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Mc Lc

CHNG I. TNG QUAN V YU CU PHN MM V QUY TRNH....................................... 5

y I 51.1

Hy nu bn cht ca yu cu phn mm................................................................................... 51.2

Nu y u phn mm nhn t pha khch hng ...................................................... 51.3

Hy nu cc thi quen tt v thi quen khng tt trong cng ngh hc yu cu phn mm......... 61.4

N y Q 61.5

N y P ....... 71.6

M t Quy trnh cng ngh hc yu cu phn mm (Requirement Engineering Process) ............ 81.7

N y 1.8 y ............................................................................................10

CHNG II. PHT HIN, TNG HP V PHN TCH CC YU CU PHN MM..............11

N y y ..........111.9

S y ......................................................121.10

Trnh by cc yu c x nh nhim v v phm vi ca phn mm ..................................131.11

Trnh by quy trnh thc hi ( b), m v nhng k thu x nh yu1.12cu phn mm Phng vn (interview) ..................................................................................................14

Trnh by quy trnh thc hi ( b), m v nhng k thu x nh yu1.13cu phn mm Hi tho .......................................................................................................................15

Trnh by quy trnh thc hi ( b), m v nhng k thu x nh yu1.14cu phn mm Brainstorming ..............................................................................................................16

Trnh by quy trnh thc hi ( b), m v nhng k thu x nh yu1.15cu phn mm Storyboarding...............................................................................................................17

Trnh by quy trnh thc hi ( b), m v nhng k thu x nh yu1.16cu phn mm p dng Usecase..........................................................................................................17

Trnh by quy trnh thc hi ( b), m v nhng k thu x nh yu1.17cu phn mm Prototyping ..................................................................................................................19

N y M 1.18 ...................................................................................................................................20

N y T TL (V Wb 1.19

TV) ...............................................................................20T by bc (quy trnh) Phn tch cc yu cu phn mm ..............................................201.20

Nu cc k thut p dng trong Phn tch cc yu cu phn mm .............................................231.21

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y y ...................561.44

b y y 1.45 TL .................................................................................................58

Kim ton: ................................................ ................................................................... ............................58

S dng ng c s: .............................................................................................................................60

Thay i yu cu v cc vn v yu cu ngoi .....................................................................................61

b)S dng cc yu t bo tr cho Thay i v cc vn ......................................................................62

Kim th (testing) yu cu phn mm ......................................................................................631.46

CHNG V. CC K THUT NNG CAO CHT LNG YU CU PHN MM .................64

N t ca yu cu phn mm. .......................................................641.47

P y V 1.48 y y ......................................................................................................65

K thut qu y i yu cu phn mm............................................................................661.49

y u phn mm theo cc thuc tnh ch ng phn mm ..............................671.50

N y u phn m m bo cc yu cu phn mm .............681.51

N y u phn mm ..............................................................681.52

y ............................................691.53

y y ................................711.54

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CU HI N TP MN HOC IT446 PHN TCH CC YU CU PHN MM

CHNG I. TNG QUAN V YU CU PHN MM V QUY TRNH

C y . 1.1 IEEE.

T : y D (1993) : ( ,

) b

J(1994) : y b

S Swy(1997): Y y

I (1) y y

y (2) y y

, , bb b

(3) V b (1) (2)

Hy b y 1.2

T : y S y x

y x , .

N y ,

N y 1.3

T : I y :

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y

y y (1)

Hy y 1.4

T :T :

L y K y , b

:

y , T y TBD( Tobe determined). T TD y y b xy

T :

T y , y

N y y y

N y . Q 1.5 .

T : y :

H M

K T y K chnh xc D

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H M

y y K b y b

N y . P 1.6 (note)

T :

y :a) Phn loi theo yu cu ch .- Cc yu cu ch nhng ch n mm s thc

hin. V d bn hay thu tn hiu.- Cc yu cu phi ch y rng buc ca

gii php thc hin. C th gi yu cu phi ch y uv tnh rng buc v v ch ng phn mm.

b)Phn loi cc yu cu phn mm theo ngun gc t mt hay nhiuyu cu c c cc thuc tnh ni bt (emergentproperty), ho chu ng ca phn mm b i dinsdng (stake holder) hoc mt s ngun khc:- emergent property: C mt s yu cu phn mm s c

y y u khng thx nh cho mtthnh ph , m cn ty thu pcc thnh phn trong h thng. V d y u ca mt trung tmg n thoi (t ) ph thuc vo s kt hp ca h thngtelephone, h th u kin khc. Cc emergent

y c bit ph thuc vo kin trc h thng.c) Phn loi theo cc yu c t ra cho sn phm hoc l trn tng tin

trnh. Cc yu cu trn cc qu trnh pht trin khc nhau s c th nhng rng buc bi la chn ca nh i ti tr(contractor), hocl nhng chu t ra.

d) Phn lo n mm:T ng, cc yu c n l nhng yu cu quan tr c xy

dng da trn mt s yu t y nhi, mong mun, hoc tnhc hay khng bt buc.

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e) Phn theo phm vi yu cu phn mm: Phm vi yu cu phn mm

ng ca yu cu ln phn mm v ccthnh phn ca phn mm.

f) Phn lo d bi ng/ tnh nh (volatility/ stability): Mts yu cu phn mm sy i ca phn mm, v thmch ngay c trong qu trnh pht trin ca yu cu phn mm. Chng ta cth phn loi cc yu cu bng cch thng k nh y i m yu cuc th pht sinh.

N , x , b

T : Guide to the Software Engineering Body of Knowledges 2004 39202 y , b b

M Qy y (R E1.7Process)

T :Qy 2 : P y Q y T P y :

P y , P y , y y

HNH 1-2 P y

- T P y :P y

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P y

y K y - Q y : y y (MUSI 1995) Q y bsau.X y (R b)Dy Q y y

Qy :

HNH 1-3.Bin phn chia gia pht trin yu cu v qun l yu cu.

M y :M M y y , y , , , ( y y ) K y b

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Requrireme T y y y

( b 10)P b 10 , b MM b y, y y , x RV y : y , y , y , T b 11By b 11 y Qy

N y . 1.8 y .

T :

V y

T y N N - Ni sdng:

Cung c p yu cu cng vic(Business Requirement): th hin cc mc tiuyu cu mc cao ca t chc hay khch hng v kh, m vi ngdng v gii hn ca phn mm; cung cp cc thng tin v tng nhim v cth m h s lm vic vi phn mm

Yu cu ngi sdng (user requirement): th hin cc nhim v c th mNSD cn ph , c vi phn mm.

T ng,tha thn v i pht trin cc yu cu phn mm.- Ni pht trin: Pht hin cc yu cu Phn tch cc yu cu c t cc yu cu Kim th cc yu cu y :- Ni sdng: c ng ti y

:

i qu cao hoc ch n qu trnh pht trinphn m t cod

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ng yu c ngh rt kh chp nh y

PTV Cc yu cu phn m nhp nhng

T a cc nh phn tch: lm li yu cu phn m ngchim khang 40% qu trnh xy d 70, 80% c tnh xy dngli c th d n cc li

NSD ng yu cu qu ngn gn m khng miu t k chng l g

- Ni pht trin:c ng ti y :

Phn tch c cc v Hiu bit v nhu cu s dng Hi c h thng Hiu phm vi qun tr Tinh chnh cc tnh h thng

CHNG II. PHT HIN, TNG HP V PHN TCH CC YU CU PHNMM

N y y 1.9

T :1. x nh yu cu phn mm

K t phng vn

K t hi tho K t BrainStorming

K t storyBoarding K t thut Use Case

K t Protopyting2. Ngun gc yu cu phn mm

y S y x

y x ,

N y

,

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V I 1997 y

, y b 2 b I:

y y y (1)

y 1 1 1 , 1 1 (2)

V b (1) (2)

S y 1.10

T :

6 y

Phng vn

T chc hi tho

Brainstorming v Idea Reduction

Storyboarding

p dng cc Use-case

Prototyping

P H Brainstorming Storyboarding Use case Prototypingi tngham gia

Khch hng,

N blin quan

N b quan

N ,

K N ,khch hng

oi yuu

T T T y

T T T

Ni dunghun b

b

b

b , b

M hnhUse case

b ,b b

nh gi

hnghp

T

T ,

qu trnh bcng phu

T ,

T ,

, xc

G ,

case chnhxc, l

T ,

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chnh xc

T by y x 1.11

T :Trong pht , y P :

T y T

P

T y, b , , w, b

N , , y H b T y

b ,

N , y

T , y y

, y Ch ng th b gii hn bi thi gian (c) y (

cnh), v th phm vi kh thi chnh l hnh ch nht mu trng.

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Nu hi i phi b c tnh ca h thng bng vi ti nguyn

trn thi gian sn c th d n c phm vi kh thi.

T ng trong cng nghip, cc d u l d t phm vi.

T by y ( b), 1.12 x y P (w)

T : b y y, :

- N ?- Khch hng l ai?

- N c khc nhau khng?- T y y?N :

- T y - - T - T - P - ( )- - y, - N y

- - T

N :- b X

- T b

y - G (K y

thng tin trong lc ny).- T b

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T by y ( b), 1.13

x y H oT

1. Quy trnh thc hin- b H

o Q b o b b o b o K (w- ):

b 2 w-up materials:

T T b b

y , , b , b x , , b , ,

b y - b f ( y

):o b , x y o L

o

Ch c k xy ng s ng lng hay xy dngnhm vng chc.

L c c cc thnh vin trong nhm v ngoi nhm tntrng.

v i mt vi nhng thch thc trong hi tho.

- L H - y

o o Brainstormingo S by : H , f cc S , f

y 2. m

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- Hi tho yu cu c l l k thut mnh m nh gi ra cc yu cu

- N tp hp cc bn lin quan li vi nhau trong thi gian ng ptru

- Vic s dng m u khin bn ngoi c kinh nghim trong qun lyu cu c thm bo s thnh cng ca hi tho.

- Brainstorming l phn quan trng nht ca mt hi tho.3. K thut

- P b K y N y b b

T by y ( b), 1.14 x y B

T 2 :-N : M , b,

- T : P , , , , ,

K thut ny c nhng li ch chnh sau:

Khuy c mi thnh vin tham gia. Cho php cc thnh vin tranh lun vi nhau v cc ki xut. N u phi ho y c hi tho khng b n. Din ra nhanh chng. i php kh thi cho v . Khuy , y ,

Qy nh:

K c php tranh ci, ph bnh gay gt. T do sng t, ng. ng cng tt Nghin cu tng hp l ng hay.

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T by y ( b), 1.15 x y Sybd

T : 3 Syb: : G b , , N

yb : L y T : T

N : K Syb Syb K y

u ny. yb ,

T by y ( b), 1.16 x y d U

T :

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U UML

U b U-case.

U , b ( ) , Q U , () b ( U ) U b U UML M U , y

Xy U-case:- U- (X

H ) : V U

b , b b y M b b y , y

- Tm ra cc tc nhn(Actor) v cc use-caseo M ,

T , x , y N , U T , ( y

b )o M U y

M U UML , N y b b b

-

M U-case- U-case- K

V :

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T by y ( b), 1.17

x y PyT :

Py x y b N y 1 b b S , y , , b y V , (M )

V y x y , , y

V y xy : wwy,z, f (N MR Sfw 13 )

xy y , y , L D y b , , y b y T y, b

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N y . M 1.18

. .T :??????

N y . T BTL (V1.19Wb TV) d .

T :

- D liu v kim sot lung (data and control Flows)- Cc m hnh trng thi (state models)- D vt s kin (Event tracing)- T i dng (user interaction)

-

ng (object models)- Cc m hnh d liu (data models)

- M hnh ha use case

- M hnh ha nghip v

- M hnh ha d liu

N d :- M hnh ha use case

- M hnh ha nghip v- M hnh ha d liu

T by b (y ) P y 1.20

T :

- Phn loi cc yu cu phn mm:

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C y ,

N y y ,

C y : , y, ,

C : , ,

- M hnh ha khi nim:

M , b M

.

M : , ,

, , ,

M y

b :

- , y b

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- y T y

- Y hng

- K

- T b y

- T y y

, y

- Ph b y D , y

T , y y

y

- T x M

- I 2000

- y u

- y x : b ,

y y , y y

- T , y

b ,

N y

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N d P y 1.21

T :1. M (P)2. 3. My (F )4. y y (D )5. y y (G )6. (y (fw))7. M (ntity relationship models)8. P (Obj-oriented analysis)9. P (S y)10. (D fw D)

T by y . 1.22 , .

T :

Mt thut ngkhc c s dng cho chny l conflict resolution .

iu quan tm ny gii quyt vn vi cc yu cu m sxung t

xy ra gia hai yu cu ca cc bn lin quan cng cc tnh nng khng

tng thch , gia cc yu cu v ngun lc hoc gia yu cu chc

nng v yu cu phi chc nng.

Trong tt ccc trng hp , n khng thn trng cho cc k s phn mm

lm cc quyt nh n phng v do n cn thit tham kho t cc

bn lin quan t c mt sng thun trn s tha hip thch

hp.

S dng Use Cases

h tr cc hot ng thit k v m ha, cc Use Case pht

trin trong cc hot ng suy lun hn l xy dng y .

Cc Use Cases thch hp nht khi h thng giu chc nng vphi h tr cc loi ngi dng khc nhau.

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Cc Use Case khng c hiu qu khi p dng n h thng vi

mt vi hoc khng c giao din ngi dng ti thiu, ch yu l

nhng yu cu phi chc nng v nhng hn chkhi thit k.

P thm

C EA y . E 1.23 d BTL

T :1. Xem xt c t ca yu cu phn mm

S dng ca s Hierachy. Khi la chn 1 Requirement, ta sx c cc thng tin v:

Quan h phn cp ca Requirement: cho bit n l con ca cc Requirement

no, cha ca cc Reqiurement no, quan h thuc loi no (shu hay kt tp)Quan h v t ca R: t bi cc Element no. NuRequirement c cc Requirement con, EA c th chi tit vi t ca tngR

2. Phn tch sph thc ca yu cuS dng ma trn quan h (Relationship Matrix): thng qua ca s Relationship Matrix.

Cho bit quan h gi ng trong 2 package

3. Qu y iS dng ca s Audit View: ghi chp l y c hin.

Kch hot Audit View:

Mca s Audit ViewChn Audit SettingsEnable Auditing

4. Lp bo coS dng menu Project | Documentation

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L b c t ng : thng tin v Requirement v cc

R ng. C nhi nh d bn khc nhau: R Tx F, HTML,Bo co quan h tBo co quan h ph thuc

HNG III T YU U PHN MM

N y y 1.24

T

G y

M

Khng ph thuc vocc yu cu c tm c ra hay xy dng nh thno

Trong c t phi nu c c business requirement , phm vi ng dng ,gii hn ca ng dng.

Trong c t phi nu c y cc user requirement, s dng mu(template) ca cc trng hp s dng ca tng yu cu.

Tha mn cc tiu thc nh gi mt c t: tnh nht qun, tnh thn thin,tnh d s dng.

N y 1.25

T :

Khi nim:L hiu bit h thng ca khch hng vo th m thit k v pht trin phnm m bo v c khch hng v s hiu bit h thng,cc nhuc c khi nh th m.

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- Khng ph thuc cc yu cu phn m , c xy dng

no? Cui cng bao gich c t cc yu cuny.

- 1 c t: tnh nht qun, tnh thn thin v tnhd s dng.

- T c t yu cu phn mm ph c c yu c i,phm vi ng dng, gii hn ca ng dng.

- T c t ph y c cc yu c i s dng, s dngcc mu(template) c ng hp s dng ca tng yu cu

Thnh phn :

Ghi li cc nguyn tc cng vic.K i s dng miu t cho chng ta mt ho y chc thc hin trong nh u kin nh nh, do nhng tc nhnnh nh..t 1 y c cng vic.

c t cc yu cu phn mm theo mu.L c t ch thng, s tha thun v ch , c t h

thng.(SRS) Gn nhn cc yu cu phn mm. u nh c t. Mi lin quan gi c t vo giao di i s dng.

N b y ( IEEE CMU) 1.26

T :G - - - - -H

IEEE: Gii thiu

M u

Comment [n1]: Cc yu cu i vt

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V b y c. ng d kin v gp . Phm vi sn phm. Ti liu tham kho.

M t chung m sn phm Ch n phm m user M ng vn hnh Thit k v rng buc Ginh v ph thuc

Yu cu v giao din ngoi Giao di i dng Giao din phn cng Giao din phn mm Giao di

T thng H th M t Kch cu/ th t ng. Yu cu ch

Yu cu phi ch . Yu cu trnh din Yu cu an ton Yu cu bo mt Yu cu ch ng cc thnh phn phn mm Nguyn tc cng vic Ti li i s dng

Cc yu cu khc Thut ng M hnh phn tch

D nh dngCMU:

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T y (SRS) Sy R 1.27

Software R SRS.

T :

. T y ( SRS ) :- Sy R ( y ) : N : , y , b , xy N x b - Software Requirement y b :

, , y , y b

b. Trong t SRS Sy R SfwRequirement:- Sy R y - Sfw R SRS, b y , SRS

N y 1.28Tr li:

1. Gi ngn ng

G

,

y

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2. My trng thi hu hn

My (FSMS) b

, , y ,

FSMS b

3. Cy quy nh

T x x y

th ,

V xy

y y f

nhau.

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4. Bi ho ng

V UML,

b

SRS

5. M hnh thc th lin kt

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RD 1 ,

6. P ng

L y x b

G

P y 1.29

T :

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y : 11

- Introduction (Gii thiu)- Glossary (tn thut ng)- U (ng hp s dng)- Design Overview (thit k tng quan)- Sy Obj M ( ng h thng)- Object Descriptions (m t ng)- Obj b ( ng hp tc)- Data Design (thit k d liu)- Dy M ( ng)- Non-functional Requirements (yu cu phi ch )- Supplementary Documentation (ti liu b sung)

1.Introduction: cho ta bit- M :

Cung cp mtm t v cc thit k ca mt h th y chophp pht trin phn mm.

Cung cpthng tin cn thit cung cp m t chi tit cho cc phnmm v h th c xy dng

- Phm vi: cho bit phm vi ca h thng- Cc t vit t, : u trnn ngn g , c

dc, d hi - S tham kho- T : c c ci nhn tng quan v h thng cn xy dng

2. Glossary:cung cp cc thut ng s dng ni b ca tiliu

3. Use Cases: x c nhng ai s s dng h thng, tc nhn kchho, i din v qun tr h thng

4.Design Overview: t tng quan v thit k, cho n vo mt ngcnh vi cc h th b i s dngti li ng cho b thit k v nhn thy mt bn tm ttc khi tip tc thit k cc chi tit.

5. System Object Model : cho php m t cc h thng mt cch tng th,cho thy cc nhm khc nhau ca cc phn vo cc h th ng

6. Object Descriptions: m t ng trong ti liu7. Object Collaborations: m t mi quan h ng8. Data Design: S thc th lin kt: cho bit cc lin kt gia cc i

ng (1-1, 1-nhiu, nhiu-nhiu)

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9.Dynamic Model:

- S trnh t: cho thy m tng quan v hnh thc trnh t di chuyn td liu v m c mt ti liu

- S chnh sa ti liu: cho thy m tng quan v trn t di chuyn tmt ti liu ba i cho mt ti liu s i10.Non-functional Requirements: cung cp cc yu cu thc hin (cc yu

cu phi ch )11.Supplementary Documentation: c th l ti liu tham khm, c th l

cng cc s d to bi

y 1.30

T : y : xy y

C y y .1.31P y

T

y

x y y 1 b : ,y ,cyy , , - , ,

:

1.M

2.My .

3.Cy y

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4.B

5.M

6.P

7.P (B d )

1.M M ,

, M b :

b b y y

T 40-50, xy

Qy IF-ELSE-ENDIFL b DO-WHIL y FOR-NEXT

Hnh 28-1 y

2.My .T , 1 m T ,

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b b , y y y

T y (FSMS) nin.Hnh 28-2 y

FSMS b , , y , ,

3. Cy y .N b x y y , y

Hnh 28-3 y y y HOLIS.

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4.B .

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UML, b : Ny

y

5.M - N y , b - (RD) H 28-5 y RD

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RD x b cho

x ? T :

M RD

6.M .V b OO UML, y b ,

Trong hnh 28-6

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7.B d

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V d 28-7.

(DFD) RD RD

C y y 1.32. P y

T :

Y b y

y y , , y y y

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, , b ,

y : Rng buc v hi : ng hn "h thng cn phc v lin tc t 5 gi

n 9 giti.", "m t hng c trong ti thiu 7

Rng buc v qu trnh pht trin h thng: thi gian, ti nguyn, chtng. V d: khi no h thng cn hon thnh (thi gian); tng chi ph chopht trin h thng (ti nguyn); cn p dng cc tiu chun no cho qutrnh pht trin h th, n l d n vpht trin h thng (ch ng).

: L y (Eliciting requirements):

x y X x y (Analyzing requirements ): x x y

, , , y , y

L y (Recording requirements ): y , , (use case), y (user story),

L y : T tm (focus group) b y

(requirements workshops) T y T y (prototyping) T

N y 1.33T :

Ti y:

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Ch m t v ch , bc

Khng m t v t Phi dy i (c cu trc) K x y chnh xc ngay Phi qua nhi bc xt duyt li

y :(1) , (2) S , y(3) V , (4) T :

, , , (5) T :

Tnh r rng, chnh xc Tnh ph hp T y hon thin

P x x ( dy) 1.34 y

T :Cc tc nhn tham gia vo qu trnh xem xt v thng qua ( y) y :

- i din c i s dng (Product Champions): Thc hin qu trnh xc nhn ccyu c (R V) vo ti li c t v cc yu cu thc t cah thng, h s phi tr li cu h T m t n mm y ? Cc xc nhn gm c:

o Tnh chnh xc (Correct)o

Tnh kh thi (feasible)o Tnh cn thit (necessary)o (z) a cc yu cu.

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- Cc phn tch vin (Requirements Analysts): Thc hin qu trnh xc minh cc yu cu

(Requirements Verif) vo ti li c t v cc yu c i dng, h sphi tr li cho cu h T xy dng phn m ? xminh gm:

o Tnh ngn gn, sc tch (concise)o Kh y t (traceable)o K a (non-redundant)o T chc tt (organized)o y n (conformant to standards)o Kh m chng (verifiable)

- Ngoi ra cn c cc thnh vin ca cng ty phn mm tham gia vo qua trnh thc hinpht trin phn mm: Lp trnh vin, cc nh kim th

C EA y . E 1.35d BTL

T :M hnh ha use caseM M

Requirements ModelingT b y y , R b R Tbxy y b ( R b EA trong Toolbox)S UML y UML y , , , T y b y y y b N y y ( H 1) N b y (H 2) b T V Pf

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Hnh 1

Hnh 2

x R

Chu UML Tbx mbng custom

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R b

EA cho php b x nh vi thuc tnh ca yu cuo M S D hin th o N x R b b

O kt thc

Nhng thuc tnh ny c th s cha li sau ny bng cch double-click vo requirement

Mt requirement m c hin th Pj Vw

T x (x - b )

C Ex RDouble- R R , ffy, y, y V : x 2 b Ty

OK y.N Ex RK x , y V :

To nhng thuc tnh user-definable s dng tagged values

Viewing Requirement s dng Elements list view hoc diagram view

Thit lp nhng mi quan h gia cc yu c, vi cc thnh phn UML khc , ,

Nhng quan h d vt gia nhng yu cu v nhng thnh phn khc.

To mt cy yu cu k tha s dng thnh phn child hoc packages.

T Add Ab RT y x b y y, , T -ff b T b, y x + Sf + 6 ( M Vw| T V) V x 3

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Hnh 3

Predefining Tagged Values Types for RequirementsN , b y , y UML f T V x 4 f y n.

Hnh 4

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N y y y -

x P| | Sw | []T V x 5

Hnh 5

Element Numbering y V b P 111 N y b f ( )V y Nb

Hnh 6

y

Select mt package trong Project Browser

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Right-click v t menu context select: Show Level Numbering

Hnh 7

T Project View, cc thnh ph c thc sp xp l n bng cch

ko mt child element vo mt element khc. Nhng elements con s l

ph hp vi elements cha.

Hnh 8

Different Views of Requirements Using the Element List View

T y b i dng khng ging v UMLEA h trmt text-based view ca nhng yu cu, trong khi vn duy tr cu trc phn cp

trong Project View.

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V :

The Project View. Ci ny c th gn hin th cy phncp.

T L Vw S ny c th thit lp v ch text viewo y i ch diagram view v Elements List View t main menu,

sleect View| Element List.

The Notes and Tagged Value windows c th thit lp l default viewo xem the notes window select View| Noteso xem the tagged values window select View| Tagged Values.

D y x-based mode

Hnh 9

x-b T V ww N ww :

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Hnh 10

V y Tby b

C EA xy d y . E 1.36d BTL

T : To ra cc yu cu phn mm bn ngoi (External Requirements)

+ To trong bi ( Diagram )

MCustom pages trong Enterprise Architect UML Toolbox. ChnRequirements

C ng Requirement, th vo trong bi

Nhp tn v cc thng tin khc cho Requirement. Save li+ To trong gi ( Package)

Nhy phi vo gi, chn Insert | New Element ( hoc Ctrl + M )

Trong hp thoi New Element, chn Requirement

Nhp tn v cc thng tin khc cho Requirement. Save li.

To ra cc yu cu phn mm bn trong mt Element khc (InternalRequirements)

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Ta c th to ra cc yu cu phn m b 1 U,

, ch ra r m v t cc yu c thc hin vic ny, ta thc hi :

Mhp thoi Properties ca Element.

Chn Tab Require

Nhp tn Requirement v cc thuc tnh ca n.

B S R i

Nu mun, b Nw to tip Internal Requirement khc cho Element, c thc hin cc thao tc qun l khc ( sp xp, sa, xa )

B OK p thoi Chuyn yu cu bn trong ra ngoi

Mhp thoi Properties ca Element. Chn Tab Require Chn Requirement cn chuyn. Bm Move External

Trong hp thoi mra, chn package x R Qun l cc thu bn ca yu cu:Cc thu bn ca yu c c qun l trong EA:

Tn

Trng thi thc hi ( xu, , t, bt bu, mtra)

kh

Loi yu cu ( Ch g, hin th, bo co, kim th, )

Ghi ch

Cc thng tin khc Ghi ch cc thng tin b sung

S dng thuc tnh Note

S d ng ch thch Note

S dng Tagged Values (la chn, mca s Tagged Values, to ra cc cpKeyV cc thng tin b sung cho yu cu )

Xa, sp xp cc yu cuThc hin trong ca s Project Browser, thng qua cc button trn toolbox hoc menu

ng cnh.

To cu trc phn cp cho yu cuKhi mun chuyn 1 Requirement thnh con ca 1 Requirement khc, trong ca s

Project Browser, ta r ri th Requirement-con vo Requirement-cha.

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Vi ch y, xy d c cu trc phn cp cho Requirement: 1

requirement ln c th bao gm nhiu Reqiurement nh cho cc Requirement:Nhy phi vo package, chn Show Level Numbering

Kt xu bn La chn Requirement cn kt xut

Vo menu, chn Project | Documentation

La chn loi bo co ph h ( R Tx F, HTML,)

Trong hp thoi mra, nhp cc thng s cn thit. Ch chn Usetemplate l requirement template

CHNG IV. DUYT V KIM SOT CC YU CU PHN MM

P b K y 1.37

T :

* K y (T): V y x y y :

V y

S Dy

y y Qy :

RU Fional Requirement

:D MT M

* y

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K y x x x y

y y , y , , y :

a. y a. y ( )b. Chnh xc (Correct)c. K thi ( feasible)d. ( y))e. X (R f

and stability)f. R rng.

g. (Vfb)b.

a. y b. (Mfb)c. (Tb)d. T ( )

( )

T y . N 1.38 y d b.

T :V y b

, , y SRS y y , y

M y :

- K - K

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N x x y . N 1.39

x x y

T :

Quy trnh xem xt:

o L

o b

o b

o b y

o L

o K

,

o

o Requirement Inspection Checklist

y y (w):

o Cc PTVP T V

o NSD (P )

o T y : LTV,

P y d y y 1.40

T ng bn ngoi y i chng ta phi gii quyt bi ton mi

y i kin ca h

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y i

mt h thng mi tn t

T ng bn trong

Tht bi trong vic ly yu cu ti dng ( y y yu cu t

nhi i dng)

Tht bi trong vic to mt quy trnh thc hnh gip qun l sy i yu

cu phn mm

N y dy y 1.41

T :Vai tr:

P Py y y y , y b b , , y y y y y b y b y y V : b y

delete hay khng?M y y b T y T

N dy y . C 1.42d dy

T :T y

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N ( )

T :

gii thch mi m hnh l ph hp

Nu c mt vi m hnh ca h th gii thch nhng s ph hp bn

trong v bn ngoi.

gii thch rng cc m hnh c tnh chnh xc vi cc yu cu thc ca

nh b n h th y t vic r .

V dy y 1.43

C dy y 1.44

T :

Cc k thut kim th chp nhn:- Pht hin l: c thc hin v kt qu l th cn kim tra. Nu

kt qu, p tc thc hi b ng. Mt kim tra tht bi l triu chngca mt li. Kim th chp nhn hiu qu nht n c da trn cc tiu chc lp vi ch c th nghim v c th tnh ton m n bi c kt qu.

- Ch i: Kim th chp nh x N cth ni r

- N n li: Kim th chp nhn to ra ro cn khng cho li lan rng.- Che giu li: Kim th chp nhn che giu mt gi tr xu nu kt qu th li hoc

thay th chnh xc trong th y c khi tuyn b tht bi- B ng li: Nu m t bi trong kim th chp nhn c th

thay th bng m ng hp d phng. N ng hp d phng thnh cng, cth s d b ng h b u

- Sa li:- ------------------------------------------Ngun--------------------------------------------------

----

- 4.3 Acceptance Test Techniques- The fault detection mechanism used influences the remainder of the fault toleranceactivities (diagnosis, containment, masking, compensation, and recovery). The two

common mechanisms for fault detection are acceptance tests and comparison.

- 4.3.1 Fault Detection

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-

- Acceptance tests are the more general fault detection mechanism in that they can be usedeven if the system is composed of a single (non-redundant) processor. The program orsub-program is executed and the result is subjected to a test. If the result passes the test,execution continues normally. A failed acceptance test is a symptom of a fault. Anacceptance test is most effective if it is based on criteria that can be derived independentlyof the function being tested and can be calculated more simply that the function beingtested (e.g., multiplication of a result by itself to verify the result of a square rootfunction).

- 4.3.2 Fault Diagnosis-- An acceptance test cannot generally be used to determine what has gone wrong. It can

only tell that something has gone wrong.

- 4.3.3 Fault Containment-- An acceptance test provides a barrier to the continued propagation of a fault. Further

execution of the program being tested is not allowed until some form of retry successfullypasses the acceptance test. If no alternatives pass the acceptance test, the subsystem fails,preferably silently. The silent failure of faulty components allows the rest of the system tocontinue in operation (where possible) without having to worry about erroneous outputfrom the faulty component [Schlichting 83].

- 4.3.4 Fault Masking-- An acceptance test successfully masks a bad value if a retry or alternate results in a new,

correct result within the time limit set for declaring failure.

- 4.3.5 Fault Compensation

-

- A program that fails an acceptance test can be replaced by an alternate, as described in thenext section. If the alternate passes the acceptance test, its result may be used tocompensate for the original result. Notice that the alternate program run during a retrymay be a very simple one that just outputs a "safe" value to compensate for the faultysubsystem. A common approach in control systems is to "coast" the result by providingthe value calculated from the last known good cycle.

- 4.3.6 Fault Repair-- Acceptance tests are usually used in a construct known as a recovery block. A recovery

block provides backward fault recovery by rolling program execution back to the statebefore the faulty function was executed. This repairs the faulty state and the result. Whena result fails an acceptance test, the program can be executed again before leaving therecovery block. If the new result passes the acceptance test, it can be assumed that the

fault originally detected was transient. If the software is suspect, an alternative can beexecuted in place of the original program fragment. If a single processor is used, the stateof the processor must be reset to the beginning of the function in question. A mechanismcalled the recovery cache has been proposed to accomplish this [Anderson 76]. A

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recovery cache records the state of the processor at the entrance to each recovery block.

Although a recovery cache is best implemented in hardware, implementations to date havebeen limited to experimental software. Where multiple processors are available, the retrymay take the form of starting the program on a backup processor and shutting down thefailed processor. Recovery blocks can be cascaded so that multiple alternatives can betried when an alternate result also fails the acceptance test.

- ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

-

C b EA d dy y1.45 . E d BTL

T :

y y b ton, , y y

Kim ton: b y EA. N y y , y , y b

y y kch ho y:1. T menu chnh bn chn: View | Other Project Tools | Audit View,s mra:

2. Bn chn Audit Settings

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3. N s mra ca s Audit Settings :

4. Trong ca s Audit Settings bn thit lp kch ho

hnh v trn.

V y c Element List xem cc ty chn thit lp.ca s Output | AuditHistory y y :

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L y y x b b Audit View:

b x :Projects andTeams | Change Management | Tracking Changes | AuditingS dng ng c s:

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, y y . Baseline Management y N ( , b, xy ) y b x b x gip:

Projects and Teams | Change Management | Tracking Changes | Package Baselines

Thay i yu cu v cc vn v yu cu ngoi b , y y y x :

-Dng Maintenance View y , y, -S y y Issue " v " y y

M ci :a.S dng cc Xem Bo tr:

y b gi. y danh sch cho: y Ty N

b by w w y , , ,

Maintenance View y b :View | Other Element Tools | Maintenance or (Alt+4) . Hnh y y :

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V y Y - y -Y b y y

b)S dng cc yu t bo tr cho Thay i v cc vn y b b y Issue v Change.y nhng truy cp t Toolbox | Maintenance hoc Toolbox | Custom

y b b y ( y ) y y

L y:-N y y b y -C y y b b M -N y y b

S y y

D y x Element List x Relationship y :

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K () y 1.46

T :

K y y NSD, Q y y ,

Q y

, N y ,

y , b

Ti sao phi kim th yu cu phn mm:- D 2 y : y

, y

-

N - NSD y y

trnh vin

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- NSD y ,

y y- P y y

- K - y

Tiu ch kim th yu cu phn mm- H - Chnh xc- K - - R rng- K , x

Quy trnh kim th yu cu phn mm:

Bussiness Requirement Use Case Functional RequirementCc cng c s dng:

Dialog Map Test Case Ma

CHNG V. CC K THUT NNG CAO CHT LNG YU CU PHNMM

N d y .1.47

T :

2 : T o T : b V

: M y o K : V y Y

y

P : ( S Pressmanp289)S x y , b b y b y y xy M b :

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o Features traceability table: b y

y o Source traceability table:X y o Dependency traceability table: b y o Subsystem traceability table:P y

o Interface traceability table: b y

( ).

P y . V 1.48 d y y T :

Ma trn vt (theo di) yu cu phn mm (Requirements Traceability Matrix- RTM)

Vai tr :P y y

( ) y V RTM N

sot quy trnh v qu RTM y b , x

Thnh ph :

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y :

(y ) y (f )

( ) M () T ( )

Cc mi lin kt c thc phn chia:Mt-MtMt-NhiuNu-Nhiu

Cc dng biu din ma trn:Lp bng lin ktLp ma trn lin kt

K y y 1.49

T :

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T y y ?

- Nhn t ngoi: V y i, NSD y y , M ng thay,

- Nhn t: t bi trong vi i m trong sut qu trnh thu thp yu c b u. Chng tatht bi trong vic to ra mt qu trnh thch h trgip cho vic qun l y i tron yu cu phn mm

M y :

1. Nhn th c rng, s y i trong yu cu phn mm l khngth trnh khi v phi ln k hoach cho n

2. Vch ra cc yu c .3. Thit lp mt knh duy nh ki y i.4. S dng mt h thng ki y nm bt nh y i5. Qu y i th bc.

Qun l cu hnh yu cu:- N n cc s y i tri php v c kh y ho i ti

yu cu- L cc phin bn ti liu ca yu cu.- T u kin cho vic thu hi v/(hoc) xy dng li cc phin bn ti liu

c.- H trqun l, t chc cc chi b ci tin cp nht h thng.- N n vic cp nh ng thi cc ti liu hoc cc thng tin mu thun

nhau.

y 1.50

T :

T x y b

VD: , b, b , b y , y , :

1. Kh bo tr: c kh c hin nhng tin tri tha mn yu cuca khch hng.

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2. Kh y: bao gm hng lo tin cy, an ton,

bo m Pn mm tin cy khng th to ra cc thit hi vt cht hay kinht ng h ng.

3. hu hiu: phn mm khng th ph phm cc ngu y bnhv cc chu k x l.

4. Kh dng: phn mm nn c mt giao di i d is d y cc h phn mm.

y Tnh chnh xc ca yu cu? Yu cu c b lp li hay khng? Tnh hp l ca yu cu?

N d y b y 1.51

Tr li:

N y 1.52

T :

* y

K y x x x y y y , y , , y :

c. y h. y ( )i. Chnh xc (Correct)j. K ( fb)k. ( y))l. X (R f

stability)m.R rng.

n. C t (Vfb)d.

e. y f. (Mfb)

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g. (Tb)

h. T ( )( )

T y y y

Pseudocode (Gi ngn ng)

Finite state machines (my trng thi hu hn)

Decision trees (Cy quyt nh)

Activity diagrams (flowcharts) (Biu hot ng)

Entity relationship models (M hnh thc th quan h)

Object-oriented analysis (Phn tch hng i tng)

Structured analysis (Phn tch hng cu trc)

ng cho m hnh Use Case ng cho gi SRS

t ng d c tnh ch ng yu cu phn mm

C EA d y 1.53

T :

L y

- P y y

y .

- y :

(y )

y (f )

(design element)

M ()

T ( )

- :

M M

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M N

N N

- b :

L b

L

Qu trnh lp ma trn:

- X

- : y

-

y - X y

- X y

- T b

- K

S (R Mx): R

Mx b 2

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C EA y y 1.54

T :

a. Auditing b y N y , y , y b y y y:

1. T menu chnh chn: View | Audit View, m

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2. Chn nt Audit Settings3. T c ca sAudit Settings:

4. Trong ca sAudit Settings check vo enable Auditing

Ouput | Audit History y

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L y y b Vw b x :Help | Help Contents | Model Management | Auditing

b. Using Baselines , y y M y N ( , , b xy y .

b b x b, x :Help | Help Contents | Model Management | Baselines, Diffirencing and Merges

c. Change Requests and Issues on External Requirements y y y N :

- S d M Vw lit k nh y i, khim khuyt, v v nhim v da theo mi nhn t.

- S dng nhng nhn t t chn ca ki I t vi ccyu c y i

M :Using the Maintenance View

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M Vw y b

y N : Yu t khim khuyt Yu ty i Yu t v Yu t nhim v

b b y , , , M Vw y : View |Maintenance or (Alt+4)

V y y y y b y

Using Maintenance Elements for Changes and IssuesN b : I y Tbx |

N b b b ( y ) y y

- Nhng nhn t trong gi cha cc yu cu lin quan hoctrong mt gi ring bit cha mt tp nhng sy i.

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- Chng c thc lin kt ti nhng nhn t yu cu trong bi thng

ng hoc s dng ma trn quan h.- Nhng nhn t c thc ty ch t phn ca mt h bao

g c tnh mrng.

y I y

D y L :

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N d b 1 y 2 y 3 Xy y 4 y y

5 y y