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Istanbul, Turkey
Water for bioenergy and/or food?
March 19, 2009
Antônio Félix Domingues
General-Coordinator/ANA
Availability of Water in Brazil
Specific Flow
BRAZIL – 21.0 L/s/km²BRAZIL – 21.0 L/s/km²
Brazilian water production without foreign contributions: 182,170m3/s
Land use in Brazil Total Area = 851 million hectares
Not Arable:- Towns, rivers and lakes- Areas not suitable for crops - Preserved areas (forests, Indian reservations, etc.) Source: MAPA and IBGE. Development MME.
Production: Energy AND Food
Permanent and annual cropsPasture areas
Poor quality pasture
502.2 M ha
59%
70.3 M ha
8,3%
4.2 M ha (0,5%)
2.2 M ha (0,3%)
99.8 M ha
(11,7%)
172.3 M ha
20,2%
Composition of the Brazilian Energy Matrix
Source: Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock and Supplies, National Agroenergy Plan 2006-2011 (2nd Edition revised)
Source World (%) Brazil (%)
Petroleum 35.3 43.1
Coal 23.2 6.0
Natural Gas 21.1 7.5
Traditional Biomass 9.5 8.5
Nuclear 6.5 1.8
Hydropower 2.2 14.0
Modern Biomass 1.7 23.0
Other renewable sources 0.5 0.1
Hydroelectric power accounts for more than 90% of the total electric energy
produced in Brazil
HYDROPOWER
Federative Republic
8.5 million km2
180 million inhabitants
26 States
1 Federal District
5.561 Municipalities
5 Geopolitical Regions
Country with a vast diversity
(*) CENSUS 2000 - IBGE
BRAZIL
North
Hydro-electric Potential: 111,4GW Northeast*
Eolic Energy
Potential: 75 GW
South *
Eolic Energy
Potential: 22.8 GW
Southeast & Mid-West **
Bioelectricity
Potential: 24 GW
** According to the National Energy Plan 2030 (PNEW2030), of the MME, pg 148, the sugar cane bagasse and straw potential for generation of electric energy reaches 140 TWh yearly, an amount equivalent to a 32 GW installed capacity (utilization factor of 50%). Considering that 75% of this amount is located in the Southeast/Mid-West Regions, a total of 24 GW is accrued.
* “Atlas do Potencial Eólico Brasileiro”, Solar and Eolic Energy Reference Center
Brazil/ Renewable Energy
Relative participation of the biofuels in the total primaryoffer of energy (in %)
Countries + 5 22.2 21.6 21.4 . 21.3 21.3 21.2 21.4 20.6 19.2 17.4 16.9Source: GBEP (2007)
Country 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005
Canada 4.2 4.1 4.2 4.4 4.6 4.6 4.4 4.7 4.5 4.5 4.6
France 4.4 4.4 4.2 4.2 4.1 4.0 3.9 3.6 3.7 3.6 3.6
Germany 1.0 1.0 1.3 1.4 1.4 1.6 1.7 1.9 2.1 2.4 3.1
Italy 0.8 0.8 0.9 0.9 1.0 1.0 1.1 1.0 1.1 1.6 1.6
Japan 0.9 0.9 0.9 0.9 0.9 0.9 0.8 0.9 0.9 0.9 0.9
Russia 1.0 0.8 0.8 0.6 0.8 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.5 0.5
United Kingdom 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.7 0.7 0.8 1.0 1.2
United States 2.9 2.9 2.8 2.8 2.7 2.6 2.4 2.4 2.6 2.7 2.8
G8 Countries 2.2 2.2 2.2 2.2 2.2 2.1 2.0 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3
Brazil 26.6 25.0 23.9 23.7 24.1 23.1 23.3 24.3 26.0 26.5 29.8
China 19.6 19.0 19.1 19.2 19.4 19.4 19.6 18.2 16.2 14.0
India 36.1 35.3 34.3 33.9 32.5 32.4 32.3 31.9 31.5 30.0 29.4
Mexico 5.9 5.7 5.7 5.5 5.4 5.3 5.3 5.1 5.0 4.9 4.7
South Africa 10.9 11.0 11.1 11.1 11.3 11.4 11.8 12.4 11.1 10.2 10.7
29,8
13 29,4
10,7
Sugar-cane’s technological frontierSource: Unica (2007)
Fuel ethanol and biodiesel production is highly concentrated
The World Bank (2008). Agriculture for Development. The World Development Report 208. 365p
Grains: Cotton, peanuts, rice, beans, sunflower seeds, corn, soy beans, wheat
Sugar-cane: to produce ethanol and sugar Source: IBGE (2009)
Evolução da área de plantio
0
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20.000.000
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60.000.000
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Área (ha)
Grains Sugar-Cane
Area (ha)Evolution of the cropping areas
Brazil: agriculture vs. pastures
Source: IBGE (2008)
Pasture areas and total bovine headcount in the state of SP
Source: Amaral (2007)
NATIONAL HYDROGRAPHIC BASINS NATIONAL HYDROGRAPHIC BASINS COMMITTEESCOMMITTEES
State Committees
National Committees
Water use in the sugar and alcohol sector (Brazil)
1997 2007 2020
Sugar-cane production (million ton/year) 330 550 1000
Planted area (million hectares) 4.8 7.0 13.9
Industrial water (m3 per ton of sugar-cane) 5.0 1.8 1.0
Industrial water (m3/s) 53.7 32.0 34.2
Crop water (m3/s)(3 months x 60mm/month) x (13.9 – 7.0) x 106 ha 388,9
Total water – crops and industry (m3/s) 53.7 32.0 423,1
Source: Embrapa (2008). Savanas. Desafios e estratégias para o equilíbrio entre a sociedade, agronegócio e recursos naturais.
Sanitation Coverage in Latin America - 1998
Disposal of nitrogenouswastes (in situ) 37%Sewerage network (600 m3/s) 63%
Residuary water actually treated 14%(With adequate treatment) (6%)
86%86%Without Without treatmenttreatment(516 m(516 m33/s)/s)
Rivers Rivers and and seasseas
OPAS, 2001CEPIS/OPASCEPIS/OPAS
Spool self-propelled unit irrigating with effluent from stabilization pond
Deployment of effluents by means
of a Central Pivot System
Treatment of human wastes by irrigation is a reality in the USA at a competitive cost against the
STS’s (Sewerage Treatment Station)
References http://www.agricultura.gov.br/pls/portal/docs/PAGE/MAPA/PLANOS/PNA_2006_2011/PLANO%20NACIONAL%20DE%20AGROENERGIA%202006%20-%202011-%20PORTUGUES.PDF
http://www.cresesb.cepel.br/index.php?link=http%3A//www.cresesb.cepel.br/publicacoes/atlas_eolico_Brazil/atlas-web.htm
http://publications.worldbank.org/ecommerce/catalog/product?item_id=6966252
http://www.sidra.ibge.gov.br/bda/acervo/acervo2.asp?e=v&p=PA&z=t&o=11
http://www.ibge.gov.br/home/presidencia/noticias/noticia_visualiza.php?id_noticia=207
http://www.unica.com.br/search.asp Relatório de Sustentabilidade 2008
Source: Embrapa (2008). Savanas: Desafios e estratégias para o equilíbrio entre a sociedade, agronegócio e recursos naturais.
Sugar-cane bioethanol: energy for sustainable development/organized by BNDES and CGEE- Rio de Janeiro: BNDES year XVII, nº 2/ April/May/June, 2008