ISLAMIC

CIVILIZATION text in green is for notes

Voorhees

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5J6IMf4B9c8

ERA III UNIT 9

WHI.9 ISLAMIC CIVILIZATION

‘M’ WORDS:

M is for… Muhammad,

Muslim,

Monotheistic,

Mecca,

Medina,

Mosaics,

Minaret,

and Mosque

THE STUDENT WILL APPLY SOCIAL SCIENCE SKILLS

TO UNDERSTAND THE ISLAMIC CIVILIZATION FROM

ABOUT 600 TO 1000 A.D. (C.E.) BY

a) describing the origin, location, beliefs,

traditions, customs, and spread of Islam, with

emphasis on the Sunni-Shi’a division and the

Battle of Tours;

b) assessing the influence of geography on

Islamic economic, social, and political

development, including the impact of conquest

and trade;

c) explaining the cultural and scientific

contributions and achievements of Islamic

civilization.

FROM BYZANTINE EMPIRE TO ISLAMIC

CIVILIZATION

Constantine transferred capital to Byzantium 324

Byzantine Empire lasted approx. 1000 years (306 AD to

1453 AD)

Muslims conquer Constantinople in 1453

So… who were these Muslims?

Where did they come from?

MUSLIM EXPANSION:

WHERE DID ISLAM ORIGINATE?

Islam

originated on

the Arabian

Peninsula;

Saudi Arabia

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Winkel-tripel-projection.jpg

LARGEST DESERTS OF THE WORLD:

Sahara northern Africa 9,100,000

3,500,000

Gobi Mongolia/northeastern China 1,300,000

500,000

Patagonian Argentina 670,000 260,000

Rub' al Khali southern Arabian peninsula 650,000 250,000

Great Sandy northwestern Australia 390,500 150,000

Great Victoria southwestern Australia 390,500 150,000

Chihuahuan Mexico/southwestern United States

360,000 140,000

Takla Makan northern China 360,000 140,000

Sonoran Mexico/southwestern United States

310,000 120,000

Kalahari southwestern Africa 260,000 100,000

Kyzyl Kum Uzbekistan 260,000 100,000

Thar India/Pakistan 260,000 100,000

Simpson Australia 100,000 40,000

Mohave southwestern United States 52,000 20,000

Desert Location sq km sq mi

ARABIAN PENINSULA

The people living there were nomads called

Bedouins who lived in tribes or clans

They developed fierce fighting skills and took

pride in their ability to defend their families

Most of the area was desert so they moved

around and eventually settled in one of the few

farming communities or a market town

ARABIA- CROSSROADS OF TRADE

Arabia is located between Asia (to the east), Europe

(to the north), and Africa (to the west)

Goods moving from one area to the other passed

through Arabia and allowed the Muslim Arabs to

establish a wealthy empire

TRADE MAKES

ISLAM WEALTHY!

WHAT RELIGION WAS PRACTICED

BEFORE ISLAM?

Before Islam the Arabic peoples practiced a

polytheistic religion so most believed in many gods

Some people believed in one God called Allah

Some people practiced Christianity or Judaism

ISLAM: THE BASICS

Muhammad= prophet

who founded Islam

Allah= the one true

God of Islam

Islam= “submission to

the will of Allah”

Muslim= “one who

submits to Allah”

BLUE MOSQUE- IN THE TOWN OF MAZĀR-E

SHARĪF, AFGHANISTAN

MUHAMMAD THE PROPHET

prophet= contacted by God and chosen to deliver

a message

MUHAMMED c. 570-632 C.E.

Muhammad was born in Mecca into the Quraysh clan (one of the Arabic families that ruled Mecca)

Orphaned at a young age Muhammad grew up on the fringes of Arab society

MUHAMMED c. 610 C.E. –

Muhammad’s First Revelation

After becoming a successful merchant Muhammad began focusing on the study of religion

He frequently wandered the hills around Mecca meditating and according to Islamic tradition was visited by the angel Gabriel

DOME OF THE ROCK

Islamic architecture

Rock where Mohammed ascended to heaven

MUHAMMAD c. 620 C.E. – “The Night Journey”

According to Islamic belief Muhammad was transported to Jerusalem by the angel Gabriel and then ascended to heaven to confirm his role as the prophet of Allah

MUHAMMAD 622 C.E. – Hijra (Hegira): Muhammad’s flight to

Yathrib

Muhammad’s public message of social justice and

criticism of the wealthy merchants of Mecca force

him to flee to Yathrib

In Yathrib Muhammad establishes the first mosque

and Islamic community (“umma”); Yathrib is

renamed Medina (“City of the Prophet”)

This event begins the Islamic calendar (Year One)

MAJOR CITIES OF ISLAM

MECCA AND MEDINA

Mecca is the city where Muhammad was born and where he founded Islam It is the center of

Islam Medina is the city

where Muhammad and his first followers fled to because they were forced out of Mecca

After Muhammad and his followers gained power they went back and took over Mecca

WHAT IS THE HOLY BOOK OF

ISLAM?

The Qur’an

WHAT IS THE HOLY BOOK OF ISLAM?

WHAT ARE THE MAJOR BELIEFS?

The Qur’an (Koran) is the holy book of Islam

Islam is monotheistic

Muslims believe everyone must take personal responsibility for their actions and that there will be a final judgment and people will go either to heaven or hell based on their actions

Muslims must follow the Five Pillars

QUR’AN/ KORAN revealed to the prophet

Muhammad

The angel Gabriel is said to

have spoken Allah’s words

into the Prophet's ear

According to Muslim

tradition, after this ecstatic

experience Muhammad

was able to recite exactly

what he had been told

The Koran is written in

Arabic

QUR’AN/ KORAN

see primary document hand-out

THE FIVE PILLARS OF ISLAM

Islamic Faith:

WHAT ARE THE FIVE PILLARS?

1. Faith-Muslims must testify that there is only one God (Allah) and that Mohammed is the last prophet

2. Prayer-Muslims must pray five times per day facing Mecca

3. Alms-Muslims must support the poor through a special alms tax

4. Fasting-Muslims must fast during the holy month of Ramadan (they only eat one meal at sundown)

5. Pilgrimage-Muslims must travel to Mecca at least once in their lifetime if they are able

THE FIVE PILLARS OF ISLAM

1) Testament of Faith (Shahada)

“There is one God, There is no God but God

His name is Allah And His ultimate Prophet is Mohammed”

2) Daily prayer (Salah)

must face Mecca

call to prayer

5 times a day

SALAH

3) FASTING DURING THE MONTH OF

RAMADAN (SAWM)

RAMADAN- MONTH OF FASTING/ HOLY TIME

4) ALMSGIVING (ZAKAT)

Required of those who have

wealth beyond a certain amount

to meet their basic needs

The amount of money paid in

Zakat depends on the amount and

type of wealth one possesses, but

is usually considered to be a

minimum of 2.5% of a person's

"extra" wealth.

The specific calculations of Zakat

are rather detailed and

dependent on individual

circumstances, so zakat

calculators have been developed

to assist with the process.

5) PERFORMING, AT LEAST ONCE IN A LIFETIME,

THE MAJOR PILGRIMAGE TO MECCA (THE HAJJ)

HOW DOES RELIGION AFFECT THE

DAILY LIVES OF MUSLIMS?

The Five Pillars

and the Muslim

law (called the

shiri’a) dictate

what people do:

when to pray

how to pray

how to dress

what to eat

HOW IS ISLAM RELATED TO JUDAISM

AND CHRISTIANITY?

All three are monotheistic

They are all religions “of the book” because they all have holy books

They believe in the prophet Abraham

They also all believe in a final judgment and heaven and hell

Jerusalem is a holy city to all three

Dome of the Rock (famous mosque) built in Jerusalem at the site of Muhammad’s ascension

THE EARLY MUSLIM WORLD

•caliphs and caliphates

•conquering

• the split; Sunni and Shia

THE EARLY MUSLIM WORLD

A caliph is the Muslim leader. It means ‘successor’ or ‘deputy’

The “Rightly Guided Caliphs” were the first four ELECTED caliphs who had known and supported Muhammad

Caliph= Muslim leader

Adana, an ancient city

in south central

Turkey, contains the

ruins of a fortress

built by Abbasid

Caliph Harun ar-

Rashid in 782.

THE EARLY MUSLIM WORLD The Muslim world eventually included Arabia

(including the conquest of Jerusalem), Syria, lower Egypt (which was part of the Byzantine Empire), parts of the Persian Empire

It covered around 6000 miles from the Atlantic (next to Spain) to the Indus river

WHY WAS THE SPREADING OF ISLAM

SO SUCCESSFUL?

Islam spread so

successfully

because of the

military which was

very well-trained

and also very

faithful

When they

conquered people

they were examples

of the Islamic

religion

TREATMENT OF CONQUERED

PEOPLES

Muslims allowed conquered peoples to keep their own religion but if they converted to Islam they didn’t have to pay poll taxes

Christians and Jews were able to pay to be exempt from military service

Muslims did place various restrictions on the personal freedoms of their conquered peoples

Expansion under The Prophet Muhammad 612-632

Expansion during the Rashidun caliphs 632-655

Expansion during the Umayyad Caliphate 661-750

ISLAMIC SECTS

Sunni, Shia, and Sufi

MOHAMMED DIES- 632 Who should be successor?

Abu Bakr- (advisor and father-in-law)

(Sunni)

first caliph- hereditary and chosen!

Caliph Ali- (family) (Shia)

Fourth caliph

Husayn ibn Ali (Ali’s son)

Shia’s choice (grandson of Mohammed)

Massacred with others (martyr)

ISLAM; THE SPLIT; 2 BRANCHES

Shi’ite

Shi’a (Shiites)

believed that

caliphs should be

related to

Muhammad

(hereditary)

considers Ali, the

cousin of Muhammad,

and his descendants

as Muhammad's true

successors

Sunni

Sunnis the largest

branch of Islam

believes in the

Sunna- “the way”

(Muslim tradition)

accepts the first four

caliphs as rightful

successors to

Muhammad (elected)

ISLAM- 2 BRANCHES

Sunni

85%

Shi’ite

15%

SUFISM

Sufi: Muslim mystics (small sect)

Islamic mysticism that began to develop in the 7th

century

By the 9th century AD the Sufis claimed to have

methods of finding mystic knowledge of God, or Allah

The Sufi mystic, described as a pilgrim on a journey,

follows a path of seven stages: repentance,

abstinence, renunciation, poverty, patience, trust in

God, and acquiescence to the will of God

Then, with the grace of God, a higher level of

consciousness is attained, in which knowledge, the

knower, and the known are realized as one

WHIRLING DERVISHES

In the Middle Ages the great Sufi orders, which had several million adherents, were established

about 100 orders still exist, many of them in Turkey and Iran

One of the most influential founders of orders was the Persian poet Jalal al-Din Muhammad Rumi

ISLAMIC CIVILIZATION

SHI’ITE OR SHIA ISLAM

Karbalā’

center of pilgrimage

for Shia Muslims

In the center of the

city is the shrine of

Husayn ibn Ali

THE MARTYRDOM OF

HUSSEIN IBN ALI Shiite martyr

(What’s a martyr?)

Slain with his family and followers in the battle of Karbala in the year 680

The story of Hussein’s martyrdom is told in parts during the first days of Muharram

Shias gather- dressed in black

MUHARRAM

Ten days- hundreds of thousands of Muslims converge on

Karbala and Najaf in Iraq (shrines of Hussein and his

father)

Others take to the streets- beating their chests and chanting

the tragedy

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:PICT0871.jpg

THE MARTYRDOM OF HUSSEIN 680 CE

“Oh.. Hussein. May God curse the people who killed the son of their Messenger’s daughter in such a mean way”.

KARBALĀ’

SHIA ISLAM

SHIA ISLAM

SUNNI ISLAM

comprising up to 90% of the total Muslim

population of the world

"people of the tradition [of Muhammad] and the

community”

The word "Sunni" comes from the term Sunnah,

which refers to the words and actions or example

of the Islamic prophet Muhammad

Sunni Islam may be referred to as Orthodox

Islam

SUNNI MUSLIM

CONFLICT

• Today the

two

branches

are still an

issue to be

reckoned

with…

• Example:

• Iraq is

Sunni

• Iran is

Shi’ite

DYNASTIES:

Umayadds

Abbasids

Fatimids

Despite the fact that there were different

empires, they were still unified through

their religion (Islam), their language

(Arabic), trade, and the economy

Different empires

Unified through Islam

UMAYYADS ESTABLISH DYNASTY

The last “Rightly Guided caliph” was murdered

Civil war broke out among the Muslims

The Umayyads took over

They established hereditary rule (dynasty) instead of having

elected rulers like the previous caliphs

UMAYYAD DYNASTY

Moved the capital

from Mecca to

Damascus

* Mecca

UMAYYADS FALL TO ABBASIDS

The Abbasids overthrew the Umayyads in 750

and took control of the Muslim Empire.

SPAIN UNDER THE MUSLIMS

The Berbers took control of Spain and spread Islam into Europe for the first time

The Muslim conquest of Europe was stopped at the Battle of Tours in France

DAMASCUS

TO

BAGHDAD

The Abbasids moved the capital from Damascus to Baghdad

solidified their power and control of the Persian Empire which they conquered

in order to govern their growing empire they created a strong bureaucracy

in order to support the bureaucracy they collected taxes

BAGHDAD, IRAQ

ABBASID DYNASTY Giant Friday Mosque

landmark in Iraq

Located on the Tigris River in Sāmarrā’

Capital and religious center for the Abbassid rulers

In the late 9th century the Abbasid rulers moved to Baghdād, and Sāmarrā’ fell into decline

The Great Friday Mosque and the Spiral Minaret, built in the 9th century, continue to draw visitors and are an important religious center for Shia Muslims

MUSLIM EMPIRES SPREAD

The Fatimid Dynasty established power in Egypt, western Arabia, and Syria

Despite the fact that there were different empires, they were still unified through their religion (Islam), their language (Arabic), trade, and the economy

MUSLIM CITIES

Four important Muslim cities: Baghdad

Damascus

Cairo

Cordoba

The city of Baghdad was a magnificent city built within the protection of three circular walls.

In the center of the city was the caliph’s palace which was made of stone and marble and the great mosque which was used for worship

CORDOBA, SPAIN

The Moorish history of the city of Córdoba in

Spain dates from the 8th century, when the city

became a Muslim caliphate

COURT OF THE LIONS, ALHAMBRIA, SPAIN

ISLAM SOCIAL CLASSES

Upper Class Born Muslim

Second Class Converts to Muslim

Lower Class Non-Muslim Protected Peoples

(Christians, Jews, Zoroastrians)

Slaves

MUSLIM WOMEN were allowed to participate in public life and gain

an education

had more rights than the women in Europe at the same time

were expected to be obedient to men but they still had certain rights concerning marriage, family, and property

were responsible for raising the family

MUSLIM SCHOLARSHIP

Muslims supported science and learning for

practical purposes Physicians

Directions (Mecca/prayer)

The encouraged scholarship by encouraging

scholars to collect and translate philosophical

and scientific texts into Arabic

“House of Wisdom or

House of Knowledge”

MEDICAL ADVANCEMENTS

Muhammad ibn Zakariya

al-Razi

Muhammad ibn Zakariva ar-

Razi (Rhazes) isolated many

chemical substances,

produced many medications,

and described many

apparatus.

MEDICAL ADVANCEMENT

Al-Razi wrote the Comprehensive Book and Treatise on Smallpox and Measles

"Rhazes was the greatest physician

of Islam and the Medieval Ages.“

– George Sarton

MUSLIM MATH AND SCIENCE

ACHIEVEMENTS

Muslims used scientific observation and experimentation in order to find solutions to problems

Math such as Algebra

(al-jabr)

Optics (they were able to create telescopes and microscopes)

They charted stars, comets, and planets

SCIENCE; ISLAM

Arabic numerals and concept of zero (adapted from

India)

Al Jabr, known today as Algebra (Al Jabr)

Medicine

Blended Eastern (Asian) and Western

(European) knowledge

Established hospitals and medical schools

Expansion of geographic knowledge

Improved ships

Perfected the astrolabe

Made wide use of the compass (from China)

Made the Age of Exploration and Discovery

possible

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The astrolabe is an ancient instrument that measures the positions of heavenly bodies

It was probably first used by the Greek astronomer Hipparchus in the 1st century BCE

It was also popularly used by navigators until the sextant was invented in the 18th century

//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3c/EB1711_Armillary_Sphere.png

UNIVERSITIES; ISLAM

Located in Cordoba, Spain and Baghdad

(House of Knowledge); much later in Timbuktu

and Mali (linked by trade networks)

Preserved Greek and Roman learning while

blending and improving on Persian and Indian

discoveries

AL-AZHAR UNIVERSITY, CAIRO

MUSLIM LITERATURE AND POETRY

Ideals:

Bravery

Love

Generosity

Hospitality

A very famous and popular piece of Muslim literature is The Thousand and One Nights (Arabian Nights)

THOUSAND AND ONE

NIGHTS (ARABIAN NIGHTS)

Magic carpets

appear in Persian

mythology, most

famously in the

Arabian Nights

ARABIAN NIGHTS

collection of Middle Eastern folktales and legends

passed down for hundreds of years

several of the tales, including those of Ali Baba,

Aladdin, and Sindbad the Sailor, have become

classics of children’s literature

POETRY

The Rubiyat, by Omar Khayyam

SEE PRIMARY SOURCE

ISLAMIC ART Islam forbids the

depiction of life in art

because the creation

of life would amount

to idolatry and only

Allah can create

The Muslims instead

created:

calligraphy

woodwork

ceramics

textiles

ISLAMIC ART FORMS:

Mosaics

Calligraphy

Geometric designs

IS

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DE

SIG

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ICS

DEPICTING

MUHAMMAD-

MUSLIM EMPIRES THAT EMERGED LATER: Ottoman (Turkey)

Safavid (Middle East/Iran)

Mughal (India)

ISLAM

Holy Places

•Mosque- Muslim

place of worship

•Minaret- tower-

call to prayer

HOLY SITES OF ISLAM: MECCA AND MEDINA

Mecca

Makkah

Western Saudi Arabia

Birthplace of Muhammad

Pilgrimage to the Kaaba

(the Hajj)

the Kaaba, the Muslims believe, was built by Abraham and his son Ishmael

2 million pilgrims/year

Medina

Madinah al-

munawwara

Muhammad

emigrated from Mecca

to Medina in 622

the Hegira

Medina was the seat

of the first four

caliphs

MECCA

MECCA

Kab’ah Black

Stone

MECCA

MEDINA

ISLAMIC CIVILIZATION

review

THE HEGIRA MARKS MOHAMMED’S

FLIGHT FROM MECCA TO

A Damascus.

B Baghdad.

C Jerusalem.

D Medina.

WHICH OF THE FOLLOWING IS NOT ONE

OF THE PILLARS OF ISLAM?

A Giving charity

B Fasting during Ramadan

C Being baptized

D Making a pilgrimage

WHAT CITY IS IMPORTANT NOT ONLY TO

MUSLIMS, BUT TO JEWS AND CHRISTIANS AS

WELL?

A Mecca

B Jerusalem

C Constantinople

D Cairo

WHICH OF THE FOLLOWING IS TRUE

ABOUT THE KORAN?

A It was written by Mohammed.

B It has been changed over time.

C It was recorded by Mohammed’s followers.

D It includes the Old and New Testament.

WHO OF THE FOLLOWING IS NOT

REGARDED AS A PROPHET BY MUSLIMS?

A Jesus

B Paul

C Abraham

D Mohammed

AN IMPORTANT CULTURAL

CONTRIBUTION OF THE MUSLIMS IS THE

A development of gunpowder.

B preservation of ancient Greek and Roman

texts.

C establishment of trade with Australia.

D building of churches throughout the empire.

AS TRADE EXPANDED IN THE ISLAMIC

EMPIRE, MANY PEOPLE ADOPTED THE

ARABIC LANGUAGE. THIS EVENT WOULD BE

BEST CHARACTERIZED BY WHAT TERM?

A Acculturation

B Ethnocentrism

C Diffusion

D Xenophobia

WHEN MUSLIMS PRAY, THEY FACE

A the East.

B Mecca.

C Jerusalem.

D the nearest mosque.

WHICH OF THE FOLLOWING REPRESENTS

THE CORRECT ORDER OF THE ISLAMIC

DYNASTIES FROM THE SEVENTH TO THE

THIRTEENTH CENTURIES?

A Umayyad, Abbasid, Seljuk

B Abbasid, Seljuk, Umayyad

C Abbasid, Shi’ite, Sunni

D Umayyad, Shi’ite, Abbasid

ALL OF THE FOLLOWING ARE SCIENTIFIC

ACHIEVEMENTS OF THE MUSLIMS EXCEPT

A invention of the compass.

B Al Jabr or Algebra.

C adaptation of Arabic numerals.

D medicine.

WHERE DID ISLAM BEGIN?

A Iberian Peninsula

B Africa

C Arabian Peninsula

D Europe

WHO IS THE FOUNDER OF ISLAM?

A Mohammed

B Zoroaster

C Gautama

D Abraham

WHAT FAMOUS BATTLE HALTED THE SPREAD

OF ISLAM INTO WESTERN EUROPE?

A Hastings

B Tours

C Salamis

D Agincourt

AT ITS HEIGHT, THE ISLAMIC EMPIRE

EXPANDED FROM

A East Asia to Europe.

B the Indus River Valley to the Atlantic Ocean.

C the Nile River Valley to the Pacific Ocean.

D West Africa to Scandinavia.

WHERE DID TRADERS AND MERCHANTS

SPREAD ISLAM?

A Northern Europe

B Southeast Asia

C Australia

D America

Dome of

the Rock