Issues of the Gilded Age
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Honors American History Chapter 7
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Segregation and Discrimination
• What other types of discrimination and segregation did they face?
• What were Jim Crow laws?
•What was the worst outcome of discrimination?
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Reconstruction PresidentsReconstruction- The time period following the Civil War when the United States was trying to decide on how to let the Confederate States back into the union and on what conditions.
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13th Amendment
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Civil War 1861-1865
1. 13th Amendment2. 14th Amendment3. 15th Amendment
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White Terrorism
• Ku Klux Klan established– Terrorizes
blacks and black sympathizers
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Failure of Reconstruction
• Republicans lose power– Corruption in Grant’s presidency– Nation-wide displeasure with
Reconstruction (pace, terror)– Depressions draw away attention
(1873, 1884)– Democrats regain power in
Congress
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Results of Reconstruction
• White Southerners regain political control• Army removed from South• Blacks lose their gains
– Voting rights not enforced– Sharecropping established– Terror continues - lynching
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Turn of the Century Black America
•Jim Crow Laws•Poll Taxes•Literacy Tests•Segregated Facilities•Social Practices
•Sharecropping
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Fighting Back – Booker T. Washington
•Worked to establish vocational training for African-Americans.•Thought it was too soon for African-Americans to expect full political rights.•Worked openly with the white establishment.•Founded Tuskegee Institute.
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Fighting Back – W.E.B. DuBois
• Demanded full political rights for blacks immediately.
• First African-American to earn a PhD from Harvard
• Wanted a classical education for African-Americans
• Helped found the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP)
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Ida Wells Barnett
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Enforcement of Jim Crow
• Plessy v. Ferguson (1896)
• White-Controlled Politicians and Law Enforcement
• Ku Klux Klan• Lynching
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Who was an African-American reformer?
Ida W
ells
Booker T. W
ash...
WEB DuBois
All of t
he abo...
0% 0%0%0%
1. Ida Wells2. Booker T.
Washington3. WEB DuBois4. All of the above
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Other groups face discrimination
• Hispanic Americans– What problems did they face?
• Asian Americans– What did they face?
• Women– What problems did they face?
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What was the key date in the women's suffrage movement?
0%0%0%0%0%
1 2 3 4 5
1. 18482. 18693. 18724. 19205. All of the above
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What was the worst possible outcome of discrimination?
1 2 3 4 5 6
0% 0% 0%0%0%0%
1. Denial to vote2. Lynchings3. Lower wages4. Poll Taxes5. Literacy Tests6. Sharecropping
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PoliticalPoliticalandand
EconomicEconomicChallengesChallenges
Section7.2
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Political Scandal and Reform• Who controlled the local government in
American cities in the late 1800’s?
Who led these groups? How did they get support?
What was the notorious of these groups in NYC?
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Who is this individual?
James G
arfield
Boss Tweed
US Grant
Roscoe Conklin
...
Chester A
rthur
Thomas Nast
0% 0% 0%0%0%0%
1. James Garfield2. Boss Tweed3. US Grant4. Roscoe
Conkling5. Chester Arthur6. Thomas Nast
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Who is this individual?
What happened to him?
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The Presidency as a The Presidency as a Symbolic OfficeSymbolic Office
Party bosses ruled. Presidents should
avoid offending anyfactions within theirown party.
The President justdoled out federal jobs.
1865 53,000 people worked for the federal govt.
1890 166,000 “ “ “ “ “ “
Senator Roscoe Conkling
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Presidential Scandal
• Grant becomes President in 1869
• Cre’dit Mobilier Scandal
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1880 Presidential 1880 Presidential Election: RepublicansElection: RepublicansHalf Breeds Stalwarts
Sen. James G. Blaine Sen. Roscoe Conkling (Maine) (New York)
James A. Garfield Chester A. Arthur (VP)
compromise
What political views did he have?
How were his views different?
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Garfield
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1881: Garfield 1881: Garfield Assassinated!Assassinated!
Charles Guiteau:I Am a Stalwart, and Arthur is President now!
What was he trying to accomplish by killing Garfield?
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What was he trying to accomplish by killing Garfield?
0%
0%
0%
0%
0% 1. Place a Stalwart in the Presidency2. Replace Garfield3. Support the “Spoils System”4. Show that he is insane5. All of the above.
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Chester A. Arthur:Chester A. Arthur:The Fox in the Chicken The Fox in the Chicken
Coop? How did he Coop? How did he surprise his supporters?surprise his supporters?
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The Pendleton Civil Service Act was passed:
0%0%0%0%
After McKi... By the Tam... After Pres... Immigrants...
1. After McKinley became President
2. By the Tammany Hall Political Machine
3. After President Garfield was assasinated
4. Immigrants became a force in national politics
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Pendleton Act (1883)Pendleton Act (1883) Civil Service Act. The “Magna Carta”
of civil service reform.
Promotion based on???
1883 14,000 out of117,000 federal govt.jobs became civilservice exam positions.
1900 100,000 out of 200,000 civil service federal govt. jobs.
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Founder of the Founder of the National Grange of National Grange of
the Patrons of the Patrons of Husbandry Husbandry (1867)(1867)
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The Grange The Grange MovementMovement Wanted to regulate the railroad Wanted to regulate the railroad
rates. rates. What does this lead to?What does this lead to? First organized in the 1870s in First organized in the 1870s in
the Midwest, the south, and the Midwest, the south, and Texas.Texas.
Set up cooperative associations.Set up cooperative associations. Social and educational Social and educational
components.components. Succeeded in lobbying for Succeeded in lobbying for
“Granger Laws“Granger Laws.”.” Rapidly declined by the late Rapidly declined by the late
1870s1870s..
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The Farmers The Farmers AlliancesAlliances
Begun in the 1870s (Built upon the Begun in the 1870s (Built upon the ashes of the Grange.)ashes of the Grange.)
Wanted more paper money in Wanted more paper money in circulation. circulation. Why??Why??
More political and less social than More political and less social than the Grange.the Grange.
Ran candidates for office.Ran candidates for office. Controlled 8 state legislatures & had Controlled 8 state legislatures & had
4747representatives in Congress during representatives in Congress during the 1890s.the 1890s.
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Farmers Alliance Farmers Alliance forms political forms political
partyparty 1873 Congress puts US dollar on gold standard
Reduces the amount of money in Reduces the amount of money in circulationcirculation
Impact on farmers??Impact on farmers?? What do farmers want? Why?What do farmers want? Why?
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What did the Populist Party want?
0%0%0%0%0%
Government owners... Bank regulation Graduated income ... Free coinage of s... All of the above
1. Government ownership of the railroads
2. Bank regulation3. Graduated income
tax4. Free coinage of
silver5. All of the above
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The Populist The Populist (Peoples’) Party(Peoples’) Party Founded by James B. Founded by James B.
WeaverWeaverand Tom Watson.and Tom Watson.
Omaha, NE Convention in Omaha, NE Convention in July,July,1892.1892.
Got almost 1 million Got almost 1 million popularpopularvotes.votes.
Several Congressional Several Congressional seatsseatswon.won.
What did they want?What did they want?
James B. Weaver, James B. Weaver, Presidential Presidential CandidateCandidate
&&James G. Field, VPJames G. Field, VP
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Populist Farmers wanted more money in circulation in order to:
Decrease
the v...
Strengthen th
e...
Slow down fo
re...
Strengthen th
e...
0% 0%0%0%
1. Decrease the value of their debts
2. Strengthen the Republican Party
3. Slow down foreign immigration
4. Strengthen the Gold Standard
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1892 Presidential 1892 Presidential ElectionElection
Grover Cleveland Benjamin Harrison again! * (DEM) (REP)
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1892 1892 Presidential Presidential
ElectionElection
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Cleveland Loses Cleveland Loses Support Fast!Support Fast! The only President to serve two
non-consecutive terms.
Blamed for the 1893 Panic. Defended the gold standard. Used federal troops in the 1894
Pullman strike. Refused to sign the Wilson-
GormanTariff of 1894.
Repealed the Sherman Silver Purchase Act. (Why was this a problem?)
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Causes of the Causes of the 1893 Panic1893 Panic Begun 10 days after Cleveland took Begun 10 days after Cleveland took
office.office.1.1. Several major corps. went bankrupt.Several major corps. went bankrupt.
(RR)(RR) Over 16,000 businesses Over 16,000 businesses
disappeared.disappeared. Triggered a stock market crash.Triggered a stock market crash. Over-extended investments.Over-extended investments.
2.2. Bank failures followed causing a Bank failures followed causing a contractioncontractionof credit [nearly 500 banks closed].of credit [nearly 500 banks closed].
3.3. By 1895, unemployment reached 3 By 1895, unemployment reached 3 million.million.
Americans cried out for relief, but the Americans cried out for relief, but the Govt.Govt.continued its laissez faire policies!!continued its laissez faire policies!!
Cleveland blames Sherman Silver Cleveland blames Sherman Silver Purchase ActPurchase Act
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Bi-Metallism Bi-Metallism IssueIssue
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19th Century Monetary Fight
• East Coast Bankers (Rich)
– Creditors (They have provided loans to farmers for land, seed, machinery, etc.)
– Back the Gold Standard
– Want the amount of currency in U.S. to stay fixed or low growth.
• Plains Farmers (Poor)
– Debtors (They have taken out loans that they must pay back)
– Back the Free Coinage of Silver
– Want the amount of currency in the U.S. to expand
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William Jennings William Jennings Bryan Bryan
(1860-1925)(1860-1925)
The “Great The “Great Commoner”Commoner”
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William Jennings William Jennings BryanBryanPrairie avenger, Prairie avenger,
mountain lion, mountain lion,Bryan, Bryan, Bryan, Bryan, Bryan, Bryan,
Bryan, Bryan,Gigantic troubadour, Gigantic troubadour,
speaking like a speaking like a siege siege gun, gun,Smashing Plymouth Smashing Plymouth Rock Rock with his boulders with his boulders from the West. from the West.
Revivalist style of oratory.
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Bryan’sBryan’s“Cross of Gold” “Cross of Gold”
SpeechSpeechYou shall not You shall not press down press down upon the brow upon the brow of labor this of labor this crown of crown of thorns; you thorns; you shall not shall not crucify crucify mankind upon mankind upon aa cross of goldcross of gold!!
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William McKinley William McKinley (1843-1901)(1843-1901)
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1896 Election 1896 Election ResultsResults
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Why Did Bryan Why Did Bryan Lose?Lose? His focus on ______ His focus on ______
underminedunderminedefforts to build bridges to efforts to build bridges to urbanurbanvoters.voters.
He did not form alliances He did not form alliances withwithother groups. Business other groups. Business leaders feared him, gave leaders feared him, gave money to _______.money to _______.
__________’s campaign was __________’s campaign was well-well-organized and highly funded.organized and highly funded.
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What Populist Party reform survived to be accepted by the major parties?
0%0%0%0%
Graduated ... Regulation... More flexi... All of the...
1. Graduated income tax
2. Regulation of the railroads
3. More flexible monetary system
4. All of the above
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Gold Triumphs Gold Triumphs Over SilverOver Silver
1900 1900 GoldGoldStandard ActStandard Act
confirmed theconfirmed thenation’s nation’s commitment tocommitment tothe gold the gold standard.standard.
A victory for the A victory for the
forces offorces ofconservatism.conservatism.
Good or bad for Good or bad for farmers??farmers??
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The The Wizard Wizard of Ozof Oz by L. by L. Frank Frank BaumBaum
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The Wizard of OzThe Wizard of OzA Populist A Populist
Allegory/Parable?Allegory/Parable?
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1964: Henry 1964: Henry Littlefield’s Littlefield’s “Thesis”? “Thesis”?
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Dorothy and Toto
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Wicked Witch of the East
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Munchkins
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Wicked Witch of the West
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Good Witch of The North
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Yellow Brick Road
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Scarecrow
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Tin Man
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Cowardly Lion
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Winged Monkeys"Once we were a free people, living happily in the forest, flying from tree to tree, eating nuts and fruit and doing just as we pleased without calling anybody master...This was many ears ago before Oz came out of the clouds to rule over this land."
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Yellow Winkies
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Emerald City
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“I’m Melting!”
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The Wizard
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“Ruby” SlippersIn the book they were SilverSo they represent?
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““Parable of the Parable of the Populists”?Populists”? Tornado Tornado ??
Dorothy Dorothy ?? Toto Toto ?? Kansas Kansas ?? Wicked Witch of theWicked Witch of the
East East ?? Tin Woodsman Tin Woodsman ?? Scarecrow Scarecrow ?? Cowardly Lion Cowardly Lion ?? Yellow Brick Road Yellow Brick Road
??
Silver Slippers Silver Slippers ?? Emerald City Emerald City ?? Oz Oz ?? The Wizard The Wizard ?? Munchkins Munchkins ?? Wicked Witch of the Wicked Witch of the
West West ?? Flying Monkeys Flying Monkeys ?? Yellow Winkies Yellow Winkies ??
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