ISKO 2010, Rome, 23-26 Feb 2010 Workshop on Levels of reality as a KO paradigm Levels, types,...
-
Upload
randolph-poole -
Category
Documents
-
view
217 -
download
2
Transcript of ISKO 2010, Rome, 23-26 Feb 2010 Workshop on Levels of reality as a KO paradigm Levels, types,...
![Page 1: ISKO 2010, Rome, 23-26 Feb 2010 Workshop on Levels of reality as a KO paradigm Levels, types, facets: three structural principles for KO Claudio Gnoli.](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062517/56649f205503460f94c3884a/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
ISKO 2010, Rome, 23-26 Feb 2010
Workshop on Levels of reality as a KO paradigm
Levels, types, facets: three structural principles
for KO
Claudio Gnoli(University of Pavia)
![Page 2: ISKO 2010, Rome, 23-26 Feb 2010 Workshop on Levels of reality as a KO paradigm Levels, types, facets: three structural principles for KO Claudio Gnoli.](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062517/56649f205503460f94c3884a/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Levels of reality
• How levels are used as a structuring principle in KOSs ?
• How levels interact with other structuring principles ?
![Page 3: ISKO 2010, Rome, 23-26 Feb 2010 Workshop on Levels of reality as a KO paradigm Levels, types, facets: three structural principles for KO Claudio Gnoli.](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062517/56649f205503460f94c3884a/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
Structuring principles in KOSs
• Types• Facets• Levels• (Aspects)• (Dimensions)• (...)
![Page 4: ISKO 2010, Rome, 23-26 Feb 2010 Workshop on Levels of reality as a KO paradigm Levels, types, facets: three structural principles for KO Claudio Gnoli.](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062517/56649f205503460f94c3884a/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
Typesforming “Porphyrian” hierarchical trees of:
genera/differentiae ~classes/subclasses ~BTs/NTs ~X is_a Y
increasing specificity,depth,“level”
![Page 5: ISKO 2010, Rome, 23-26 Feb 2010 Workshop on Levels of reality as a KO paradigm Levels, types, facets: three structural principles for KO Claudio Gnoli.](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062517/56649f205503460f94c3884a/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
Facets
P M E S ...
a.k.a. “attributes”, “values”, “slots”, ...
RT (several kinds) ~X has Y
belonging to general categories:
standardcitation order
![Page 6: ISKO 2010, Rome, 23-26 Feb 2010 Workshop on Levels of reality as a KO paradigm Levels, types, facets: three structural principles for KO Claudio Gnoli.](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062517/56649f205503460f94c3884a/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
Levels. 1
a.k.a. “great chain of being”, “scala naturae”, “emergent evolution”...
X depends_on Y (asymmetrical!)
increasing organization,
often also complexity
series, “hierarchy”
of lower/higher levels
![Page 7: ISKO 2010, Rome, 23-26 Feb 2010 Workshop on Levels of reality as a KO paradigm Levels, types, facets: three structural principles for KO Claudio Gnoli.](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062517/56649f205503460f94c3884a/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
Levels. 2
strata: matter < life < mind < culture (building-above rel.)
layers: cells < organisms < populations (overforming rel.)
[N. Hartmann’s ontology]{
![Page 8: ISKO 2010, Rome, 23-26 Feb 2010 Workshop on Levels of reality as a KO paradigm Levels, types, facets: three structural principles for KO Claudio Gnoli.](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062517/56649f205503460f94c3884a/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
Levels. 3Less often acknowledged in KO, still common, especially for main classes:• Roget’s Thesaurus• Brown’s Subject Classification• Richardson’s classification theory [Dousa, this conf.]• Bliss’s Bibliographic Classification• Wåhlin’s Universal System• Scheele’s Universal Facet Classification• Dahlberg’s Information Coding Classification
Explicitly acknowledged by D.J. Foskett for CRG’s NATO project of a phenomenon classification,resumed by the ILC project
![Page 9: ISKO 2010, Rome, 23-26 Feb 2010 Workshop on Levels of reality as a KO paradigm Levels, types, facets: three structural principles for KO Claudio Gnoli.](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062517/56649f205503460f94c3884a/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
Levels. 4
produce arrays (ordered sets) of main classes:
... physics < chemistry < biology < sociology ...
or of subclasses:
morphemes < words < phrases < sentences < discourses
families < groups < cities < nations < int. org.s
![Page 10: ISKO 2010, Rome, 23-26 Feb 2010 Workshop on Levels of reality as a KO paradigm Levels, types, facets: three structural principles for KO Claudio Gnoli.](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062517/56649f205503460f94c3884a/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
The problem of priority
Which principle should come first in KOSs?
Do we need• levels of types?• facets of levels?• types of facets?...
![Page 11: ISKO 2010, Rome, 23-26 Feb 2010 Workshop on Levels of reality as a KO paradigm Levels, types, facets: three structural principles for KO Claudio Gnoli.](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062517/56649f205503460f94c3884a/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
Types, then levels
LCC, DDC, UDC: ... 1 philosophy 2 religion 3 social sciences 5 natural sciences
51 maths52 astronomy53 physics54 chemistry...
Epistemological approach
![Page 12: ISKO 2010, Rome, 23-26 Feb 2010 Workshop on Levels of reality as a KO paradigm Levels, types, facets: three structural principles for KO Claudio Gnoli.](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062517/56649f205503460f94c3884a/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
Levels, then types
Brown’s SC,Bliss’s BC1
“gradation by speciality”
Ontological approach
![Page 13: ISKO 2010, Rome, 23-26 Feb 2010 Workshop on Levels of reality as a KO paradigm Levels, types, facets: three structural principles for KO Claudio Gnoli.](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062517/56649f205503460f94c3884a/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
Types, then facets
Colon Classification
each type is an isolated domain with its own facets
![Page 14: ISKO 2010, Rome, 23-26 Feb 2010 Workshop on Levels of reality as a KO paradigm Levels, types, facets: three structural principles for KO Claudio Gnoli.](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062517/56649f205503460f94c3884a/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
Facets, then types
specialthesauri &classifications
NuovoSoggettario:the world is divided into Things, Properties, Activities, Time
![Page 15: ISKO 2010, Rome, 23-26 Feb 2010 Workshop on Levels of reality as a KO paradigm Levels, types, facets: three structural principles for KO Claudio Gnoli.](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062517/56649f205503460f94c3884a/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
Levels, then facets. 1
BC2ICC (recursive facets!)
CRG’s NATO project, ILC
levels are “categoricallyhomogeneous regions”[Poli]
![Page 16: ISKO 2010, Rome, 23-26 Feb 2010 Workshop on Levels of reality as a KO paradigm Levels, types, facets: three structural principles for KO Claudio Gnoli.](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062517/56649f205503460f94c3884a/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
“Mr Foskett suggested that Energy isolates for a general
classification should be sought in the first place in the
literature dealing with a particular Thing. It might be
found that a given activity was associated [...]
with all Things at the same integrative level, or
even with all Things at all levels. Only the last
should be regarded as isolates in the category of
Activities [...]. Each such differential Activity might be
placed in linear order before the single Thing, group
or level of Things with which it was exclusively
associated” [CRG 1961]
Levels, then facets. 2
![Page 17: ISKO 2010, Rome, 23-26 Feb 2010 Workshop on Levels of reality as a KO paradigm Levels, types, facets: three structural principles for KO Claudio Gnoli.](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062517/56649f205503460f94c3884a/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
Facets, then levels. 1
Austin’s version of NATO cl.,?Nuovo
Soggettario
physiology under Activities butorganisms under Things...
![Page 18: ISKO 2010, Rome, 23-26 Feb 2010 Workshop on Levels of reality as a KO paradigm Levels, types, facets: three structural principles for KO Claudio Gnoli.](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062517/56649f205503460f94c3884a/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
Facets, then levels. 2Current work in NS [Cheti, Lucarelli et al.]
management <economics>management <politics> ...
Which is management’s place of unique definition?Let’s list each concept only once. Levels provide a useful model:
Activitiesmaterial activitiesmental activitiessocial activities
...
![Page 19: ISKO 2010, Rome, 23-26 Feb 2010 Workshop on Levels of reality as a KO paradigm Levels, types, facets: three structural principles for KO Claudio Gnoli.](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062517/56649f205503460f94c3884a/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
KO evolution?
• Types are the most classical principle in KO
• Facets are now also classical
• Levels have been acknowledged later, but often act implicitly,already since “scala naturae”
![Page 20: ISKO 2010, Rome, 23-26 Feb 2010 Workshop on Levels of reality as a KO paradigm Levels, types, facets: three structural principles for KO Claudio Gnoli.](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062517/56649f205503460f94c3884a/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
Conclusions
• New KOSs, including ontologies,show poor awareness of levels
• exception: General Formal Ontology [Herre et al. 2006]
• Explicit analysis of levelscontributes to both KO theory and sound KOS structure