Chapter 11: Islamic Civilization

Chapter 11: Islamic CivilizationA few hundred years after the beginning of Christianity, another important religion arose in the Middle East: Islam. Followers of Islam conquered much of the Middle East, northern Africa, and part of Europe. They also made great contributions to the world.

What do you know about Islamic civilization and religion?•Make a list of any words, phrases, or

people that come to mind. •If you don’t know much about Islamic

civilization and religion, brainstorm a list of questions you’d like us to answer during this chapter.

Section 1: The Rise of Islam

• In your notes, create word boxes for the following terms, places, and people:▫Oasis▫Sheikh▫Caravan▫Quran▫Muhammad▫Bedouin▫Makkah/Mecca▫Kaaba▫Madinah

Today we will define the vocabulary used to describe the rise of Islam.

Section 1: The Rise of Islam•The deserts, coastline, and oases of Arabia

helped shape Arab ways of life.▫The Arabian peninsula is mostly desert, with

intense heat and blinding _____.▫Water is only found at oases, or green areas

fed by underground water.▫To survive, people formed clans.

Families stuck together and joined with other loyal tribes. Their leader was called a sheikh.

Today we will describe how Arabia’s geography shaped people’s lives.

Section 1: The Rise of Islam▫The mountain areas had enough rain to grow

some plants, but most Arabs were _______. Bedouins, or desert herders, traveled from

oasis to oasis to water and graze their sheep, goats, and camels.

They lived in tents and ate dried fruits and nuts.

They drank _______. They rarely ate meat because their animals

were ______.



•List or illustrate three ways Arabia’s harsh, desert geography influenced Arab life.

•Be prepared to share.



•Many Arabs lived in villages where they farmed or raised animals. These villages were near _____.

Why is this where villages formed?•Some villagers were merchants who

transported goods across the desert. ▫To fend off attacks by Bedouin tribes, many

traveled in a caravan, or a group of ________.

Today we will describe how Arabs lived.


•By 500 A.D., Arabian merchants handled most trade between India and the Mediterranean Sea.▫As their trade grew, Arab merchants

founded towns along the trade routes in Arabia.

▫Makkah (or Mecca) became the ______.▫It was a crossroads for merchants, and an

important _____site.



•The holiest place in Arabia was in Mecca. ▫In the middle of Mecca was the Kaaba, a low

square building surrounded by statues of gods and goddesses.

▫Arabs believed the great stone inside was from _____.

▫Pilgrims came to the city in huge numbers to worship Allah. Arabs worshipped many gods, but Allah was the

most important. He was the _____.



• Find Mecca on the map. What landmarks are nearby? What other places do you recognize on the map?



•Using words or pictures, take 2 minutes to make a sketch or description of life for ancient Arabs.



•In 570 A.D., Muhammad was born in Mecca.▫He was an orphan, raised by his grandfather

and then his uncle. ▫As a teenager, he worked as a caravan

leader and became a _______. ▫He married and had children.

•Despite his success, he was dissatisfied. Why do you think Muhammad was unhappy?

Today we will describe Muhammad’s message and how it spread through Arabia.


•Muhammad thought wealthy town leaders should return to _____.

•He said people should honor their families, be fair in business, and ______.

•Muhammad went into the hills to meditate. In 610 A.D., he said he was visited by an angel who told him to preach Islam.▫Islam means “_______________.”▫Allah is the Arabic word for God.

What do you think it means to “surrender” in this sense of the word?


Section 1: The Rise of Islam•Muhammad returned to Mecca and told

everyone to destroy statues of false gods and ______

•Muhammad preached that all people were equal and the rich should ________.▫This image of a just society appealed to the

people in Mecca! ▫Muhammad said living a good life is more

important than ________.▫On the Day of Judgment, God would reward the

good and punish the evildoers. Why do you think this message was so appealing?



•Many people converted to Islam, becoming Muslims.

Muslims are followers of Islam.•The poor were attracted to his message that

_____.•Wealthy merchants and religious leaders did not

like Muhammad’s message. ▫They made his life difficult and beat and tortured

his followers. Why do you think the merchants and religious leaders

disliked Muhammad’s message so much? What else does this remind you of?



•In 622 AD, Muhammad and his followers left Mecca and moved north to Yathrib. ▫Their journey north was known as the Hijrah, a

word that means “breaking off relationships.”▫Later Muslims made this year the first year in a

new Muslim calendar.•Yathrib welcomed the Muslims and the city

was renamed Madinah, or “_____.”•The people of Madinah accepted Muhammad

as God’s prophet and their ___.


Section 1: The Rise of Islam• Muhammad was a good ruler.

▫He applied laws he believed God had given him.▫He used laws to _________.▫He created an Islamic state — a government that

uses its political power to uphold Islam. ▫He required all Muslims to put loyalty to the Islamic

state above their loyalty to their tribe.• To defend his new government, Muhammad _____.

▫His soldiers conquered Mecca in 630, and Muhammad made it a holy city of Islam.

▫Two years later, Muhammad ____. ▫By this time, Islam was spreading all over Arabia.



•Imagine that Muhammad has just died. Write an obituary describing his life and accomplishments.▫Consider his youth, his struggles, and the

legacy he left behind.▫You can write as a Muslim, a follower or

Islam, or as a non-Muslim Arab who knew of him.

•Be prepared to share!


Section 1: The Rise of Islam▫Muslims wrote down the messages Muhammad

said he received from Allah. ▫They were called the Quran (or Koran), the

____. For Muslims, the Quran is God’s written word!

They take following its laws very seriously.▫The Quran instructs Muslims how they should

live. It teaches Muslims to be honest, treat others

fairly, honor their parents, be kind to neighbors, and give generously ________.

It forbids murder, lying, and stealing.

Today we will describe the 5 Pillars of Islam.

Section 1: The Rise of Islam▫Many rules in the Quran apply to ____.

Muslims should not eat pork, drink liquor, or gamble.

There are rules guiding marriage, divorce, family life, property rights, and business practices.

▫Scholars of Islam created a law code that explains __________. The code is taken from the Quran and from the

Sunna, or the customs based on Muhammad’s words and deeds.

▫The law code covers all areas of life.


Section 1: The Rise of Islam▫Muslims are expected to fulfill the 5 Pillars of

Islam, or acts of worship.▫The Five Pillars of Islam are:

BELIEF: Muslims must declare there is no god but Allah and that Muhammad is his prophet.

PRAYER: Muslims must pray 5 times a day, _______. CHARITY: Muslims must give to the poor FASTING: Muslims must not eat from dusk til dawn

during the sacred month of Ramadan. PILGRIMAGE: Muslims must visit Mecca _______.


Section 1: The Rise of Islam▫Islam, Judaism, and Christianity have some

beliefs in common. They believe in 1 god, who holds all the power and

________. God determines right and wrong, and people have

to follow His will to be blessed in the afterlife. They believe God spoke through prophets.

For Muslims, Abraham, Moses, Jesus, and Muhammad were prophets.

Muhammad was a prophet and a good man, but not divine.

For Christians, Jesus was more than a prophet. He was the ___.


Section 1: The Rise of Islam▫Without using any words, illustrate the 5

Pillars of Islam. Label your drawings.▫Be prepared to share!


Section 2: Islamic Empires▫Muhammad died in 632 A.D. and Muslims

disagreed about who should be the next caliph, or successor to _______.

▫The first 4 caliphs all had a personal connection to Muhammad. The first was his father-in-law, the second was

a friend, the third was his son-in-law, and the fourth was his ________.

The caliphs wanted to spread Allah’s message. They ruled from Madinah.

▫Why do you think they chose to rule from Madinah?

Today we will describe the spread of Islam.

Section 2: Islamic Empires▫By 661, when the fourth caliph died, the Arab

Empire had expanded to include Persia, the rest of southwest Asia, and Egypt.

▫________continued under the Umayyad caliphs. They made the capital city Damascus, in Syria. Muslims entered India, Afghanistan, the North

African coast, and Spain.▫Just 100 years after Muhammad’s death, the

Islamic state he created became ________.▫Why do you think the Arab Empire was able to expand

so quickly?


Section 2: Islamic Empires▫Arabs had always been good on horseback and

good with a _____.▫As Muslims, they were inspired by their religion

and fighting to spread Islam. Muslim believed anyone who died in battle for

Islam _________. ▫Arabs were also successful because when they

conquered people, they let them keep their religion. They called Christians, Jews, and Zoroastrians

“People of the Book,” meaning they also believed in one God and had _____

They taxed non-Muslims.


Section 2: Islamic Empires▫Sufis spent their time praying and _____.▫Muslim merchants helped spread Islam by

setting up trading posts throughout southeast Asia and _____________.

Indonesia today has more Muslims than any other nation in the world.

▫Some Muslim merchants crossed the Sahara to trade with kingdoms in West Africa.

Timbuktu became a leading center of Muslim learning.


Section 2: Islamic Empires▫Write down 3 ways Islam spread after

Muhammad’s death.▫Be prepared to share!


Section 2: Islamic Empires▫From the moment Muhammad died, Muslims

began arguing about ______________. Recall: What was a caliph?

▫The fighting split the Muslim world into two groups, the Shiites and the Sunnis.

This split still exists today! Most Muslims are Sunnis. Iran and Iraq have the largest populations of Shiites.

Today we will draw a cartoon to explain the struggles within Islam.

Section 2: Islamic Empires▫Shiites:

Believed that Ali, Muhammad’s son-in-law, ______ Believed all future caliphs should be Ali’s descendents Believed the Umayyad caliphs had no right to rule

▫Sunnis Outnumbered Shiites Accepted Umayyad dynasty as rightful caliphs, even

though they didn’t always _____▫Over time, Sunnis and Shiites developed different

religious practices and customs.▫How do you think Sunnis and Shiites felt about each other?

Why?


Section 2: Islamic Empires▫In 750, the Umayyad’s lost power because they ______.

Persian Muslims were angry because they felt Arab Muslims got special treatment They paid fewer taxes. They got ______.

When Persian Muslims rebelled, people all over the empire joined them and overthrew the Umayyads.

▫The Abbasid dynasty began under a new caliph, who was a descendent of Muhammad’s uncle, Abu al-Abbas. The Abbasids focused on trade, scholarship, and ____ They built a new capital, Baghdad. The Arab Empire grew even wealthier.


Section 2: Islamic Empires▫During the 500 years of Abbasid rule, there were

many changes. In Egypt and Spain, the Muslims wanted their own

___. The new group from central Asia, called the Seljuk

Turks, began moving into the Arab Empire. The Abbasids were losing control! The Turks were nomads and great warriors. When they moved into the empire, the Abbasids

______. Soon the Turks saw how weak the Abbasids were and

decided to _________.


Section 2: Islamic Empires▫Review your notes from yesterday

Why did Muslims fight after Muhammad died? What 2 groups did they break into? What is the main difference between the two groups? Why was the Umayyad dynasty overthrown? What group began invading the Abbasid dynasty?


Section 2: Islamic Empires▫The Seljuk Turks took over Iran, then Turkey, then,

in 1055, Baghdad itself. They were satisfied to rule only the army and _____. They let the Abbasid caliph remain the religious leader. The Seljuk ruler called himself a sultan, or “______.”

▫For 200 years, the empire continued this way. The Seljuks ruled, but it was still the Abbasid dynasty.

▫In the 1200s, the fierce Mongols swept into the empire. They were building their empire by ______. They stormed into Baghdad in 1258 burning it to the

ground. The Arab Empire ended.


Section 2: Islamic Empires▫Draw a cartoon illustrating the struggles within

Islam.▫Include captions or dialogue, as necessary.▫Be prepared to share!


Section 3: Muslim Ways of Life▫Muslims were the leading trade merchants in the

Middle East and northern Africa until the 1400s. Their caravans traveled on land from Baghdad to

China. Their ships cross the Indian Ocean to India and

Southeast Asia. They carried spices, cloth, glass, and carpets, and returned with rubies,silk, ivory, gold, and slaves.

▫Why do you think trade was so Successful in Muslim Arabia?

Today we will explain the success of Muslim traders.

Section 3: Muslim Ways of Life▫The success of Muslim traders

As the empire expanded, the Arabic language spread. Arabic became the language of ____.

Muslim rulers made trade easier by providing merchants with _____.

Muslim merchants kept detailed records of their business deals and the money they made. This became a new business, ______!


Section 3: Muslim Ways of Life

▫Effects of trade on cities Trade helped Muslim cities grow. They also became centers of

government, learning, and the arts. Muslim cities looked similar, with

palaces, mosques, and bazaars. Palaces were where royalty lived. Mosques were Muslim houses of

worship, that also served as schools, courts, and community centers.

The bazaar was the marketplace, where merchants from all over the world sold their goods.


Section 3: Muslim Ways of Life▫Using words or pictures, create a collage or

wordsplash explaining why Muslims were so successful in trade.


Section 3: Muslim Ways of Life

They grew wheat, rice, beans, and melons in the field.

They raised almonds, blackberries, apricots, figs, and olives in their orchards.

Some farmers raised flowers for perfumes.▫Muslim society divided people by power and

wealth. Government leaders, landowners, traders -- Artisans, farmers, workers ------------- ______________--------------------

Today we will describe Muslim society.

▫Most Muslims lived in villages and _____. Since water was scarce, they used irrigation to bring

water to their crops.

Section 3: Muslim Ways of LifeToday we will describe Muslim society.

▫Slaves were widespread, but Muslims could not be enslaved, so slaves from non-Muslim areas were brought in.

▫Many of these slaves were ________.▫They often served as soldiers or servants and could buy

back their freedom.▫Men and women had different roles in society.

▫Men ran government, business, and society.▫Women helped run ______.

▫They could own property and inherit wealth.▫Many places had laws requiring women to cover their

faces and wear long robes in public.▫Why do you think women had to cover their faces and

wear long robes?


▫The teachings of Muhammad state that women’s garments should not ____.

▫The tradition of hijab, wearing clothing that covers the head and body, was followed only by upper class women.

▫In the Middle Ages, it became more common.▫Why do you think only upper class women wore hijab?

▫Now hijab ranges from colorful scarves to black robes.

▫Many women wear hijab to follow Muslim tradition.▫Others wear it to be judged by themselves and not their bodies.▫In some countries, __________


▫List 6-8 words that describe Muslim society.

▫Be prepared to share and compare with a neighbor!

Chapter 11: Islamic Civilization

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