Issues (cont.) Issues › corporate › pdf › News-2009AGMMasse.pdf · 3 Pilot Study - Meng Farm...

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EFFECTIVE TECHNOLOGIES TO PROVIDE POTABLE WATER SUPPLY FOR SANITIZING DAIRY FARMS’ MILKING EQUIPMENTS

Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada and Dairy Farmers of Ontario

D.I. Massé, G. Séguin, L. Masse, E. Topp, F. Malouin,E. Pariseau, L. Ortega

PRESENTATION OUTLINE

• Issues• Water supply quality• Water quality requirements

• DFO-AAFC Field and laboratory studies

• Water treatment technologies investigated

• Results

• Conclusions

IssuesGoss et al., evaluated the water quality on 173 dairy farms in Prescott County:

55% Drilled Wells20% Dug Wells2% on Municipal Wells12% on Surface Water

They found that 46% of the water sources were contaminated with E.Coli and faecalcoliform

• The Ontario Milk Act requires that all water used for milking equipment sanitation meets the provincial regulatory standard on drinking water quality.

• PART of the Canadian Milk Quality Program

Issues (cont.)

A multiple barriers approach is required to provide potable water

• Keep water contaminants from reaching the water source

• Adopt water treatment technologies to eliminate the water contaminants

Barriers to keep water contaminants from reaching the water source:

• Wells•Siting•Construction•Upgrades•Abandonment

2


• Well or Water Source identification

• Minimize activities near the water source• Manure spreading• Animal grazing• Herbicide and pesticide

applications•Etc.

When the contamination stillpersists in the ground and surface water sources

- Water Treatment becomes a necessary barrier


Objectives of AAFC/DFO Research Project

• To evaluate the efficiency of different water treatment technologies;

• On commercial farms• In AAFC laboratories

• To recommend operating and maintenance strategies to provide robust and reliable water treatment technologies

Selection criteria for the technologies:

• Cost

• Adaptable within the existing infrastructures

• Ease of operation and maintenance

• Technical support, service quality

• Physical treatment•Membrane Ultra filtration

• Chemical treatments• Chlorination• Ozonation

• Physiochemical treatments• Ultraviolet• Flocculation

Water Treatment technologies selected for the on-farm and laboratory evaluation

Chemical treatment

• Chlorination

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Pilot Study - Meng Farm50 cows / tie stall operation Diapo of Water colorWater Source – Forested bog area

Water Characteristics - Meng FarmMay 07 – Sept. 08 (22 samples)

422180329Total solids (mg/l)

366171295Dissolved solids (mg/l)

188

120

Max

84112Hardness (mg CaCO3/l)

1474Turbidity (NTU)

MinMedianParameter

Pathogens in Water – Meng FarmMay 07 – Sept. 08 (22 samples)

23200Salmonella s.p.

904016E. Coli1200076Enteroccocci

6809Clostridium p.590012Yersinia

344

8721120

Max

08Campylobacter sp.

4120Fecal coliforms12114Total coliforms

MinMedianPathogens (cfu/100 ml)

Existing Installation:

• Injection of chlorine

• Use of Carbon Filters

Raw Water Treated Water

4

0250500750

10001250

May-07 Aug-07 Nov-07 Feb-08 May-08 Aug-08

Raw water Treated water

conc

. (cf

u/10

0 m

l) Total Coliforms

0200400600800

1000


conc

. (cf

u/10

0 m

l) E. Coli

Pathogens in Raw and Treated Water - Farm Meng

CHLORINATION

Advantages• Effective disinfectant• Residual disinfectant increases safety• Inexpensive and easy to install

Disadvantages• Difficult to operate accurately • Combine with organics to form trihalomethanes• Need minimum contact time• Corrosive• 10% water loss due to the carbon filter

Ultraviolet Technologies

UV Treatment

• Typical UV radiation penetrates the cell wall of pathogens

• Damages the DNA structures resulting in microorganisminactivation

(Diapo from Ken Haagsma - Trojan UV)

Pilot farm studies with UV

• Standard UV technology

• Self-cleaning UV technology

Seguin Farm - Spring Water Source90 cows / free stall Operation

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Seguin Farm - Spring Water Source

Water Characteristics – Séguin FarmMay 07 – Sept. 08 (22 samples)



128

21

Max


01Turbidity (NTU)

MinMedianParameter

PATHOGENS IN WATER – Séguin FarmMay 07 – Sept. 08 (22 samples)


96010E. Coli944044Enteroccocci10000Clostridium p.22002Yersinia

16

808756

Max

00Campylobacter sp.



UV PURE

UV lampWiper

Sleeve

6

50Min. UVT (%)1Turbidity (NTU)

855Max. hardness (ppm)1 - 40Water temperature (°C)

57Flow rate (L/min)

Self cleaning (stainless steel wiper)Cleaning

1 yearExpected lamp life 2Number of lamps

UV Pure streamCharacteristics

UV PURE

0

200

400

600

800



conc

. (cf

u/10

0 m

l) Total Coliforms

020406080

100


conc

. (cf

u/10

0 m

l) E. Coli

Pathogens in Raw and Treated Water from a Spring - Farm Séguin

Case Study: Duffey Farm95 cows / tie stall Operation

Duffey Farm – Pond Water



192

2

Max


01Turbidity (NTU)

MinMedianParameter

Water Characteristics - Duffey FarmMay 07 – Sept. 08 (22 samples)

Pathogens in Water – Farm DuffeyMay 07 – Sept. 08 (22 samples)

4000Salmonella s.p.



28

6041168

Max

00Campylobacter sp.



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UV TROJAN

LampSleeve

Contaminated water

75Min. UVT (%)≤ 1Turbidity (NTU)120Max. hardness (ppm)

1 to 40 °CWater temperature (°C)76Flow rate (L/min)

Manual cleaning (acidic chemical product)Cleaning

2 yearsExpected lamp life 1Number of lamps

Trojan UVMAX Pro 20Characteristics

UV TROJAN

Duffey Farm - Trojan UV Max Pathogens in Raw and Treated Water from a Quarry - Farm Duffey

0

500

1000

1500


Raw water Treated waterco

nc. (

cfu/

100

ml) Total Coliforms

0

5

10

15

20


conc

. (cf

u/10

0 m

l) E. Coli

UV TECHNOLOGIES

Advantages• Fast acting and relatively low cost

technology• Safe and chemical-free• There is no water wastage• It successfully removes pathogens and

parasites• It requires minimal space• No residual effect that can be harmful to

humans

Disadvantages• Requires clear water with low hardness• Does not kill microorganisms shielded by

suspended solids• Need a pre-treatment to removed

suspended solids• Requires regular maintenance to remove

fouling of the quartz sleeve

UV TECHNOLOGIES

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Membrane Technologies

Case Study: Mario Laniel Farm40 cows / tie stall Operation

Water source – Ottawa River Water Characteristics - Mario Laniel FarmMay 07 – Sept. 08 (45 samples)



120

38

Max


15Turbidity (NTU)

MinMedianParameter

Pathogens In Water - Mario Laniel FarmMay 07 – Sept. 08 (45 samples)




468

36803680

Max

00Campylobacter sp.



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How Membranes Work

The pores form a barrier to impurities, whileallowing water molecules to pass

(Slide from ZENON Environmental Inc.)

NDMax. feed water turbidity (NTU)>99.99999Bacteria Removal (%)

30-100Typical Operating Pressure (PSI)

0.02 nominal 0.1 absolute Pore size (microns)

Hollow fiberMembrane configuration

GE Water & Process Technologies Manufacturer

Homespring membrane (UF211)Membrane characteristics

Homespring Membrane

PATHOGENS IN RAW AND TREATED WATER FROM OTTAWA RIVER - Farm Mario Laniel

0200400600800



conc

. (cf

u/10

0 m

l) Total Coliforms

020406080

100


conc

. (cf

u/10

0 m

l) E. Coli

Advantages:

• Easy to install and operate

• No chemical added to the system

• Improves water characteristics (taste and smell)

• High removal efficiency of pathogens

Membrane Filtration

Disadvantage:• Only the milkhouse water

• Needs pretreatment to avoid membrane fouling with highly turbid water

• No water supply during backflush(cleaning cycle)

• Water wastage exceeds 20%

Membrane Filtration COAGULATION-FLOCCULATION TECHNOLOGY

Pre-treatment that changes the characteristicsof turbid water and makes it suitable for UV, Ultra-Filtration and Chlorination treatments.

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Coagulation/flocculation process

Raw Water Coagulation Flocculation

Al3+, Fe3+

Bühler Farm100 cows / free stall Operation

Creek Water - Bühler Farm

Water characteristics – Bühler FarmMay 07 – Sept. 08 (23 samples)



184

110

Max


1338Turbidity (NTU)

MinMedianParameter

Pathogens In Water - Farm BühlerMay 07 – Sept. 08 (23 samples)

4000Salmonella s.p.



120

11006000

Max

04Campylobacter sp.



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• Treats up to 900 Imp. gallons/day

• 90-100 imp gallons per batch

• 2 to 2.5 hours per batch

System FLOC 100 Bühler Farm – Creek WaterSecondary treatment

Raw Water

Flocculation Chlorination

Treated Water

0.00

20.00

40.00

60.00

Turb

idity

(NTU

)

Turbidity removal by coagulation/flocculation

May 07 January 08 September 08

Pathogens in Raw and Treated Water from a Creek - Farm Buhler

0

200

400

600

800



conc

. (cf

u/10

0 m

l) Total Coliforms

0100200300400500600


conc

. (cf

u/10

0 m

l) E. Coli

System FLOC 100• Advantages

High removal of turbidityLow maintenanceHigh removal of pathogensReduction of dissolved organic

• DisadvantagesOnly a pretreatmentHigh coagulant product costCoagulant dosage (hard to calibrate)Floc settling timeLost of water (about 20% each batch)Need space

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Ozonation Technology

Ozonation Technology -Laboratory evaluation

Ozomax

Inactivation of Pathogens with O3

0

500

1000

1500

2000

2500

3000

0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200

Time (min)

Tota

l col

iform

s (C

FU/1

00 m

L)

0

200

400

600

800

1000

0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200

Time (min)

E. c

oli (

CFU

/100

mL)

OZONATIONAdvantages

• Effective disinfectant

• No wastewater

• Good removal of pathogens and organic compound

• Environmentally friendly

OZONATION

Disadvantages

• Human safety concern

• Higher capital cost than UV or chlorination

• Can lead to toxic bromate if bromide is in water

CONCLUSIONS

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Conclusions

• When the milking equipment washwater iscontaminated with pathogens, a multi-barriers approach should be considered.

• Reduce contamination atthe source

• Well identification• Select a water treatment technology that

is compatible with the farm watercharacteristics

Conclusions (cont.)

• Chlorination is appropriatewith:

• Ground water

• Surface water having alow organic content

Conclusions (cont.)

• Standard UV technologies efficient with lowturbidity and low hardness water

• New UV technologies with mechanical deviceto eliminate sleeve fouling are more robustand are appropriate with low turbidity waterwith high hardness

Conclusion (cont.)

• Membrane technology (Zenon) hasworked well with a water having an average turbidity below 10 NTU

Conclusions (cont.)

• Coagulation / Flocculation isrecommended as a pretreatment for highly turbid water prior to the use of:

• Chlorination• Ultraviolet• Membrane Ultra-Filtration

• Access to potable water for sanitizing milking equipment will:• Allow dairy farmers to comply with

regulations

• Maintain consumer confidence in milk quality

• Maintain a strong dairy sector

Conclusion (cont.)

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Acknowledgements• Farms involved in this project

• Bühler Farm: Emil, Walter & Willie Bühler• St-Onge Farm: Mario and Renée St-Onge• Mario Laniel Farm• Yves Laniel Farm• Innocent Meng Farm• Félix and Jean-Marie Duffey Farm• Ferme Séguin: Roger Séguin• Tony Baas Farm

Communication Plan- Scientific papers

- Conference proceedings

- Final reports for DFO management Board

- Articles for Milk Producer Magazine

- Fact sheets

QUESTIONS ?

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