing models

OA – A Model for Access

Not a Business ModelAuthor Pays Institution pays site licenseFunding agency paysCombinations of the above

Which Flavor of OA Today?

Preprints, Abstracts, Table of ContentsFull text immediately free (PLoS, BMC)Free selected articles (NEJM)Free after 6, 12, 24 monthsFree to low income/developing countriesFree if author pays fee (Blackwell, PNAS)Authors post their version on local repository (Elsevier)Combination of above

NIH – The Latest Flavor

Information Access Alliance on mergersMLA/AASHL Statement on Public Access to Health InformationLibrary Associations meeting with legislatorsLanguage added to NLM reauthorization– An individual librarian and her influence

The Sabo Bill

Any Federal department or agency that enters into a funding agreement with any person for the performance of scientific research substantially funded by the Federal government shall include in the agreement a provision that states that copyright protection under this title is NOT available for any work produced pursuant to such research under the agreement.

Zerhouni and NIH

New Leader – interested in improving accessCreating NIH portfolio of researchAugust 2004 – Stakeholders meetings– Consumers, scientists, publishers, librarians

September 2004 – Draft proposalSPARC, ARL, Open Access Working Group, MLA, SLAOver 6,000 comments

NIH Public Access Policy

A compromise plan Encouraged to deposit within 12 months– Author determines when

Optional, not a requirement– No penalty, tracking

Deposit author’s version of manuscript– Publishers encouraged to replace with published

version

Challenges for Implementation

Negotiating with the publisherAuthor must alter contracts/agreementsWording from NIH– … author retains the right to provide a copy of the

final manuscript to NIH upon acceptance…for public archiving in PubMed Central as soon as possible after publication…

ARL – Author’s Addendum

Additional Challenges

Author’s version of final manuscript– Initial manuscript PLUS all edits– Publishers do not usually provide digital version– Time and support to edit the manuscript

Archiving articles not a mind-setPublishers willingness to provide copy?

Future of NIH Policy?

Advisory Board – future policy changesResponses to policy from librarians, publishersRaised visibility of issue to national, global levelAmerican taxpayers/public involvedModel for other government agenciesNew roles in advocacy and education for libraries and librarians

No fooling! Open Access is here to stay!

Over 10 years of developmentEstablished and accepted principlesAttention from traditional publishersEvolving financial modelsInnovative approaches/flavors to open accessIncreased awareness among stakeholdersNIH policy a major force

Thank you! Questions? Comments!