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    EoST Assignment ISRO Bharath Y S

    Elements of Satellite Technology

    Assignment No: 1

    Indian Space Research Organization

    Bharath Y S

    Semester 1

    ME, Aerospace Technology

    MIT, Chennai.

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    Indian Space Research Organization

    Introduction:

    Indian Space Research Organization, also termed ISRO is the space

    agency of India. ISRO is one of the six largest space agencies in the world doing a lot

    of progress in both vehicle and satellite technology. ISRO's primary objective is to

    advance Space Technology and use its applications for national benefit.

    Established in 1969, ISRO superseded Indian National Committee for

    Space Research( INCOSPAR ). It is under the supervision of Department of Space,

    Government of India.It is headquartered at Bangalore.

    ISRO has achieved numerous milestones since its establishment. India's

    first satellite, Aryabhata, was built by ISRO and launched by the Soviet Union in 1975.

    Rohini, the first satellite to be placed in orbit by an Indian-made launch vehicle, SLV-3,

    was launched in 1980. ISRO subsequently developed two other rockets: the PolarSatellite Launch Vehicle (PSLV) for putting satellites into polar orbits and the

    Geosynchronous Satellite Launch Vehicle (GSLV) for placing satellites into

    geostationary orbits. These rockets have launched numerous communications

    satellites, earth observation satellites, and, in 2008, Chandrayaan-1, India's first

    mission to the Moon.

    Over the years, ISRO has conducted a variety of operations for both

    Indian and foreign clients. ISRO's satellite launch capability is mostly provided by

    indigenous launch vehicles and launch sites. In 2008, ISRO successfully launched its

    first lunar probe, Chandrayaan-1, while future plans include indigenous development

    of GSLV, manned space missions, further lunar exploration, mars exploration and

    interplanetary probes. ISRO has several field installations as assets, and cooperates

    with the international community as a part of several bilateral and multilateral

    agreements.

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    Current Chairman of ISRO is Dr. K. Radhakrishnan, a technocrat par

    excellence; a dynamic and result-oriented Manager with very fine personal and inter-

    personal qualities; an astute Institution-builder with a strategic vision; an able

    Administrator with a positive attitude; and an inspiring Leader credited with nurturingleadership skills in the younger generation. He has had a distinguished career adorned

    with accomplishments that spans beyond 40 years in space technology, applications

    and space program management.

    History:

    Indian space science dates back to the Vedas written around 2000 B.C.

    Though astronomy of that time was based on spiritual belief's, it became more

    scientific during the start of first century A.D.Indian astronomers recognized that the

    stars are the same as the Sun, only farther away which implies that the night sky is full

    of suns, and that when our Sun goes below the horizon, a thousand suns take its

    place. This is an incredible scientific leap in thought. The Earth was at this time

    considered to be spherical, and various astronomers attempted to measure its

    circumference.

    In the 5th century, a great Indian astronomer and mathematician namedAryabhatta advanced this heliocentric theory and also discussed his idea that the Sun

    is the source of moonlight. He also studied how to forecast eclipses (see photo below).

    His books and others were translated into Latin in the 13th century, and profoundly

    influenced European mathematicians and astronomers.

    Several Indian scientists of the 6th century also were the first to advance

    the idea of gravity. They noticed that a special force keeps objects stuck to the earth,

    and hypothesized that the same force might be responsible for holding heavenlybodies in their place. The idea pre-dates Newton's conception of gravity by about 1100

    years.

    Modern space research in India is most visibly traced to the activities of

    scientist S. K. Mitra who conducted a series of experiments leading to the sounding of

    the ionosphere by application of ground based radio methods in 1920's Calcutta.

    Later, Indian scientists like C.V. Raman and Meghnad Saha contributed to scientific

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    principles applicable in space sciences. However, it was the period after 1945 which

    saw important developments being made in coordinated space research in India.

    Organised space research in India was spearheaded by two scientists: Vikram Sarabhai

    founder of the Physical Research Laboratory at Ahmedabadand Homi Bhabha, whohad played a role in the establishment of the Tata Institute of Fundamental Research in

    1945. Initial experiments in space sciences included the study of cosmic radiation,

    high altitude and airborne testing of instruments, deep underground experimentation

    at the Kolar minesone of the deepest mining sites in the world and studies of the

    upper atmosphere. Studies were carried out at research laboratories, universities, and

    independent locations.

    Government support became visible by 1950 when the Department of

    Atomic Energy was founded with Homi Bhabha as secretary. The Department of Atomic

    Energy provided funding for space research throughout India.Tests on the Earth's

    magnetic fieldstudied in India since the establishment of the observatory at Colaba

    in 1823and aspects of meteorology continued to yield valuable information and in

    1954, Uttar Pradesh state observatory was established at the foothills of the

    Himalayas. The Rangpur Observatory was set up in 1957 at Osmania University,

    Hyderabad. Both these facilities enjoyed the technical support and scientific

    cooperation of the United States of America. Space research was further encouraged

    by the technically inclined prime minister of IndiaJawaharlal Nehru. In 1957, the

    Soviet Union successfully launched Sputnik and opened up possibilities for the rest of

    the world to conduct a space launch.

    Space activities in the country started during early 1960s with the

    scientific investigation of upper atmosphere and ionosphere over the magnetic

    equator that passes over Thumba near Thiruvananthapuram using small soundingrockets. Realizing the immense potential of space technology for national

    development, Dr. Vikram Sarabhai, the visionary leader envisioned that this powerful

    technology could play a meaningful role in national development and solving the

    problems of common man.

    Thus, Indian Space program born in the St Mary's Magdalene church

    beginning, space activities in the country, concentrated on achieving self reliance and

    developing capability to build and launch communication satellites for television

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    broadcast, telecommunications and meteorological applications; remote sensing

    satellites for management of natural resources.

    The objective of ISRO is to develop space technology and its applicationto various national tasks. Accordingly, Indian Space Research Organization (ISRO) has

    successfully operationalised two major satellite systems namely Indian National

    Satellites (INSAT) for communication services and Indian Remote Sensing (IRS)

    satellites for management of natural resources; also, Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle

    (PSLV) for launching IRS type of satellites and Geostationary Satellite Launch Vehicle

    (GSLV) for launching INSAT type of satellites.

    The Space Commission formulates the policies and oversees the

    implementation of the Indian space program to promote the development and

    application of space science and technology for the socio-economic benefit of the

    country. DOS implements these programs through, mainly Indian Space Research

    Organization (ISRO), Physical Research Laboratory (PRL), National Atmospheric

    Research Laboratory (NARL), North Eastern-Space Applications Centre (NE-SAC) and

    Semi-Conductor Laboratory (SCL). The Antrix Corporation, established in 1992 as a

    government owned company, markets the space products and services.

    After the setting of Indian National Committee for Space Research

    (INCOSPAR) by the Department of Atomic Energy, work on establishing Thumba

    Equatorial Rocket Launching Station (TERLS) began. From then, ISRO has grown into a

    big tree frequently sending Rockets and Satellites into the space.

    Milestones:

    ISRO is both good in Launch Vehicle Technology and Satellite

    Technology. Profoundly ISRO has developed its technology with help from Russia and

    USA.

    India made its first account in space by sending sounding rocket

    that was launched from TERLS( Thumba Equatorial Rocket Launching Site ) in

    November 21, 1963.A Sounding Rocket is a research rocket that carries instruments to

    perform scientific experiments during the sub-orbital flight.

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    In 1965, Space Science & Technology Centre (SSTC) was

    established in Thumba.

    In 1967, Satellite Telecommunication Earth Station was set up at

    Ahmedabad to monitor the satellites of India.

    Feb 2, 1968 saw the dedication of TERLS to United Nations.

    The independence day, the Aug 15, 1969 saw the dawn of new era

    in Indian space Technology with the formation of Indian Space Research Organization

    ( ISRO ) under the Department of Atomic Energy.

    Space Commission and Department of Space was set up (June 1, 1972). ISRO

    was brought under DOS.

    From 1972-76, ISRO conducted experiments on Air-borne Remote

    sensing. After becoming a government organization in April 1, 1975, ISRO launched its

    first satellite, Aryabhata named after a famous Mathematician and Astronomer. The

    payload was 360kg and was used for scientific experiments. It was launched from

    Volgograd Launch Station, Russia. It had an Orbital life of around 17 years.

    From 1975-76, experiments were conducted on Satellite

    Instructional Television.(SITE).

    In 1977, Satellite Telecommunication Experiments Project (STEP)was carried out to enhance communication within India.

    In 1979, another satellite named Bhaskara-I was launched for the

    purpose of Remote Sensing. First experimental launch vehicle, SLV-3 with payload

    Rohini satellite was tested. The rocket could'nt place the satellite into orbit. But ISRO

    was partially successful.

    Rohini Technology Payload was launched again from Indian made

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    launch vehicle SLV-3 which was second experimental rocket which was a successful

    mission( July 18, 1980 ).

    1981 was a boom in ISRO with the launch fully developmental SLV-3 rocket. RD-S1 an experimental satellite was sent into space from Sriharikota using

    SLV-3. In June 19,1981 APPLE, a Geostationary satellite was launched to experiment on

    communication and networking. In the later part of 1981,Bhaskara II for Remote

    Sensing from Volgograd Launch Station.

    The Insat-1A was launched by a Delta in April 1982 but was

    abandoned in September 1983 when its attitude control propellant was exhausted.

    In 1983, second developmental launch of SLV-3 with RD-S2 was

    launched which was very successful. When Insat-1B was launched on 30 August 1983,

    it almost suffered the same fate as the Insat-1A. It was not until mid-September that

    Ford and Indian controllers succeeded in deploying its solar array. By then it had been

    stationed at 74E in place of Insat-1A. Full operational capability was achieved in

    October 1983. It continued to operate into 1990 with all its 4375 two-way voice or

    equivalent circuits in use. Around 36,000 earth images were returned.

    In 1984, India and Russia jointly ventured into Indo-Soviet manned

    space mission. In 1987, Augmented Satellite Launch Vehicle was test fired with

    SROSS-1 satellite onboard. But it was a failure as the rocket lacked thrust to place

    satellite into orbit.

    In 1988, Russia launched the first operational Indian Remote

    Sensing Satellite IRS-1A for India which was placed in polar sun-synchronous orbit fromthe launch site Baikanur Cosmodrome Kazakhstan.

    In 1990, INSAT-1D was launched with expanded battery and

    propellant capacities. In 1991, Second operational Remote Sensing Satellite IRS-1B

    from Kazakhstan launch site.

    In 1992, INSAT-2A, an indigenously build satellite was place into

    orbit. Also SROSS-C was placed into orbit by ASLV.

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    In 1993, first developmental launch of PSLV with IRS-1E failed to

    place the satellite into orbit. But INSAT-2B was launched from French Guyana. In 1994,ISRO successfully launched PSLV with IRS-P2 onboard into polar synchronous orbit.

    Also fourth developmental launch of ASLV with SROSS-C2 was done perfectly.

    In 1995, IRS-1C and INSAT-2C were placed into orbit for remote

    sensing and telecommunication purposes respectively. In 1996 and 1997, PSLV rockets

    were used to place IRS-P3 and IRS-1D into orbit.

    In 1999, PSLV-C2 launched OCEANSAT along with korean satellite

    KITSAT-3 and German satellite DLR-TUBSAT into orbit from Sriharikota. INSAT-2E was

    launched into space by Arian from French Guyana. Also Arian placed INSAT-3B into

    space in 2000.

    In 2001, ISRO launched PSLV-C3 with satellites TES, BIRD and

    PROBA and placed them into correct orbits. In 2002, PSLV-C4 placed KALPANA-1

    satellite into orbit. The satellite was named after Indian born American Astronaut Dr.

    Kalpana Chawla. The satellite is exclusively for meteorological purposes. Ariane

    launched INSAT-3C and INSAT-3A and INSAT-3E into space in 2002 and 2003

    respectively.

    In 2003, ISRO used PSLV-C5 to place RESOURCESAT-1(IRS-P6) from

    Sriharikota. Also GSLV-D2 placed GSAT-2 into orbit which is a heavy payload. From

    2004 to 2013, a lot of satellites both Indian and non-Indian were launched using PSLV

    and GSLV. Some of the Indian satellites were also launched by Ariane.

    Launch Vehicles:

    ISRO through lot of experiments and research has created a series

    of launch vehicles. Launch vehicle technology of ISRO was proved by SLV-3 which

    proved India its capability. It was a solid propellant rocket which can carry 40kg of

    payload.

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    The GSLV-III or Geosynchronous Satellite Launch Vehicle Mark III , is

    a launch vehicle currently under development by the Indian Space Research

    Organization. GSLV Mk III is conceived and designed to make ISRO fully self reliant in

    launching heavier communication satellites of INSAT-4 class, which weigh 4500 to5000 kg. It would also enhance the capability of the country to be a competitive player

    in the multimillion dollar commercial launch market. The vehicle envisages multi-

    mission launch capability for GTO, LEO, Polar and intermediate circular orbits.

    GSLV-Mk III is designed to be a three stage vehicle, with 42.4 m tall

    with a lift off weight of 630 tonnes. First stage comprises two identical S200 Large

    Solid Booster (LSB) with 200 tonne solid propellant, that are strapped on to the second

    stage, the L110 re-startable liquid stage. The third stage is the C25 LOX/LH2 cryo

    stage. The large payload fairing measures 5 m in diameter and can accommodate a

    payload volume of 100 cu m. Realisation of GSLV Mk-III will help ISRO to put heavier

    satellites into orbit.

    Satellites:

    For the past four decades, ISRO has launched 70 satellites forvarious scientific and technological applications like mobile communications, Direct-to-

    Home services, meteorological observations, telemedicine, tele-education, disaster

    warning, radio networking, search and rescue operations, remote sensing and

    scientific studies of the space.

    ISRO has established two major space systems, the Indian National Satellite System

    (INSAT) series for communication, television broadcasting and meteorological services

    which is Geo-Stationary Satellites, and Indian Remote Sensing Satellites (IRS) system

    for resources monitoring and management which is Earth Observation Satellites. ISROhas launched many Experimental Satellites which are generally small comparing to

    INSAT or IRS, Space Missions to explore the space and Navigation Satellite to provide

    accurate position information service to users.

    The Indian National Satellite (INSAT) system which are placed in

    Geo-stationary orbits is one of the largest domestic communication satellite systems

    in Asia-Pacific region. Established in 1983 with commissioning of INSAT-1B, it initiated

    a major revolution in Indias communications sector and sustained the same later.

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    INSAT space segment consists of 24 satellites out of which 10 are in service (INSAT-3A,

    INSAT-4B, INSAT-3C, INSAT-3E, KALPANA-1, INSAT-4A, INSAT-4CR,GSAT-8, GSAT-12 and

    GSAT-10)

    The system with a total of 168 transponders in the C, Extended C

    and Ku-bands provides services to telecommunications, television broadcasting,

    weather forecasting, disaster warning and Search and Rescue operations.

    Indian Remote Sensing (IRS) satellite system was commissioned

    with the launch of IRS-1A, in 1988. With eleven satellites in operation, IRS is the

    largest civilian remote sensing satellite constellation in the world providing imageries

    in a variety of spatial resolutions, spectral bands and swaths. The data is used for

    several applications covering agriculture, water resources, urban development,

    mineral prospecting, environment, forestry, drought and flood forecasting, ocean

    resources and disaster management.

    Indian Regional Navigation Satellite System (IRNSS)

    IRNSS is an independent regional navigation satellite system being developed by

    India. It is designed to provide accurate position information service to users in India

    as well as the region extending up to 1500 km from its boundary, which is its primary

    service area. IRNSS will provide two types of services, namely, Standard Positioning

    Service (SPS) and Restricted Service (RS) and is expected to provide a position

    accuracy of better than 20 m in the primary service area.

    GPS Aided GEO Augmented Navigation (GAGAN): GAGAN is a

    Satellite Based Augmentation System (SBAS) implemented jointly with Airport

    Authority of India (AAI). The main objectives of GAGAN are to provide Satellite-basedNavigation services with accuracy and integrity required for civil aviation applications

    and to provide better Air Traffic Management over Indian Airspace. The system will be

    interoperable with other international SBAS systems and provide seamless navigation

    across regional boundaries. The first GAGAN navigation payload was flown on GSAT-8

    which was launched on May 21, 2011 and the second on GSAT-10 launched on Sep 29,

    2012.

    ISRO has launched many small satellites mainly for the

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    experimental purposes. This experiment include Remote Sensing, Atmospheric Studies,

    Payload Development, Orbit Controls, recovery technology etc. ANUSAT is one of the satellites

    launched in this category.

    ANUSAT (Anna University Satellite) is the first satellite built by an

    Indian University under the over all guidance of ISRO and will demonstrate the

    technologies related to message store and forward operations.

    Indian space programme encompasses research in areas like

    astronomy, astrophysics, planetary and earth sciences, atmospheric sciences and

    theoretical physics. Balloons, sounding rockets, space platforms and ground-based

    facilities support these research efforts. A series of sounding rockets are available for

    atmospheric experiments. Several scientific instruments have been flown on satellites

    especially to direct celestial X-ray and gamma-ray bursts.

    Chandrayaan-1:

    Chandrayaan-1, India's first mission to Moon, was launched

    successfully on October 22, 2008 from SDSC SHAR, Sriharikota. The spacecraft wasorbiting around the Moon at a height of 100 km from the lunar surface for chemical,

    mineralogical and photo-geologic mapping of the Moon. The spacecraft carries 11

    scientific instruments built in India, USA, UK, Germany, Sweden and Bulgaria.

    After the successful completion of all the major mission objectives,

    the orbit has been raised to 200 km during May 2009.

    Chandrayaan-1, Indias first mission to Moon, was launched with

    the prime objective of finding traces of water on the lunar surface besides mapping

    minerals and chemicals on the Moon. Towards this, a host of sophisticated instruments

    were included in Chandrayaan-1 spacecraft, like Moon Impact Probe (MIP) and Hyper-

    Spectral Imager (HySI) from ISRO as well as Moon Mineralogy Mapper (M3) and

    Miniature Synthetic Aperture Radar (Mini-SAR) through NASA to collect relevant data

    from the lunar surface. During the mission, excellent quality of data from all these

    instruments has been obtained. While M3 has covered nearly 97% of the lunar surface,

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    some of the other instruments have covered more than 90%.

    A path-breaking finding has evolved recently from the detailed

    analysis of the data obtained from M3, which has clearly indicated the presence of

    water molecules on the lunar surface extending from lunar poles to about 60 deg.Latitude. Hydroxyl, a molecule consisting of one oxygen atom and one hydrogen atom,

    was also found in the lunar soil. The confirmation of water molecules and hydroxyl

    molecule in the moon's polar regions raises new questions about its origin and its

    effect on the mineralogy of the moon.

    M3 measures the intensity of reflected sunlight from the lunar

    surface at infrared wavelengths, splitting the spectral colours of the lunar surface into

    small enough bits revealing finer details of the lunar surface composition. This enabled

    identification of the presence of various minerals on the lunar surface that have

    characteristic spectral signature at specific wavelengths. Since reflection of sunlight

    occurs near the moons surface, such studies provide information on the mineral

    composition of the top crust of a few millimeters of the lunar surface. The Indian

    instrument HySI, that covers the wavelength region 0.4 to 0.9 micron, also provided

    additional data in this regard that helped in better understanding of moons mineral

    composition.

    The findings from M3 onboard Chandrayaan-1 clearly shows a marked signature in the

    infrared region of 2.7 to 3.2 micron in the absorption spectrum, which provided a clear

    indication of the presence of hydroxyl and water molecules.

    The scientific team, after detailed analysis, has come to the

    conclusion that there are traces of hydroxyl (OH) and water (H2O) molecules on the

    surface of the moon closer to the polar region. It is also concluded that they are in the

    form of a thin layer embedded in rocks and chemical compounds on the surface of the

    moon and the quantity is also extremely small of the order of about 700 ppm. These

    molecules could have come from the impact of comets or radiation from the sun. Butmost probable source could be low energy hydrogen carried by solar wind impacting

    on the minerals on lunar surface. This in turn forms OH or H2O molecules by deriving

    the oxygen from metal oxide.

    Following these findings, the scientific team revisited the data from

    NASAs Deep Impact Mission launched in 2005 which carried an instrument similar to

    M3. Deep Impact Probe observed the moon during the period June 2 and 9, 2009. This,

    along with some laboratory tests carried out from samples brought from Apollo

    missions, has confirmed that the signature is genuine and there is a thin layer of

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    and Central government for relief, rehabilitation and planning. The DSC also supports

    International Charter on Space and Major Disasters and Sentinel Asia. Under this,

    critical support was extended to Myanmar during Nargis(2008) Cyclone; Indonesian

    floods(2008) and China earthquake (2008).

    NRSC also has very sophisticated infrastructure for analysis of

    satellite data: state-of-art Digital image processing and GIS Lab.

    Remote sensing data are being used to

    map/monitor/survey/manage various natural resources of the country under National

    Natural Resources Management System (NNRMS) programs. Funded by various user

    ministries and ISRO/DOS, these programmes have been generating valuable spatial

    data assets and information solutions.

    Several areas of application such as Agriculture, Soil, Bio-resources

    and Environment, Ocean Resources, Water Resources, Rural Development, Urban

    Development, and Disaster Management etc., which are of direct relevance to the

    nation are executed by ISRO/DOS centers like National Remote Sensing Centre (NRSC),

    Space Application Centre (SAC), Regional Remote Sensing Centers (RRSCs), North

    Eastern - Space Application Centre (NE - SAC) and State Remote Sensing Centers and

    State/Central Agencies.

    These centers have sophisticated computer facilities for image

    analysis and GIS to cater to the users needs and participate actively in areas like

    disaster management, software development, agro-climatic planning, national drinking

    water mission, national resources census, large scale mapping, etc, besides taking up

    projects for various ministries and departments.

    Future Missions:

    ISRO has planned a lot of missions for the future. Some of which are are

    follows. Some of the forthcoming satellites are as follows:

    ASTROSAT: The ASTROSAT project is aimed at design, development,

    fabrication and launch of an astronomical observatory for studies of cosmic sources.

    ASTROSAT is envisaged to be a National Observatory which will be available for

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    astronomical observations to any researcher in India. Although most of the

    observation time will be for the use of Indian researchers, a part of the ASTROSAT

    observation time will also be made available to International astronomical community

    on a competitive basis.

    ASTROSAT is planned to be launched by Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle

    (PSLV). The life of the satellite has been configured for a minimum period of 5 years.

    GSAT Series: 6 GSAT satellites for communication purposes are to be

    placed into orbits .

    Some of the launch vehicles planned are as follows:

    Mars Orbiter Mission is planned to be launched by PSLV-C25 during

    October 2013 from Sriharikota.

    GSLV-MKIII is conceived and designed to make ISRO fully self reliant in

    launching heavier communication satellites of INSAT-4 class, which weigh 4500 to

    5000 kg. The vehicle envisages multi-mission launch capability for GTO, LEO, Polar and

    intermediate circular orbits.

    Reusable Launch Vehicle-Technology Demonstrator (RLV-TD): As a

    first step towards realizing a Two Stage To Orbit (TSTO) fully re-usable launch vehicle, a

    series of technology demonstration missions have been conceived. For this purpose a

    Winged Reusable Launch Vehicle technology Demonstrator (RLV-TD) has been

    configured. The RLV-TD will act as a flying test bed to evaluate various technologies

    viz., hypersonic flight, autonomous landing, powered cruise flight and hypersonic flightusing air breathing propulsion. First in the series of demonstration trials is the

    hypersonic flight experiment (HEX).

    The Integrated Technical Review (ITR) of RLV-TD by the National Review

    Committee in October 2012 has concluded that launch of RLV-TD HEX-01 mission in

    September 2013 is feasible.

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    Pre Project activities of Human Space Flight Mission Program:The

    program is proposed to be implemented in defined phases. Currently, the pre project

    activities are progressing with a focus on the development of critical technologies for

    subsystems such as Crew Module (CM), Environmental control and Life SupportSystem (ECLSS), Crew Escape System, etc. A study for undertaking human space flight

    to carry human beings to low earth orbit and ensure their safe return has been made

    by the department. The department has initiated pre-project activities to study

    technical and managerial issues related to undertaking manned mission with an aim to

    build and demonstrate the countrys capability. The program envisages the

    development of a fully autonomous orbital vehicle carrying 2 or 3 crew members to

    about 300 km low earth orbit and their safe return.

    The objective of Human Spaceflight Program is to undertake a human

    spaceflight mission to carry a crew of two to Low Earth Orbit (LEO) and return them

    safely to a predefined destination on earth.

    Space Science Missions

    Mars Orbiter Mission: Mars Orbiter Mission is ISROs first interplanetarymission to planet Mars with a spacecraft designed to orbit Mars in an elliptical orbit of

    372 km by 80,000 km. Mars Orbiter mission is Indias next challenging technological

    mission out of the Earths gravitational field. The major demands will be critical

    mission operations and stringent requirements on propulsion, communications and

    other bus systems of the spacecraft. The primary driving technological objective of the

    mission is to design and realize a spacecraft with a capability to reach Mars (Martian

    transfer Trajectory), then to orbit around Mars (Mars Orbit Insertion) which will take

    about nine months time. Yet another technological challenge is to realize related deepspace mission planning and communication management at a distance of nearly 400

    million km. The polar Satellite Launch Vehicle PSLV will be used to inject the spacecraft

    from SDSC, SHAR in the 250 X 23000 km orbit with an inclination of 17.864 degree. As

    the minimum energy transfer opportunity from Earth to Mars occurs once in 26

    months, the opportunity in 2013 demands a cumulative incremental velocity of 2.592

    km/sec.

    This satellite will also carry compact science experiments, totaling a mass

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    of 15 kg, as listed in the table below :

    PayloadPrimary Objective Lyman Alpha Photometer (LAP)Escape

    processes of Mars upper atmosphere through Deuterium/HydrogenMethane Sensor forMARS (MSM)Detect presence of MethaneMartian Exospheric Composition Explorer

    (MENCA)Study the neutral composition of the Martian upper atmosphereMARS Colour

    Camera (MCC)Optical imagingTIR imaging spectrometer (TIS)Map surface composition

    and mineralogy

    Space Capsule Recovery Experiment (SRE-II): SRE-2 Project was

    formed with the main objective of realizing a fully recoverable capsule and to provide

    a platform to conduct micro-gravity experiments. SRE capsule has four major

    hardware, namely, Aero Thermo-structure (ATS), Spacecraft platform, deceleration and

    floatation system and payloads. The main objective of SRE II is to realize a fully

    recoverable capsule and provide a platform to conduct microgravity experiments on

    Micro-biology, Agriculture, Powder Metallurgy, etc. SRE-2 is proposed to be launched

    onboard PSLV.

    Chandrayaan-2: Chandrayaan-2 will be an Indo-Russian Mission. It is an

    advanced version of the previous Chandrayaan-1 mission to Moon. ISROs capability to

    soft-land on the lunar surface will be demonstrated with this mission.

    Chandrayaan-2 is configured as a two module system comprising of an

    Orbiter Craft module (OC) and a Lander Craft module (LC) carrying the Rover

    developed by ISRO. Both the modules are interfaced mechanically by an inter module

    adapter.

    The Orbiter Craft with payloads onboard will orbit around the moon and

    perform the objectives of remote sensing the moon. The payloads on the orbiter will

    conduct mineralogical and elemental studies of the Moons surface.

    The Lander Craft with scientific payloads will soft land on the lunar

    surface at a predetermined location on the lunar surface. Payloads for Lander are

    under finalization.

    The Rover is released by the Lander Craft and has the mission objective of performing

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    mobility activities on low gravity and vacuum of Moon surface with Semi-Autonomous

    navigation and hazard avoidance capability. The Laser Induced Breakdown

    Spectroscope (LIBS) and Alpha Particle X-Ray Spectrometer (APXS) payloads onboard

    Rover would perform elemental analysis of the lunar surface near the landing site.

    Aditya-1: Aditya-1 is a scientific mission designed to study solar corona.

    The major scientific objectives of the proposed space solar coronagraph are to achieve

    a fundamental understanding of the physical processes that (a) Heat the solar corona

    (b) Accelerate the Solar Wind, and (c) Produce Coronal Mass Ejections (CMEs). The

    proposed design of the coronagraph instrument is aimed to understand High

    Frequency Intensity Oscillations(~1Hz), Dynamics of Coronal Loops with High Cadence,

    Magnetic Field Topology and CMEs close to the Solar Disk. Aditya-1 is planned to be

    launched by PSLV into 800 km polar orbit. It will carry an internally occulted solar

    coronagraph of mass 130 kg. The 20 cm coronagraph, having a Field of View of corona

    from 1.05 R to 3.0 R, uses an off axis parabolic mirror. The payload will have three CCD

    detectors system with a capability of simultaneous imaging in 6374 , 5303 and in

    5800 for continuum/broadband.

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