Ip Телефония Гольдштейн 1-4 Части
description
Transcript of Ip Телефония Гольдштейн 1-4 Части
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2001
.. , .. , ..
IP
01 - Title.p65 26.11.2001, 11:161
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.., .., ..IP+. .: , 2001. 336 .: .ISBN 5256015850
IP+ + . . + + IP+, , .323,SIP, MGCP, MEGACO, QoS, + IP+ .
, , , + IP+. + . , + .
B.S. Goldstein, A.V. Pintchuk and A.L. SouhovitskyIP+Telephony, Moscow, Radio i Sviaz, 2001.
The success of IP+telephony is today the most clear proof of the necessityand inevitability of the convergence of the telecommunication networks and ser+vices. The book is devoted to this new and promising technology. Discussed hereare system and networking aspects of IP+telephony, voice coding methods andalgorithms, H.323, SIP, MGCP, and MEGACO basic approaches and protocols,Quality of Service (QoS) issues, IP telephony equipment implementation and test+ing aspects.
The book is primarily intended for engineers, programmers, managers,and professionals involved in the development and maintenance of IP+telephonysystems and facilities. For college students and post+graduates studying in theseareas. For all those who are interested in state+of+the+art telecommunicationstechnologies.
Scientific and technical edition
Copyright B.S. Goldstein, A.V. Pintchuk and A.L. Souhovitsky, 2001
.., .., .., 2001
621.395.3463
32.881
63
3003ISBN 5256015850
01 - Title.p65 26.11.2001, 11:162
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.......................................................................... 91 ............................................13
1.1 ............................................. 13
1.2 IP ................................... 15
1.3 ...................... 19
1.4 IP ........................................... 21
1.5 IP ............ 23
1.5.1 H.323 ......................... 231.5.2 SIP ............................................... 301.5.3 MGCP MEGACO .......................................... 351.5.4 IP ... 41
2 IP ...................................452.1 IP ...................................... 45
2.2 TIPHON ......................................................................... 54
2.3 IP ..................... 62
2.4 IP .................................................. 64
3 IP .............................................673.1 IP ........ 67
3.1.1 .......................................................................... 673.1.2 ................................................................................... 713.1.3 ............................. 72
3.2 .................................................... 74
3.2.1 ............................................ 763.2.2 ()
.................................................... 783.2.3
......................................................... 813.2.4 ,
IP ........................................... 82
3.3 , ITU ............................................ 86
3.3.1 G.711 ...................................................................... 863.3.2 G.723.1 ................................................................... 863.3.3 G.726 ...................................................................... 87
02 - Contents.p65 26.11.2001, 11:163
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3.3.4 G.728 ...................................................................... 873.3.5 G.729 ...................................................................... 87
3.4 ETSI ................................................... 88
3.5 DTMF ......................................................... 88
3.6 ..................................... 90
3.7 ................................. 92
4 .............................................954.1 ab ovo ........................................................................ 95
4.2 ................................................... 99
4.3 .............................................................................. 100
4.4 ................................................ 104
4.5 IP 4 .............................................................. 106
4.6 IP 6 .............................................................. 109
4.7 TCP ......................................................................... 115
4.7.1 , , .................................................. 116
4.7.2 TCP ......... 1174.7.3 ........................ 1184.7.4 ........................... 1194.7.5 ............................. 120
4.8 UDP ........................................................................ 121
4.9 IP ...................................... 122
4.10 RTP RTCP ......................................................... 125
4.11 ..................................................... 128
5 .323 .................................................... 1315.1 ......................................... 131
5.2 ISDN ... 134
5.3 IP ........................................... 137
5.4 .323 ...................................................................... 139
5.5 H.323 ............................................................................ 141
5.6 ............................................................................ 142
02 - Contents.p65 26.11.2001, 11:164
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5.7 ................................ 144
5.8 .323 ............................................ 146
6 .323................................................... 1536.1 .323 ................................................. 153
6.2 RAS ......................................................................... 154
6.2.1 .............................................. 1556.2.2 .......................... 1566.2.3 ............................................ 1596.2.4 ...... 1606.2.5 ..................................... 1616.2.6 ....................... 1626.2.7 ............................... 1636.2.8 ................................................................. 163
6.3 .225.0 ...................................................... 167
6.4 H.245 ...................................................... 172
6.4.1 ................................ 1736.4.2 .......... 1746.4.3 ....................... 1776.4.4 .......................... 179
6.5 , . ..................................................... 183
6.5.1 ................. 1836.5.2 ................ 1876.5.3 ...................... 1896.5.4 .............. 1896.5.5 .................. 191
7 SIP ...... 1937.1 SIP ........................................................ 193
7.2 SIP IP ................................... 195
7.3 .............................................................................. 197
7.4 SIP .............................................................. 198
7.4.1 ........................................................................ 1987.4.2 ................................................................ 1997.4.3 ................................................... 2007.4.4 .... 2007.4.5 SIP ............................................................. 201
7.5 SIP ...................................................... 202
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7.5.1 ..................................................... 2027.5.2 ..................................................... 2047.5.3 .......................................................................... 2087.5.4 .......................................................... 211
7.6 ..................................... 217
7.6.1 ............................................................... 217
7.6.2 ... 218
7.7 SIP ...... 220
7.8 .323 SIP ......................................... 222
8 MGCP .................. 2298.1 ............................................... 229
8.2 ......................................................... 232
8.3 ..................................................... 233
8.4 MGCP ..................................................... 235
8.5 ................................................................... 243
8.6 ............................................... 247
8.7 ......................................................... 249
8.8 , ............. 251
8.9 MGCP .... 254
8.10 MGCP ..................... 256
9 MEGACO/H.248 ....................................... 2579.1
MEGACO/H.248 ...................................................... 257
9.2 ................................. 258
9.3 MGCP MEGACO ............. 262
9.4 ................................................... 265
9.5 ................... 271
10 IP .... 28310.1 QoS? ..................................................... 283
10.2 .......... 285
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10.3 IP ................................... 286
10.4 Diff Serv .......................................... 287
10.5 IntServ ............................... 289
10.6 RSVP ......................... 290
10.6.1 ......................................... 29010.6.2 ........................... 291
10.7 MPLS .................................................................. 295
10.8 ....................................................... 299
10.8.1 .................................. 29910.8.1.1 Tail Drop ...................................................... 29910.8.1.2 Random Early Detection (RED) ...................... 30010.8.2 .................................... 30010.8.2.1 FIFO ........................................................... 30110.8.2.2 ............................................ 30110.8.2.3 Class Based Queuing (CBQ) ......................................... 30210.8.2.4 ................................................. 30310.8.3 ................. 30410.8.3.1 Leaky Bucket ............................................... 30410.8.3.2 Token Bucket ............................................ 305
11 ............................................ 30711.1 IP ................................................ 307
11.2 IP .......... 311
11.3 IP ITG ............................................ 312
11.4 GK ........ 315
11.5 IP ....................................................................... 316
11.6 ............................................ 318
11.7 ..................................................... 322
11.8 IPU IP ...................................................... 323
11.9 IP .............................. 325
.......................................................................... 328 .......................................................... 332
02 - Contents.p65 26.11.2001, 11:167
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02 - Contents.p65 26.11.2001, 11:168
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1829
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03 - Preface.p65 26.11.2001, 11:169
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03 - Preface.p65 26.11.2001, 11:1610
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03 - Preface.p65 26.11.2001, 11:1611
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04 - Chap 1.p65 26.11.2001, 11:1613
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04 - Chap 1.p65 26.11.2001, 11:1614
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Voice over IP , IP , . , Multiprotocol Label Switching(MPLS), Resource ReservationProtocol (RSVP), Differentiated Services (DiffServ) . IP, Synchronous Digital Hierarchy (SDH), Wave Division Multiplexing (WDM). . RTP,RTSP, Diffentiaten Services , . , TCP/IP , , , , , IP, .
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04 - Chap 1.p65 26.11.2001, 11:1615
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04 - Chap 1.p65 26.11.2001, 11:1616
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04 - Chap 1.p65 26.11.2001, 11:1617
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IP , , . , . . , . , , . , IP 70% , 6080% , , 50% [13].
, . , , , , , . , , , . IP 11.
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04 - Chap 1.p65 26.11.2001, 11:1618
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, IP : , ..
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, . . , IP , .
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, , , .
Frame Relay, ATM IP , , , , , . , (.1.4).
04 - Chap 1.p65 26.11.2001, 11:1619
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, xDSL ( ) SDH/Sonet ( ). ,
. 1.4 :a)VoATM, )VoFR, )VoIP
a)
) Frame Relay
) IP
04 - Chap 1.p65 26.11.2001, 11:1620
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. . .
Frame Relay , : , . Frame Relay, , , . Frame Relay . Frame Relay : , .
IP , , IP : , , . , , , . IP, IP , , . , 10, . IP ( ) Frame Relay, . , IP , , .
1.4 IP"
Voice over IP . IP, ( ).
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, , : RTP (Real TimeTransport Protocol), UDP(User Datagram Protocol), , , TCP/IP IP. , RTP/UDP/IP . 4, . , IP . , , , , , RTP/UDPD/IP. ITUT 150 . IP, . 10, .
. , , , . , , . , , 7 [6, 7] [8].
. IP . : RIP Routing Information Protocol, IGRP Interior Gateway Routing Protocol, EIGRP Enhanced Interior Gateway Routing Protocol, ISIS Intermediate SystemtoIntermediate System, OSPF Open Shortest Path First, BGP Border GatewayProtocol . IP . , IP ( 3) IP ( 6, 7, 8 9).
04 - Chap 1.p65 26.11.2001, 11:1622
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, H.323 ITU, , , , , , H.323 . 5 6.
SIP , . 7.
SGCP , 1998 , , . IPDC SGCP, , SGCP, (OAM&P). 1998 MEGACO IETF MGCP, , , SGCP, OAM&P. MGCP 8.
MEGACO , , MGCP, MEGACO. H.323 ( Gateway Control Protocol) ITUT H.248. MEGACO/H.248 9.
1.5 IP"
, , , , .
1.5.1 H.323
IP (ITU) H.323 [42]. H.323 ISDN, . , IP Q.931 [44] , ISDN.
04 - Chap 1.p65 26.11.2001, 11:1623
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H.323 , IP . . H.323, . ( ) , H.323 . , (call transfer) H.450.2.
IP, H.323, , (IP) . RAS, H.323, , .
1.5. H.323. : (Terminal), (Gateway), (Gatekeeper) (Multipoint Control Unit MCU).
. 1.5 .323
IP ,
.323
.323
.323
.324
.320
V.70
ISDN
.323
04 - Chap 1.p65 26.11.2001, 11:1624
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H.323 IP, () H.323, .
IP IP H.323. , , , IP. , DSS1 OKC7 .323 ITU H.246.
IP., .323, (. 1.6). IP, : , , , . H.323 .
:
;
IP RAS;
alias. ( , , .) IP (IP + TCP);
, ;
. 1.6 .323
1
2 3
4 5
04 - Chap 1.p65 26.11.2001, 11:1625
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.323 .
IP, ITU H.323, , RAS.
, H.323, () .
. .323 (. 1.7): (.. MCU, ), ( ) .
, .
, IP IP (IP multicasting). , .
(Multipoint Controller MC), , ,
. 1.7 H.323
A B C
D
E
F
04 - Chap 1.p65 26.11.2001, 11:1626
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(MultipointProcessor MP). , , , , .
. , , , , , , .
, , .
, MC, MP, . MP , . .
H.323 . .323,.. . , . , (H.323 ) , . :
, (RSVP). IP ;
H.323 ;
, H.323 ;
H.323.
H.323 5, , H.323.
04 - Chap 1.p65 26.11.2001, 11:1627
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RAS (Registration, Admission, Status) . : , , , . UDP.
H.225.0 (Q.931) , . TCP.
.245 , . , RTP/UDP/IP, 4.
, RAS, H.323. H.225.0(Q.931) .245. : .245 H.225.0, RAS .
H.323 . 1.8, . , IP . , ; 6.
.
1. A SETUP B TCP 1720.
2. B SETUP ALERTING, , , .
3. , B , A CONNECT TCP H.245.
4. H.245 (G.729, G.723.1 ..),
04 - Chap 1.p65 26.11.2001, 11:1628
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, RTP, .
5. .
6. RTP; , RTCP.
H.323 1. 2 H.323 , , SETUP H.225.0 H.245. (Fast Start) . , H.323 ITU H.450.. H.323 6.
H.323. , , , transportQoS ARQ RAS, . H.323
. 1.8 H.323
Setup
Alerting / Connect
RTP
RTP
.225, 1720
.245 TCP,
UDP
.323
.323
04 - Chap 1.p65 26.11.2001, 11:1629
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(RSVP) , RSVP. , RSVP , H.323 . IP, H.323.
RTCP, RTCP , . 10, IP.
1.5.2 SIP
IP, MMUSIC IETF RFC 2543 [54], SIP Session Initiation Protocol.SIP , , Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF). (Resource Reservation Protocol, RSVP, RFC 2205), (RealTime Transport Protocol, RTP, RFC 1889), (RealTime Streaming Protocol,RTSP, RFC 2326), (Session Description Protocol, SDP, RFC 2327), (Session Announcement Protocol, SAP). SIP .
, H.323, SIP. H.323 . , SIP , , IP.
SIP IP , H.323, . , SIP, HTTP, , . SIP IP, .
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, SIP (IN), () , [8], SIP , . SIP , .. , . SIP , , , H.323 . , IP . .
, SIP (. 1.9).
SIP : , .
(User Agent SIP client) : (User Agent lient UAC) (User Agent Server UAS), . UAC SIP, .. . UAS , .. .
. 1.9 SIP
SIP SIP
SIP
SIP
SIP
04 - Chap 1.p65 26.11.2001, 11:1631
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, SIP: () . SIP (statefull), (stateless). SIP, stateless, , .323, .
. (Proxyserver) (UAC) (UAS). (. 1.10). , .
SIP :
1. INVITE .
2. (location server).
3. INVITE .
4. , INVITE ( 100). , , .
. 1.10 SIP
(Endpoint1@Site1)
(Endpoint2@Site2)
, ,
,
Endpoint2
Endpoint2@S
ite2
ACK
ACK
Endpoint2@Site2INVITE
Endpoint2@Site2INVITE
100 Trying
OK200
100 Trying
OK200
1 2
04 - Chap 1.p65 26.11.2001, 11:1632
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5. , ( 200), , , .
6. ACK, . , .
(Redirect server) (. 1.11). , RFC 2543 .
SIP :
1. INVITE , .
2. . , INVITE .
. 1.11 SIP
ACK
Endpoint2
Site3
OK
ACK
Endpoint2@Site2
INVITE
Contact: Endpoint2@
Site3Moved Temporarily
302
100 Trying
Endpoint2@Site3INVITE
(Endpoint1@Site1)
(Client2@Site3)
, ,
1
2
3
3. ..
04 - Chap 1.p65 26.11.2001, 11:1633
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3. ACK.
4. INVITE , .
5. , INVITE ( 100).
6. , ( 200). , .
, .
SIP. , SIP TCP, UDP.
SIP 6 . SIP , .
INVITE . , .
ACK INVITE .
OPTIONS . .
BYE . , , .
CANCEL , .
04 - Chap 1.p65 26.11.2001, 11:1634
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REGISTER SIP.
SIP 7.
1.5.3 MGCP MEGACO
IP, MGCP [56], IETF, MEGACO.
MEGACO , (.1.12):
Media Gateway (MG), , , , IP ( RTP/UDP/IP, );
Call Agent, ;
Signaling Gateway (SG), , , .
, , .
. 1.12 MGCP
MGCP
RTP
,7
E1
Call Agent
RTPRTP
04 - Chap 1.p65 26.11.2001, 11:1635
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STP 7. . . . , , . , MEGACO . , MGCP, H.323, SIP ISUP/IP.
MGCP UDP. SIGTRAN IETF .
7 ( TP) , , . IP Q.931 .
SIGTRAN IP. , , TCP. SIGTRAN Stream Control Transport Protocol (SCTP), TCP, , , .
(), , .
, MGCP , . MGCP master/slave . , , , , Call Agnt.
.
04 - Chap 1.p65 26.11.2001, 11:1636
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, , , . , , , .
, IETF ( MEGACO), IP, . MGCP 8.
MGCP. MGCP c 7 (. 1.13).
1. SG1 IAM ISUP [6]. . 1.13 SG1 SG2 TGW1 TGW2. SG1 IAM , , TGW2.
. 1.13 MGCP ( 1)
MGCP: ACK
MGCP: MDCX
MGCP: CRCX
MGCP: ACK
ISUP: ACM
ISUP: ANM
ISUP: REL
MGCP: DLCX
MGCP: ACK
ISUP: RLC
MGCP: CRCX
MGCP: ACK
ISUP: IAM
ISUP: ACM
ISUP: ANM
ISUP: REL
MGCP: DLCX
MGCP: ACK
ISUP: RLC
TGW1Call
Agent
TGW2
ISUP: IAM
04 - Chap 1.p65 26.11.2001, 11:1637
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2. TGW1 ( ).C CreateConnection., TGW1 ( recvonly), , .
3. TGW1 .
4. TGW1, CRCX TGW2 .
5. TGW 2 , , CRCX. CRCX . , TGW2 , , .
6. IAM .
7. IAM ACM, .
8. , ANM.
9. TGW1 recvonly MDCX.
10. TGW1 .
11. ANM , .
12. . . REL .
13. REL, .
14. .
15. RLC .
04 - Chap 1.p65 26.11.2001, 11:1638
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16.
17. TGW1 .
18. RLC, .
MGCPc 7 H.323 (. 1.14).
1. SG1 ( IAM). . 1.14 SG1 TGW1. SG1 IAM , , H.323.
. 1.14 MGCP ( 2)
MGCP: ACK
MGCP: CRCX
ISUP: ACM
MGCP: MDCX
ISUP: REL
RAS: ARQ
RAS: ACF
H.323: SETUP
H.323: ALERTING
H.323: RELEASE COMPLETE
RAS: ARQ
RAS: ACF
H.323: CONNECT
MGCP: ACK
ISUP: ANM
MGCP: DLCX
MGCP: ACKRAS: DRQ
RAS: DCF
RAS: DRQ
RAS: DCFISUP: RLC
CallAgent
H.323
TGW1
ISUP: IAM
04 - Chap 1.p65 26.11.2001, 11:1639
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2. TGW1 (). C CreateConnection. TGW1 ( recvonly).
3. TGW1 .
4. TGW1, .323 ARQ alias .
5. ARQ ACF .
6. SETUP , Fast Start. SETUP .
7. ARQ.
8. ARQ ACF.
9. ALERTING, . , , .
10. ALERTING ACM, .
11. , CONNECT.
12. TGW1 recvonly .
13. TGW1 .
14. ANM , , , RTP/UDP/IP, RTP , RTP . RTCP RTP .
04 - Chap 1.p65 26.11.2001, 11:1640
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15. . , , , RELEASE COMPLETE, .
16. RELEASE c .
17. , DLCX.
18. .
19. . RAS DRQ, DCF.
20. RLC, .
, SIP MGCP .
MEGACO IETF , , MGCP, MEGACO.
4 .323 . Media Gateway Controller H.323 MEGACO, .248 Gateway Control Protocol.
MEGACO MGCP, , MEGACO . , MEGACO, 9.
1.5.4 IP,
IP .323 MGCP. , SIP , ( H.323 SIP 7).
04 - Chap 1.p65 26.11.2001, 11:1641
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, MGCP, , ITU H.323: 7 , IP. , .323, 7, , .225.0 (Q.931).
. , , . . . . , MGCP , (IP). , , MGCP, SIP.
, IP, , MGCP ( , SIP) , IP H.323. IP MGCP ( SIP), . , , H.323, IP.
( 4 .323) ITUT , . MGC (Media Gateway Controller) MEGACO/.248. 4 .323 7 IP .225.0.
04 - Chap 1.p65 26.11.2001, 11:1642
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IP, . , , , .
04 - Chap 1.p65 26.11.2001, 11:1643
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IP
2.1 IP
: IP? , , : IP? IP:
;
;
.
, .
IP . 2.1. (), 8000 /, 8 /, 64 /. 4:1,8:1 10:1. . , ,
05 - Chap 2.p65 26.11.2001, 11:1745
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IP IP, . , , , , () . IP , . IP, . 2.1, , Intranet. , IP, IP, 4.
(), IP. , , , , IP . , ,
. 2.1 IP ""
IP
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Web, I. IP , .164, IP. Microsoft NetMeeting, Microsoft.
. 2.1 .
IP. , IP , . .
1. IP, H.323.
2. IP, H.323.
3. Domain Name System (DNS), IP Return.
4. IP DNS ( ) , IP.
5. DNS IP .
6. IP IP H.225 Setup.
7. H.225 Setup .
8. IP H.225 Connect.
9. IP H.245.
10. H.245 IP.
, , IP
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. , IP. 5 11 , .
. 2.1 IP . IP. . 2.1 . 2.2. , , . .
. , , . 2.1. , . , IP . IP, , .. , , , , H.323.
, , IP, , :, ISDN GSM.
, . . 2.1 2.2
. 2.2 IP"" ( .2.1)
.323.323
IP
05 - Chap 2.p65 26.11.2001, 11:1748
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, IPc (, IP). TIPHON, , , . , . 2.3, IP , (). , (), ISDN,GSM .
, . , WWW , . , , . Web ( ). , . , . (, , , . .) .
. 2.3 IP "". IP CKK
Phase1
H.323
H.323
/ISDN
IP IP
4. ..
05 - Chap 2.p65 26.11.2001, 11:1749
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TIPHON IP:
( IP) (a), , IP , , ;
IP E.164 IP.
TIPHON , .
IP (. 2.4). , IP.
(GW) IP IP. .
IP , (. 2.5).
. 2.4 IP " "
IP
H.323
IP
/ISDN
05 - Chap 2.p65 26.11.2001, 11:1750
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. 2.5 IP . , , IP. , (, ), (PIN) , , . , . , , , (, , , ..) . .
(. 2.4) . IP IDT Net2Phone DotDialer, .
IP ,
. 2.5 IP " "
H.323
/ISDN
IP
05 - Chap 2.p65 26.11.2001, 11:1751
-
52 2
.
IP , . IP IP.
, IP . IP , , .
IP , IP/Intranet, . IP , , / .
, . , Frame Relay ATM.
. 2.6, IP IP IP. , . , (PIN) (Calling Line Identification). , , . , .
, .
05 - Chap 2.p65 26.11.2001, 11:1752
-
IP 53
. , , , , PIN, . .
: . , , .
2.1.
. 2.6 IP ""
IP
/ISDN /ISDN
2.1
IP IP IP . 2.1 2.2
IP IP . 2.3
IP . 2.5
IP IP . 2.4
IP . 2.4
IP IP . 2.5
IP . 2.6
.
05 - Chap 2.p65 26.11.2001, 11:1753
-
54 2
( IP) , .
TIPHON Europe Telecommunications Standardization Institute (ETSI). IP, IP. , , IP ITUT IETF IP. IP ITUT, , [H.246] IETF. ITUT IP 5 6, .323, IETF 7, 8 9.
TIPHON 2.1 . , . , ETSI, ITU , .
2.2 TIPHON
TIPHON (Telecommunication and Internet Protocol Harmonization over Networks) ETSI 1997 . IP . , ISDN GSM.
40 . , 15 48 1999 . . TIPHON .
05 - Chap 2.p65 26.11.2001, 11:1754
-
IP 55
TIPHON , , , , IP. , .
, , , , IP. ETSI TIPHON , , , , IP (. 2.7).
TIPHON , , . (QoS) . , , . , TIPHON , .
TIPHON :
TIPHON ;
(MMI) ;
. 2.7 TIPHON
IP
IPISDN
05 - Chap 2.p65 26.11.2001, 11:1755
-
56 2
; (QoS).
TIPHON . , , , , , , .
TIPHON , . , , ; .164 IP; ; . , TIPHON , . TIPHON.
, , , , , .
, IP , . , .
, , , , . DTMF .
05 - Chap 2.p65 26.11.2001, 11:1756
-
IP 57
.164 IP. IP, , , IP . , .164 IP.
. : ,, , . : , , .
. . , , , , , .
. , . , GSM DECT, , , ISDN, , . , IP , .
. IP .
, , , TIPHON. .
ITUT .323, TIPHON , IP . IP, TIPHON, , .323 (, , ), . (SG), (MG) (MGC).
05 - Chap 2.p65 26.11.2001, 11:1757
-
58 2
IP . / . , , , DTMF .. MGC .323, ITUT .323, .225(RAS Q.931) .245, .323. , .. , , ..
, , (, IP) . TIPHON , .323. , , , , .
, MGC , . . , ITUT .323.
TIPHON , ( ) , . 2.8. TIPHON, ., D , MGC . N MGC MG. , ; ; ; , . . 2.8 (backend) , , .
.
05 - Chap 2.p65 26.11.2001, 11:1758
-
IP 59
. 2.8 TIPHON
(backend)
.323
(MGC)
(SG)
(MG)
/ISDN
A
B
D G
C F
J
N
E, a E, b
E, a IP /ISDN
E, b IP /ISDN
(SG, MG, MGC) , . , , . , .
05 - Chap 2.p65 26.11.2001, 11:1759
-
60 2
.
TIPHON. , , .. , , . E.164. IP, (URL).
IP , , IP . , IP , , , .
URL . , , , , , IP . , , , , , .
, E.164, . IP , 4 TIPHON, , IETF.
TIPHON .
05 - Chap 2.p65 26.11.2001, 11:1760
-
IP 61
(, , ), , . TIPHON , , , ( 2.2).
, , , .. (, , ) . , ( ).
2.2 TIPHON
K
(4) (3) (2) (1)
K
, G.711
, G.726(32 K/)
, GSMFR
,
-
62 2
2.3 IP
IP . IP. , , , . B. . 2.9 IP, .
H.323, IP. E.164 IP H.323. . , , (settlement provider) , , IP . IP , , .
(Open Settlement Protocol).
. 2.9 IP
IPc
E1
E1
05 - Chap 2.p65 26.11.2001, 11:1762
-
IP 63
, .
. 2.10, 2.11 2.12 , , , .1.8 . . 2.10 .
1. .
2. ( ). .
3. , , , .
. 2.11 .
4. .
5. .
6. E.164 IP () . .
. 2.10 : 1
IPc
(1)
(3)(2)
. 2.11 : 2
IPc
(4)(5)
(6)
05 - Chap 2.p65 26.11.2001, 11:1763
-
64 2
. 2.12:
7. H.323 IP .
8. .
9. / .
2.4 IP
, , , , , . .
IP IP , , , :
IP; , IP ,
, , IP .
IP . IP .
. 2.12 : 3
IPc
(7)
(9)(9)
(8)
05 - Chap 2.p65 26.11.2001, 11:1764
-
IP 65
, , US West Inc. (, ) xDSL , Worldcom Inc. (, ) Uunet Technologies Inc. ( ,) MCI CommunicationsCorp. (, ).
. 6 , 1 2 . , , 1980 , . , IP, . , . , ( ) .
, IP . , IP . , , .
. () , , ATM, , , 1 /c. , . 32 ( ), 10 / 130,000 64 /. .
5. ..
05 - Chap 2.p65 26.11.2001, 11:1765
-
66 2
, , N M .
64 /. 5,3 /. , , . 90 .
G.729, 8 , 8 / , . CSACELP. , G.729A, , , .
G.723.1 12 5,3 6,3 /. , . 5,3 / ACELP, 6,3 / MPMLQ.
, , . , . .
, , G.723.1, G.729; . DSP, , , . , . .
05 - Chap 2.p65 26.11.2001, 11:1766
-
3
IP
3.1 IP
, IP , () , . , , IP, , , , , .
3.1.1
IP , , , , , . , , . ( ) , , . , .
06 - Chap 3.p65 26.11.2001, 11:1767
-
68 3
, . , , , , . , . , , , , , .. . 10, (QoS), , , .
IP ( ) , , Windows Linux. ( , ) , IP Socket.
, , . , , , , .
, , . , IP (VxWorks, pSOS, QNX Neutrino ..), , , .
, , ( ,
06 - Chap 3.p65 26.11.2001, 11:1768
-
IP 69
RTP ..), . , , .. , . IP, Dialogic, Audiocodes,Natural Microsystems. IP IP, .
. (, 20 ), , . . 3.1.
T (
)
j, : jT = .
, , .. .
. 3.1 ()
IP
A
t
t
A B
B C
C
T1 T2 = T1 T3 = T2
06 - Chap 3.p65 26.11.2001, 11:1769
-
70 3
, (). , , , . RTP. , .
, . . .
/ , . , , . , , . .
, , , . , , , RTP/UDP/IP, , . , , , , .
ITUT G.114 . , 150 (. 3.2). IP ( ) 6070 . , 90 IP , .
06 - Chap 3.p65 26.11.2001, 11:1770
-
IP 71
, , IP. . 3.2 , 250 , ( ). , 250300. G.114, , . , . , , , .
3.1.2
, . . , ( ).
.
. IP.
, . , [6] ( , .. ). ( ) , (hybrid).
. 3.2
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800
()
06 - Chap 3.p65 26.11.2001, 11:1771
-
72 3
, . (, ..), ( , ) . . , , .
( ), . 1520, . , .
, , . . , , IP, , , , IP.
, , . , , , , . .
3.1.3
, : .
70 . , .
06 - Chap 3.p65 26.11.2001, 11:1772
-
IP 73
(speakerphones), , .., , .
, (. 3.3). , , . , , . ( ).
, . , , , . , IP IP . IP .
, . , , ,
. 3.3
2
4
06 - Chap 3.p65 26.11.2001, 11:1773
-
74 3
. , , , .
IP. , , 3264 . , , , IP.
3.2
, , , . , , , , .
, .
, .
, , (sampling), .. , , .. ( ). .. (), , IP ( IP).
, , , ,
06 - Chap 3.p65 26.11.2001, 11:1774
-
IP 75
, . , , 0.3 3.4 , . 8, .
, , , . , ( , ), 12/13 .
, , ().
, () , .. , . , .
: . , 12 13 , . (
. 3.4
1234567
1234567
06 - Chap 3.p65 26.11.2001, 11:1775
-
76 3
/). , , . , , . 8 , , . , 64 /. :
4 000 2 = 8 000 /, 8 000 / 8 = 64 /,
. , , , 64 /, , , . ITUT G.711.
( ) , , .
, , , , . ( , ).
; : (waveform coding), (source coding) , .
3.2.1
, , . , .
,
06 - Chap 3.p65 26.11.2001, 11:1776
-
IP 77
. , . .
. , . , , , , ( ). , , .
, , . , , , .
y(i), i p :
y(i)=a1y(i1)+a2y(i2)+...+apy(ip)^
ai .
e(i)=y(i)y(i)^
, .
, . , e(i), , , 1025 .
( , , ) (), , , , .
06 - Chap 3.p65 26.11.2001, 11:1777
-
78 3
, , (), ITUT G.726. . , , , , . G.726 40, 32, 24 16 /c, 5, 4, 3 2 . , G.726 32 /c , G.711.
, , , . , .
3.2.2 ()
, . , , (voice coding).
, , , , . . , , . ( ). , , ( ). , . , .
06 - Chap 3.p65 26.11.2001, 11:1778
-
IP 79
, , , .
. 3.5 . , , , , , (/ , , ..).
LPC (LinearPrediction Coding ), . , , LPC10, 10 . 2.4 /, .
, , . 2432 /. LPC ()
. 3.5
,
06 - Chap 3.p65 26.11.2001, 11:1779
-
80 3
12002400 /c, .
(ABS) 616/.
, ( ), LPC. , , , . ABS , (. 3.6),.. , , . ABS (. 3.7).
. 3.6 ABS
. 3.7 ABS
06 - Chap 3.p65 26.11.2001, 11:1780
-
IP 81
3.2.3
, , (DSP Digital Signal Processor) . ( , ) .
DSP , , . , , .
DSP , . . , . DSP , .
DSP , , . .
DSP, , , . IP , () , , , , ( ) IP, 1.
DSP Texas Instruments (www.ti.com), Analog Devices (www.analog.com),Motorola (www.motorola.com), DSP .
6. ..
06 - Chap 3.p65 26.11.2001, 11:1781
-
82 3
IP DSP c , ( , , ). , , . , (G.723.1, G.729), . VoIP (Cisco, Dialogic .), DSP , , , .
3.2.4 , IP
, IP.
, , 1.2 64 /. , . . MOS (Mean Opinion Score), . , , .. :
45 ; ISDN, ;
3.54 (toll quality); , 32 /. . toll quality;
33.5 , , , ;
2.53 , . (, ).
06 - Chap 3.p65 26.11.2001, 11:1782
-
IP 83
(toll quality) 5 /.
(VAD, CNG, DTX)
, , 35 . , , , , . 50%, ( ) . 56, . .
, : , , , , .
(Voice Activity Detector VAD) , . VAD , ; VAD .
VAD , , . , , . VAD , . , , , , .
(Discontinuous Transmission DTX) , VAD . , (, ), , .
06 - Chap 3.p65 26.11.2001, 11:1783
-
84 3
(Comfort Noise Generator CNG) . , , . . , .. ( ..), , , , , , .
CNG . , , , . (G.723.1 Annex A, G.729 Annex B) , .
, (frames), , , .
, ( ) . , , , .
, , , . , , , , , , , IP(20 ), UDP (8 ), RTP (12 ). 30 10.6 /c, .
, . 60 . ,
06 - Chap 3.p65 26.11.2001, 11:1784
-
IP 85
, .. , .
, , : ( ), .
IP. , , . , ( forward error correction), . , .
, IP , .. , , , . (, ), , , , , .
, . , , , , .
. , N G.711, N125 . , , , 20 150 .
06 - Chap 3.p65 26.11.2001, 11:1785
-
86 3
G.723.1 , 3% , .
3.3 , ITU
3.3.1 G.711
G.711 , ITUT 1965 . . MOS 4.2. , , , VoIP G.711. , VoIP .
3.3.2 G.723.1
G.723.1 ITUT 1995 . IMTC G.723.1 IP.
G.723.1 30 7.5 . : 6.3 / ( 189 , 24 ) 5.3 / ( 158 , 20 ). . .
MOS 3.9 6.3 / 3.7 5.3 /.
, . 16 MIPS.
G.723.1 . (Annex A) G.723.1. 4 . , .
06 - Chap 3.p65 26.11.2001, 11:1786
-
IP 87
3.3.3 G.726
( ITUT G.726, 1990 .) . G.711 40, 32, 24 16 /, MOS 4.3 (32 /), (toll quality). IP , (. ).
3.3.4 G.728
G.728 LDCELP (low delay code excited linear prediction) MOS, G.726 16 /. , ( 5 ), . Bell Labs 1992 : 0.625 . 2.5 , .
20 MIPS 13 MIPS .
3.3.5 G.729
G.729 Frame Relay. CSACELP (Conjugate Structure, Algebraic Code Excited Linear Prediction). 10 8 /. 5 .
:
G.729 ( ITUT 1996), 20 MIPS 3 MIPS .
G.729A ( ITUT 1995), 10.5 MIPS 2 MIPS .
G.729 VAD, CNG DTX. 15 , .
06 - Chap 3.p65 26.11.2001, 11:1787
-
88 3
3.4 , ETSI
ETSI (GSM).
GSM Full Rate, GSM 06.10, 1987. , , , . ( MOS 3.7 ). 20 , 13 /c. 4.5 MIPS . IP, , (open source), . GSM FR G.711, .
GSM Half Rate, 1994 , GSM Enhanced Full Rate, 1995 . , , ( 30 MIPS). IP , , .
, , ITUT ETSI, .. .
VoIP, , ITUT ETSI, . . , Lucent/Elemedia SX7003P, , Voxware RT24, (2.4 /) ( MOS 3.2).
3.5 DTMF
, (DTMF) , ,
06 - Chap 3.p65 26.11.2001, 11:1788
-
IP 89
. , G.711 , , .
, , , , , . DTMF .
(, ), DTMF IP. , , , , . , , #, ; , .
DTMF IP.
. H.245(UserInputIndication) *, #. TCP, . TCP ;
, VoIP. H.323v2 fastStart H.245. DTMF RTP, , . , , . RTP DTMF , .
, , , , .
06 - Chap 3.p65 26.11.2001, 11:1789
-
90 3
IP DTMF, . , , , .
3.6
IP, , . ( facsimale ) 1843 , 33 . ( ) IP . ; .
, , 3, ITUT T.30. . , , 3, , . , , .. 4, . , ,, , ( , ..) ( , ), , ISDN, 4, .
3, , , IP. . (Store & Forward). , . , , ,
06 - Chap 3.p65 26.11.2001, 11:1790
-
IP 91
, , , . , ( ) . Store & Forward Fax .37.
, IP. : , . Store&Forward , , , .
IP , , . , 3 . ITUT T.38, 3 IP. , , , , , , .
: , , . , , , ,.. , . , , . , , , . , 100
06 - Chap 3.p65 26.11.2001, 11:1791
-
92 3
, .
.38 IFP, /. IFP, , TCP UDP, , . T.38 H.323. TCP IFP, UDP . IFP ( ). TCP, : IFP, H.225.0/Q.931, .
, ITU TCP , IFP UDP. , , . , T.38 DSP, , , , TCP , . , .38 UDP . IP IP UDP, TCP , , .
3.7
, , ( ) , , IP. : , , DSP. ,
06 - Chap 3.p65 26.11.2001, 11:1792
-
IP 93
IP , , knowhow .
IP , . . , . , , , . , , , 1. , , .
DTMF .
IP , , , , IP.
06 - Chap 3.p65 26.11.2001, 11:1793
-
4
4.1 ab ovo
RPA . 1971 . & . &, : , . & , & , , . , & , .
, , , . 1957 & . (Department ofDefense DoD) Advanced Research ProjectsAgency (ARPA), ARPANET & , & . , &, , & &&, . 1961 Information Flow in Large Communication Nets.
07 - Chap 4.p65 26.11.2001, 11:1795
-
96 4
1964 (Paul Baran, RAND) OnDistributed Communications Networks
1965 , ARPA, TX&2 MIT Lincoln Lab AN/FSQ&32 System Development Corporation(Santa Monica, CA) 1200 /. 1967 , &, & ARPA, RAND NPL. , (National Physical Laboratory NPL), & 768 /, , & .
1969 & DDP&516 Honey&well 12K ARPANET: & (Universityof California Los Angeles UCLA), (Stanford Re&search Institute SRI), & . AT&T & 50 /. (Charley Kline) UCLA, SRI. 29 1969 . G LOG&IN. , ARPANET & & & , . RFC(Request for Comments) & (hosts) .
, , 1970 ARPANET: ., ., .. & ARPA.
1971 15 (23 ), & . : (SENDMSG) & (CPYNET). Mod&el 33 Tomlinson 1972 . @ & .
Ethernet. Alto & Xerox PARC, Ethernet 1973 . &
07 - Chap 4.p65 26.11.2001, 11:1796
-
97
Alto Aloha System. ARPANET 1973 2000. Merit .25, & , , ARPANET.
1974 (Vint Cerf, BobKahn) IEEE Transactions on Com&munications A Protocol for Packet Network Intercommunica&tion TCP, &. & C (11, 1999). , TCP, . , , , , & MCI .
& MsgGroup. & SF&Lovers. (RFC 733). 1976 (Bell Labo&ratories) AT&T UUCP (& Unix&Unix), & UNIX.
1978 TCP TCP IP, & TCP/IP. 1980 , 1983 ARPANET, NCP(Network Control Protocol), 1970 . & TCP/IP, ARPA & Berkeley UNIX, TCP/IP. , , TCP/IP, , TCP/IP.
ARPANET 1983 :DARPANET ( ) MILNET ( ). , ARPANET 1990 , . , TCP/IP &, & , &
7. ..
07 - Chap 4.p65 26.11.2001, 11:1797
-
98 4
, , , . 1984 (DNS). IP& . 1984 , Neuromancer, & . , & , 1000, 1987 10000.
, & , & 1985 NSFNET ( ).NSFNET , . & 1988 & 56 /. 1986 NSFNET & , . NSFNET & OC&3 (155 /) . NSFNET & 1995 , MERIT., MERIT , & , NSFNET, .
1988 A (Jarkko Oikari&nen) Internet Relay Chat (IRC). & , 1 1988 InternetWorm 6000 .
1989 100000 , 1990 300000. & , & (Tim Ber&ners&Lee) CERN, , & World Wide Web (WWW). & WWW & , . 1992 & 1 , 1993 & www.whitehouse.gov [email protected] . . 2 , & , , , www.vatican.va. 1995 Sun Microsystems (James Gosling) & Java, & &.
1996 25 , , , 10 .
07 - Chap 4.p65 26.11.2001, 11:1798
-
99
2000 300 & . & 80 . , , & 2004 & .
4.2
, & . & , , . & & . , & , &, & . & ; , , .
, . & CERT,IAB, IETF, IESG, IRTF, ICANN The Internet Society ( &, ISOC).
(CERT) &, , & . CERT ARPA 1998 , .
(IAB), * , 12 , & , &. IAB & () : IETF IRTF. , .
(IETF) , & , , &. (RFC). , (IESG).
07 - Chap 4.p65 26.11.2001, 11:1799
-
100 4
* (IRTF) , .
(ICANN) , 1999 . ICANN , IANA , IP& . & 16& 0 65 536. 0 1 023 & . : 25 SMTP ( ), 80 HTTP ( ) 107 Telnet. / TCP/IP, & , & . ICANN IP& , ; .
(ISOC) , & . & IESG .
4.3
& , , , , & . & &. .
. & , & , & . , & , , & , . & : , , .
IPv4 ( 4), IP, &
07 - Chap 4.p65 26.11.2001, 11:17100
-
101
. IPv4, RFC 791, 32 , 232 ( 4 294 967 296) .
IP& . , , , , ( A, B,C, D E). (Network ID) & , Host ID 1 .
0. & ( 128 27). 24 & , 16 777 216 (224 ). & . & IBM Corpora&tion, Hewlett&Packard Company, Ford Motor Company .
B & 10. 14 & , 16 384 (214). 16 , & 65 536 (216).
C & 110. 21 , 2 097 152. 8 , & 256 (28). C.
D 1110. , 28 & .
E 1111. & .
, IP&, & . 32& xxx.xxx.xxx.xxx, & 0 255, (28 = 256 0&255). 1&127, 128&191, 192&223.
1 , , .. .
07 - Chap 4.p65 26.11.2001, 11:17101
-
102 4
, (ICANN) IP& , . IP& , &, . , , , . IP& . IP& . , & . IP& & IP& , & , & . IP& . IP& &, DHCP ( * ). , xDSL, & IP&. xDSL , & .
, IP 4 & 32 , 232 ( 4 294 967 296) & . TCP/IP IPv4 & , , , , & . , , . , & , . , & ( & ) 10 000 , & , 100 1000.
, , , & IETF 90& RFC 1518 RFC 1519 * (CIDR). CIDR (su*
07 - Chap 4.p65 26.11.2001, 11:17102
-
103
pernetting), , & . &, (, 194 195). CIDR, & , , & , . , CIDR IP&, , , & IP& .
IPv6 128 , 2128 &, 340.282.366.920.938.463.463.374.607.431.768.211.456. , , 32 , , . IP& &, , , & , & IPv6 . IPv6 & , .
IPv4. , , IP& . (). (DNS), & ICANN, , & , , :... 45 ( ) & (TLD) . TLD, , : (net, com, org) (ru, fi, ua).
ICANN IANA & &. IANA, TLD (InterNIC) Network Solutions Inc. & , . , InterNIC & .com $70 $35 & . 1999 InterNIC & , 1999 &
07 - Chap 4.p65 26.11.2001, 11:17103
-
104 4
25 1999 . ICANN , & , .
, & IP&; & , .
4.4
& , & .
, &, . & , & . , , , , & (Open Systems Interconnection OSI), & ITU&T . , , .
. 4.1 , ARPA, OSI, & .
ARPA , , & , , , . , OSI , &, . .
ARPA & , .. OSI & . , ,
07 - Chap 4.p65 26.11.2001, 11:17104
-
105
, , & (, CSMA/CD Ethernet), . 2 , & , ( , &, ..), .
, (datagram), . & , TCP/IP. , & , & . & , TCP/IP . &, , IP. , & .
, & , RIP, EGP,BGP, OSPF .
. 4.1 OSI
(Application Layer)
(Presentation Layer)
(Session Layer)
(Transport Layer)
(Network Layer)
(Data Link Layer)
(Physical Layer)
(Process/ Application Layer)
(Host&to&Host Layer)
(Internet Layer)
(Network Interface
or Local Network Layer)
OSI
ARPA , , .
. & HTTP, FTP, SMTP ..
.
( ) 7, .
& TCP, UDP.
. (
ICMP). , IP. OSPF.
.
, . & PPP, LAPD, L_2 Ethernet.
.
, , .
E1, V.35, SDH, Ethernet.
2 (Ethernet, HDLC) (frame).
07 - Chap 4.p65 26.11.2001, 11:17105
-
106 4
(Address Resolution Protocol ARP) IP& , & (, Ethernet). , & , ARP IP, .
Internet Control Message Pro&tocol (ICMP) & & . ICMP & TCP/IP.
, . & &. , & , . & TCP UDP.
& . , . , & FTP. Web& HTTP. FTP HTTP TCP. Telnet &. SNMP & , , . , , RTP , . X Window . .
, IP , , . , IP, ARP, ICMP, TCP,UDP TCP/IP & , ( FTP, Web ).
4.5 IP 4
& TCP/IP IP, &
07 - Chap 4.p65 26.11.2001, 11:17106
-
107
, & . IP & , & . IP & IP&, &. , Internet Protocol &: IP .
IP , . (flow&control). & , , , .
IP , & . & , IP, & , , , . &, , , , .
, IP&, IP&, &, . & , IP & 3 .
. 4.2 IP .
(version) & IP, 4. & , .
(header length), 4 , & , & 32 . 5.
3 IP 6 , .
07 - Chap 4.p65 26.11.2001, 11:17107
-
108 4
(Type of Service) , &. IP& & . 10.
(Total Length) & (), . 65535 , &, , , 576 . , , & .
IP 3 &/ . , & , , , .
(Identifier) , & .
(Flags) , , & .
(Fragment Offset) & , 8 .
. 4.2 IP&
(Version)
07 - Chap 4.p65 26.11.2001, 11:17108
-
109
(TTL Time To Live) & , . & , , TTL & . TTL & , , , & , , .
(Protocol) (TCP, UDP ..).
(Header Checksum) & . , & .
IP& (Source) (Destination), & .
IPv4 RFC&791.
4.6 IP 6
90& , & . & TCP/IP, & RSVP, MPLS .. , & IP, & .
, & , .
IP. , & & , . , , & IP.
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IETF IPng, & IPv6.
IP, & , ., & , IPSec .
IP &, :
;
;
.
IP 1992 , & &. IETF , 1998 & , IPv6(RFC 2460 Internet Protocol, Version 6 (IPv6) Specification), & (RFC 2373 IP Version 6 Ad&dressing Architecture).
, IPv6.
. IP & & 128 . & , , & ( & ), & . & , .
( ) IPv6 , . , (CIDR), & . , & & (anycast), IPv6 & .
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6 IP , , &. , & ,:
FEDC:0A96:0:0:0:0:7733:567A.
, IPv4 IPv6, 4 & , :
0:0:0:0:0:FFFF:194.135.75.104.
. IPv6 :
unicast;
multicast;
anycast.
, .
unicast & IPv4. & 6 .
multicast , & . 11111111 , & . , . & , . & IPv6 scope, , , , , &. , , &, , & .
anycast , , mul&ticast, . , & , , & . & unicast . Anycast . &
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unicast anycast. anycast &. , & &, anycast, & . & & .
IPv6 & , .. , . &: , (Link&Local), , (Site&Local), .
15% & IPv6, & , .
. & , & , , & , , & , .
, , , &, . & , .
IPv6 40 (. 4.3).
(Traffic Class) (Type Of Service),
. 4.3 IPv6
(4 )
(8 )
(20 )
(16 )
. (8 )
(8 )
(128 )
(128 )
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(Hop Limit) (Time To Live) IPv4, & .
(Flow Label) & . & .
(Next Header) (Protocol) IPv4 , . Next Header. &, , & TCP, UDP, OSPF, .
IPv6 .
Routing , & .
Fragmentation & .
Authentication , .
Encapsulation , .
Hop&by&Hop Options & .
Destination Options .
. & IPv6 , & . .
. .
. & ( Path MTU discovery
8. ..
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IPv4) , . , IPv6, , & ICMP , & .
& , , .
, & (, ), .
MAC& , ARP.
IP 6. IPv6 & , , & . , & IPv6 IPv4, :
&, , & , & TCP/IP. .
, IPv4 IPv6 . & . & IPv4& IPv6, , IPv4.
, & . &. , . & IPv6 6Bone, IPv6 , .
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4.7 TCP
Transmission Con&trol Protocol (TCP) . TCP &, .
, TCP & . & . , & , , & . & , , & , TCP . , TCP & & . , &, , & .
TCP , , & , , , IP.
TCP & , , , & , , & . & & . TCP& , , IP. TCP& , TCP& & .
TCP& , .
, & TCP/IP Internet, . 4.4.
, , , , . & Ethernet, &
07 - Chap 4.p65 26.11.2001, 11:17115
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. & TCP/IP.
, TCP.
4.7.1 , ,
& , Internet&, & (sockets), & . TCP& & Internet IP& & TCP&.
, &. TCP & TCP. , TCP, FTP (File Trans&fer Protocol, ). & : FTP/TCP/IP/Ethernet. & UDP (User Datagram Protocol, & ) & UDP. UDP &, , SNMP (Simple Network Management Protocol, & ). & : SNMP/UDP/IP/ Ethernet.
. , &
. 4.4 TCP/IP
TCP UDP
IP
ARP
Ethernet
Ethernet
07 - Chap 4.p65 26.11.2001, 11:17116
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. & .
TCP, UDP Ethernet n x 1. , & . 1 n. , & ( Ethernet& ). & Ethernet& Ethernet, ARP, IP. (& , & Ethernet&.)
IP& IP, & TCP, UDP, & Protocol IP&. TCP& TCP, , , & TCP&.
, &, , . , , , .
& . TCP , , , & . , , &, , & HTTP, FTP, SMTP ., &, . , &, . , Internet&, , &, 80 ( WWW). , , & n x m, . . & .
4.7.2 TCP,
TCP& & . & TCP& TCP& .
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, & (, HTTP, SMTP . .). & TCP&. , & . & , & .
TCP& . , TCP&, SYN, . SYN ACK, . &, TCP&, SYN ACK & ACK.
&, . & , , .. &, , & .
, & , FIN. & .
4.7.3
, , & . .
TCP , & , & . & ( TCP, ), , . & , &. , . & , &. , TCP & .
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, , & , & . & &. , . . . TCP& (ac&knowledgment number), & . , : . .
&, & .
, . &, , , .. & & . & &, , , .
, 32&& ISN (Initial Sequence Number). & 32 , 4 ( 4,55 ). & . , MSL Maximum Life Time, . , & .
& , &.
4.7.4
TCP . , () & & ( TCP&),
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, & . , & , & , . &, .
, & (acknowledgment number). & , , . , & .
, , & . &, , , & . .
TCP & .
4.7.5
IP&&. TCP . TCP . 4.5.
(Source Port, 16 ).
(Destination Port,16 ).
(Sequence Number, 32 ). & SYN, . SYN , & (ISN), ISN+1.
. 4.5 TCP
&
URG
A
PSH
RS
SYN
FIN
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(Acknowledgment Number, 32 ) , . & .
(Data Offset,4 ) 32& TCP&.
(Reserved, 6 ) .
( ):
URG ,
, ,
PSH ,
RST ,
SYN ,
FIN .
(Window, 16 ) &, , , .
(Checksum, 16 ).
(Urgent Pointer, 16 ). , . URG.
(Options) , .
(Padding) , & , 32&.
TCP RFC&793,RFC&1180.
4.8 UDP
User DatagramProtocol (UDP) & TCP & , & .
UDP IP & , IP. UDP &
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, .. ; , , . . & UDP.
IP& UDP & UDP& (. 4.6).
(Source Port) , . & . , .
(Destination Port) & , .
(Length) UDP& &, , . .
(Checksum) & , . , & .
IP, , & IP& UDP, , UDP. IP UDP , . , , . UDP TCP & (RFC&1071), UDP& &. , UDP& & , , , & , .
UDP RFC&768.
4.9 IP1
3 &, &
. 4.6 UDP&
.
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IP. & ( ) & . , , . .
& , , , & . . , & E1.
(, , ) & , . , &, & .
. , /, 4 32 /, & 64 /, / & / (HDTV), (& , , ..). & . , 12 (G.164), 400 . , 3, & , . (, & ) 500 , & & & .
& (), . & &. , & . , 0,1%
07 - Chap 4.p65 26.11.2001, 11:17123
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, , & & 99,9% . , , , , & .
& , , & , & . , & &, .. , . , &, .
. , , & , . , , , & , . & , & .
, & . , & ( , & ..), & .
, & ( , &, ) & . IP& , &. & .
. IP& , & , . , 24 7 , .. . , , , &
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125
99.999%, 3 40 (!) . &, & . , & , , & , . & IP & IP&.
, , , , & (WWW, &, ..), , , & , & , & .
4.10 RTP RTCP
, &, (, UDP). & , . , & , (, ) &, & . & , , , & , & . IETF & Realtime TransportProtocol (RTP), &, & .
IP& & () , , , , . , & , .
. & 10 ,
07 - Chap 4.p65 26.11.2001, 11:17125
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. , , , , & .
RTP . , , & , . & , , . RTP UDP & , & .
, & , TCP, . &, . , , . &, & TCP & . & , . & , &, , . & &, .
RTP & , & . RTP& , . .
, RTP & & , . , RTP & . , RTP&, , &, &,
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, .
. 4.7 RTP&, & , , , , , .
V (2 ) . .
(1 ) . & . , & , &, , 32 .
(1 ) . , , & RTP.
(4 ) . &, , & .
(1 ) . & . . & . .
(7 ) . , . , & , (Real&Time Transport Control Protocol).
(Sequence Number, 16 ). , & RTP.
. 4.7 RTP&
V=2 P X CC
SSRC
CSRC. . .
0 2 3 4 8 16 319
07 - Chap 4.p65 26.11.2001, 11:17127
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. & , , , , , & .
(Timestamp, 32 ). , & . , , . .
SSRC (Synchronization Source Identifier, 32 ) . , & . & , &.
CSRC (Contributing Source Identifier, 32 ) & , RTP&. () & SSRC , & RTP&. : 0 15. 15, 15. , & RTP& SSRC. & & CSRC. SSRC.
RTP& RTCP (Real Time Control Protocol).
RTCP & & . RTCP ( , ) & , , .. , & . RTP RTCP RFC&1889.
4.11
& && &&.
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TCP/IP . , & (unicast) & & .
, , & (broadcast). & , , . & &, , .
& , & , & . , . IP& multicast.
, & IP&, IGMP (Internet GroupManagement Protocol), DVMRP (Distance Vector Multicast RoutingProtocol), PIM (Protocol Independent Multicast).
9. ..
07 - Chap 4.p65 26.11.2001, 11:17129
IP 1 1.1 1.2 IP 1.3 1.4 IP 1.5 IP 1.5.1 H.3231.5.2 SIP1.5.3 MGCP MEGACO1.5.4 IP
2 IP-2.1 IP 2.2 TIPHON2.3 IP 2.4 IP
3 IP-3.1 IP 3.1.1 3.1.2 3.1.3
3.2 3.2.1 3.2.2 () 3.2.3 3.2.4 , IP
3.3 , ITU 3.3.1 G.7113.3.2 G.723.13.3.3 G.7263.3.4 G.7283.3.5 G.729
3.4 , ETSI3.5 DTMF3.6 3.7
4 4.1 ab ovo4.2 4.3 4.4 4.5 IP 44.6 IP 64.7 TCP4.7.1 , , 4.7.2 TCP 4.7.3 4.7.4 4.7.5
4.8 UDP4.9 IP 4.10 RTP RTCP4.11
5 .3235.1 5.2 ISDN5.3 IP 5.4 .3235.5 H.3235.6 5.7 5.8 .323
6 .3236.1 .3236.2 RAS6.2.1 6.2.2 6.2.3 6.2.4 6.2.5 6.2.6 6.2.7 6.2.8
6.3 .225.06.4 H.2456.4.1 6.4.2 6.4.3 6.4.4
6.5 , 6.5.1 6.5.2 6.5.3 6.5.4 6.5.5
7 SIP7.1 SIP7.2 SIP IP 7.3 7.4 SIP7.4.1 7.4.2 7.4.3 7.4.4 7.4.5 SIP
7.5 SIP7.5.1 7.5.2 7.5.3 7.5.4
7.6 7.6.1 7.6.2.
7.7 SIP7.8 .323 SIP
8 MGCP8.1 8.2 8.3 8.4 MGCP8.5 8.6 8.7 8.8 , 8.9 MGCP8.10 MGCP
9 MEGACO/H.2489.1 MEGACO/H.2489.2 9.3 MGCP MEGACO9.4 9.5
10 IP 10.1 QoS?10.2 10.3 IP 10.4 Diff Serv10.5 IntServ10.6 RSVP10.6.1 10.6.2
10.7 MPLS10.8 10.8.1 10.8.1.1 Tail Drop10.8.1.2 Random Early Detection (RED)
10.8.2 10.8.2.1 FIFO10.8.2.2 10.8.2.3 Class Based Queuing (CBQ)10.8.2.4
10.8.3 10.8.3.1 Leaky Bucket10.8.3.2 Token Bucket
11 11.1 IP 11.2 IP 11.3 IP ITG11.4 GK 11.5 IP 11.6 11.7 11.8 IPU IP 11.9 IP