Ionization Energy Hungry for Tater Tots? Mr. C at 7 years old.

Hungry for Tater Tots? Mr. C at 7 years old.

OUCH!!

1

2

3

4

5

6

1

2

3

4

5

6

Ionization Energies

7

Be

900

Al

578

Si

787

Ti

659

V

651

Cr

653

Mn

717

Fe

762

Co

760

Ni

737

Cu

746

Zn

906

Ga

579

Ge

762

Nb

652

Mo

684

Tc

702

Ag

731

Cd

868

In

558

Sn

709

Sb

834

Ta

761

W

770

Re

760

Hg

1007

Tl

589

Pb

716

Bi

703

N

1402

O

1314

F

1681

Cl

1251

C

1086

S

1000

Br

1140

I

1008

Na

496

K

419

Rb

403

Cs

376

Ba

503

Fr

--

Ra

509

H

1312

B

801

P

1012

As

947

Se

941

Ru

710

Rh

720

Pd

804

Te

869

Os

839

Ir

878

Pt

868

Au

890

Po

812

At

--

Per

iod

Actinide series

Li

520

Ca

590

Sc

633

Sr

550

Y

600

Zr

640

Hf

659

Mg

738

La

538

Ac

490

Lanthanide series

Group 1

2

3 4 5 6 7 11 12

13 14 15 16 17

18

9

Ne

2081

Ar

1521

Kr

1351

Xe

1170

Rn

1038

He

2372

Rf

--

Db

--

Sg

--

Bh

--

Hs

--

Mt

--

Ce

534

Pr

527

Nd

533

Pm

536

Sm

545

Eu

547

Gd

592

Tb

566

Dy

573

Ho

581

Er

589

Tm

597

Yb

603

Lu

523

Th

587

Pa

570

U

598

Np

600

Pu

585

Am

578

Cm

581

Bk

601

Cf

608

Es

619

Fm

627

Md

635

No

642

Lr

--

Ds

--

Uub

--

Uut

--

Uuq

--

Uup

--

Uuu

--

Mg

738

Symbol

First Ionization Energy (kJ/mol)

8 10

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ionization_potential

First Ionization Energies(in kilojoules per mole)

H1312.1

Li520.3

Na495.9

K418.9

Be899.5

Mg737.8

Ca589.9

B800.7

Al577.6

Ga578.6

C1086.5

Si786.5

Ge761.2

N1402.4

P1011.8

As946.5

O1314.0

S999.7

Se940.7

F1681.1

Cl1251.2

Br1142.7

Ne2080.8

Ar1520.6

Kr1350.8

He2372.5

Rb402.9

Sr549.2

In558.2

Sn708.4

Sb833.8

Te869.0

I1008.7

Xe1170.3

Smoot, Price, Smith, Chemistry A Modern Course 1987, page 188

First Ionization Energies(kJ/mol)

H1312.1

Li520.3

Na495.9

K418.9

Be899.5

Mg737.8

Ca589.9

B800.7

Al577.6

Ga578.6

C1086.5

Si786.5

Ge761.2

N1402.4

P1011.8

As946.5

O1314.0

S999.7

Se940.7

F1681.1

Cl1251.2

Br1142.7

Ne2080.8

Ar1520.6

Kr1350.8

He2372.5

Rb402.9

Sr549.2

In558.2

Sn708.4

Sb833.8

Te869.0

I1008.7

Xe1170.3


s p

First Ionization Energies(kJ/mol)

H1312.1

Li520.3

Na495.9

K418.9

Be899.5

Mg737.8

Ca589.9

B800.7

Al577.6

Ga578.6

C1086.5

Si786.5

Ge761.2

N1402.4

P1011.8

As946.5

O1314.0

S999.7

Se940.7

F1681.1

Cl1251.2

Br1142.7

Ne2080.8

Ar1520.6

Kr1350.8

He2372.5

Rb402.9

Sr549.2

In558.2

Sn708.4

Sb833.8

Te869.0

I1008.7

Xe1170.3


s p

MetalMetalloidNonmetal

Firs

t Ion

izat

ion

ener

gy

Atomic number

H

He

n

HeH

1+ 2+

1e- 2e-

• Helium (He) has…

• a greater IE than H

• same shielding

• greater nuclear charge

Firs

t Ion

izat

ion

ener

gy

Atomic number

• Li has… • lower IE than H• more shielding

• Further away outweighs

greater nuclear charge H

He

Li

n

Firs

t Ion

izat

ion

ener

gy

Atomic number

Be has higher IE than Li same shielding

greater nuclear charge

H

He

Li

Be

n

BeLi

3+ 4+

2e- 2e-

1e- 2e-

1e-2e-3+ 2e-2e-4+

Firs

t Ion

izat

ion

ener

gy

Atomic number

B has lower IE than Be same shielding greater nuclear charge

p-orbitals available

H

He

Li

Be

B

n

BBe

4+ 5+

2e- 2e-

2e- 3e-

2s2p

1s

2e-2e-4+ 3e-2e-5+

Firs

t Ion

izat

ion

ener

gy

Atomic number

H

He

Li

Be

B

C

2s2p

1s

n

Firs

t Ion

izat

ion

ener

gy

Atomic number

H

He

Li

Be

B

C

N

n

2s2p

1s

Firs

t Ion

izat

ion

ener

gy

Atomic number

H

He

Li

Be

B

C

N

O

n

2s2p

1s

• Breaks the pattern because removing an electron gets to 1/2 filled p orbital

Firs

t Ion

izat

ion

ener

gy

Atomic number

H

He

Li

Be

B

C

N

O

F

n

2s2p

1s

Firs

t Ion

izat

ion

ener

gy

Atomic number

H

He

Li

Be

B

C

N

O

F

Nen

2s2p

1s

• Ne has a lower IE than He

• Both are full energy levels,

• Ne has more shielding

• Greater distance

Firs

t Ion

izat

ion

ener

gy

Atomic number

H

He

Li

Be

B

C

N

O

F

Ne

Na

n

2s2p

1s

3s

• Na has a lower IE than Li

• Both are s1

• Na has more shielding

• Greater distance

Firs

t Ion

izat

ion

ener

gy

Atomic number

Be has higher IE than Li same shielding

greater nuclear charge

H

He

Li

Be

n

BeLi

3+ 4+

2e- 2e-

1e- 2e-

Firs

t Ion

izat

ion

ener

gy

Atomic number

B has lower IE than Be same shielding greater nuclear charge

p-orbitals available

H

He

Li

Be

B

n

BBe

4+ 5+

2e- 2e-

2e- 3e-

2s2p

1s

Firs

t Ion

izat

ion

ener

gy

Atomic number

Na has a lower IE than Li

Both are s1

Na has more shielding Greater distanceH

He

Li

Be

B

C

N

O

F

Ne

Na

Firs

t Io

niza

tion

ener

gy

Atomic number

HeNe

Ar

Kr

H

Li

Na

K

Rb

First Ionization Energy Plot

5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40

Atomic number

Fir

st i

on

izat

ion

en

erg

y (k

J/m

ol)

0

500

1000

1500

2000

2500

H

He

Li

Be

B

C

N

O

F

Ne

Mg

Na Al

Si

P

S

Cl

Ar

Ca

K

Sc

Ti

V

CrMn

FeCo Cu

Ni

Zn

Ga

Ge

As

Se

Br

Rb

Sr

Kr

B1+B

5+ 5+

2e- 2e-

3e- 2e-

3e-2e-5+ 2e-2e-5+ n

n

B2+B1+

5+ 5+

2e- 2e-

2e- 1e-

2e-2e-5+ 1e-2e-5+

n

B3+B2+

5+ 5+

2e- 2e-

2e- 0e-

1e-2e-5+ 0e-2e-5+

5+ Boron

B10.811

5

B3+ vs. He

0e-2e-2+0e-2e-5+

B2+ vs. Li

1e-2e-3+1e-2e-5+

B1+ vs. Be

2e-2e-4+2e-2e-5+

>

>

>

<

<

<

Isoelectronic

B = 1s22s22p1

B1+ = Be = 1s22s2

B2+ = Li =1s22s1

B3+ = He = 1s2

B1+B

3e-2e-5+ 2e-2e-5+ n

n

B2+B1+

2e-2e-5+ 1e-2e-5+

n

B3+B2+

1e-2e-5+ 0e-2e-5+

5+ Boron

B10.811

5

B3+ vs. He

0e-2e-2+0e-2e-5+

B2+ vs. Li

1e-2e-3+1e-2e-5+

B1+ vs. Be

2e-2e-4+2e-2e-5+

>

>

>

<

<

<

Isoelectronic

B = 1s22s22p1

B1+ = Be = 1s22s2

B2+ = Li =1s22s1

B3+ = He = 1s2

S1-S

S2-S1-

16+ Sulfur

S32.066

16

S2- vs. Ar

S1- vs. Cl<

<

>

>

IsoelectronicS = 1s22s22p63s23p4

S1- = Cl 1s22s22p63s23p5

S2- = Ar 1s22s22p63s23p6

16+ 2e- 8e- 6e- 16+ 2e- 8e- 7e- 16+ 2e- 8e- 7e- 17+ 2e- 8e- 7e-n

16+ 2e- 8e- 7e- 16+ 2e- 8e- 8e-

16+ 2e- 8e- 8e- 18+ 2e- 8e- 8e-n

Ionization Energies

• Energy is required to remove an electron from an atom to form a cation.

• Ionization energy () is the amount of energy needed to remove an electron from the gaseous atom E in its ground state:

E (g) + E+(g) + e-- energy required for reaction = .

• Ionization energy is always positive ( > 0).

• Larger values of mean that the electron is more tightly bound to the atom and is harder to remove.

• Units for ionization energies are kilojoules/mole (kJ/mol) or electron volts (eV) - 1 eV = 96.49 kJ/mol.

Copyright © 2007 Pearson Benjamin Cummings. All rights reserved.

Ionization Energies (in kilojoules per mole)

Element

H

He

Li

Be

B

C

Al


1st

1312.1

2372.5

520.3

899.5

800.7

1086.5

577.6

2nd

5250.7

7298.5

1752.2

2427.2

2352.8

1816.7

3rd

11815.6

14849.5

3660.0

4620.7

2744.8

4th

21007.6

25027.0

6223.0

11577.5

5th

32828.3

37832.4

14831.0

6th

47279.4

18377.9

Ionization Energies (kJ/mol)

Element

H

He

Li

Be

B

C

Al


1st

1312.1

2372.5

520.3

899.5

800.7

1086.5

577.6

2nd

5250.7

7298.5

1752.2

2427.2

2352.8

1816.7

3rd

11815.6

14849.5

3660.0

4620.7

2744.8

4th

21007.6

25027.0

6223.0

11577.5

5th

32828.3

37832.4

14831.0

6th

47279.4

18377.9

Ionization Energies (kJ/mol)

Element

Na

Mg

Al

Si

P

S

Cl

ArHerron, Frank, Sarquis, Sarquis, Cchrader, Kulka, Chemistry 1996, Heath, page

1st

498

736

577

787

1063

1000

1255

1519

2nd

4560

1445

1815

1575

1890

2260

2295

2665

3rd

6910

7730

2740

3220

2905

3375

3850

3945

4th

9540

10,600

11,600

4350

4950

4565

5160

5770

5th

13,400

13,600

15,000

16,100

6270

6950

6560

7320

6th

16,600

18,000

18,310

19,800

21,200

8490

9360

8780Shaded area on table denotes core electrons.

ionization energy: the energy required to remove an e– from an atom

M + 1st I.E.

M + 2nd I.E.

M + 3rd I.E.

As we go , 1st I.E….

As we go , 1st I.E….

M1+ + e–

M2+ + e–

M3+ + e–

removes 1st e–

Each successive ionization requiresmore energy than the previous one.

decreases.

increases.

(due to the shielding effect)

Multiple Ionization Energies

Al Al+ Al2+ Al3+

578

kJ/m

ole

-

1817

kJ/

mol

e-

2745

kJ/

mol

e-

The second, third, and fourth ionization energies of aluminum are higher than the first because the inner electrons are more tightly held by the nucleus.

1st Ionizationenergy

2nd Ionizationenergy

3rd Ionizationenergy


Ionization Energies

• It takes more energy to remove the second electron from an atom than the first, and so on.

• There are two reasons for this trend: 1. The second electron is being removed from a positively

charged species rather than a neutral one, so more energy is required.

2. Removing the first electron reduces the repulsive forces among the remaining electrons, so the attraction of the

remaining electrons to the nucleus is stronger.

• Energy required to remove electrons from a filled core is prohibitively large and simply cannot be achieved in normal chemical reactions.

Copyright © 2007 Pearson Benjamin Cummings. All rights reserved.

Factors Affecting Ionization Energy

Nuclear ChargeNuclear ChargeThe larger the nuclear charge, the greater the ionization energy.

Shielding effectShielding effectThe greater the shielding effect, the less the ionization energy.

RadiusRadiusThe greater the distance between the nucleus and the outer electrons of an atom, the less the ionization energy.

SublevelSublevelAn electron from a full or half-full sublevel requires additional energy to be removed.


Formation of Cation

11p+

sodium atomNa

e-

loss of one valence

electron

e-

e-

e-

e-e-

e-

e-

e- e-

e-

sodium ionNa+

11p+e-

e-

e-

e-e-

e-

e-

e-

e-

e-

e-

Formation of Anion

17p+

chlorine atomCl

e-

e-

e-

e-

e-e-

e-

e-

e- e-

e-

e-

e-

e-

e-

e-

e-

e-

gain of one valence

electron

chloride ionCl1-

17p+e-

e-

e-

e-e-

e-

e-

e-

e-

e-

e-

e-

e-

e-

e-

e-

e-

e-

Formation of Ionic Bond

chloride ionCl1-

17p+e-

e-

e-

e-e-

e-

e-

e-

e-

e-

e-

e-

e-

e-

e-

e-

sodium ionNa+

11p+e-

e-

e-

e-e-

e-

e-

e-

e-

e-

e-

e-

Ionization Energy Hungry for Tater Tots? Mr. C at 7 years old.

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Transcript of Ionization Energy Hungry for Tater Tots? Mr. C at 7 years old.