Introduction to the Organisms Fungi...

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By Deanne Erdmann, MS

Revised by Karen Robison

Diversity of Life:

Introduction to the Organisms

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Introduction to Phylogenetic Kingdoms

  Eubacteria - Prokaryotes, with or without peptidoglycan in cell walls, many beneficials/symbionts, some pathogens, decomposers

  Archaebacteria – Prokaryotes,Extremophiles, deep ocean vents, w/o oxygen, inside rocks, oldest?

  Protistia – Eukaryotes, diverse, not fungi, plants, or animals, unicellular, some photosynthetic, some consumers

  Fungi – Eukaryotes, multicellular (except yeasts), heterotrophic, chitin in cell walls, parasitic or saprophytic decomposers

  Plantae – Eukaryotes, multicellular, non-motile, autotrophic, cell wall containing cellulose, photosynthetic

  Animalia – Eukaryotes, multicellular, motile, heterotrophic, no cell wall

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Where Do Viruses Fit?

  Not “alive”?

  Not a cell

  Nucleic acids in protein shell

  Do not grow, do not maintain homeostasis, and do not metabolize on their own

  Use host cell to replicate

  Lytic and Lysogenic life cycles

Early Stage of Influenza Virus


Streptococcus mutans (can cause endocarditis

and dental caries)

Bacillus anthracis (spores can live in soil

for years)

The Kingdom Eubacteria

  Common name: Bacteria

  Unicellular prokaryotes

  No introns in genome

  Peptidogylcan in cell wall

  Basic shapes are cocci, bacilli, spirilla

  Diverse nutrition and respiration

  Reproduce by binary fission, conjugation, transformation, and transduction

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The Kingdom Archaebacteria

  Cell wall does not contain peptidogylcan

  Cell membrane contains unusual lipids not found in other organisms

  Genes are interrupted by introns

  Classified into three groups:   Methanogens—poisoned by O2

  Thermaphiles—live in extreme temps.   Halophiles—live in high saline


Ecological Importance of Prokaryotes

  Decomposition

  Nitrogen fixation

  Mutualistic relationships

  Parasitic relationships

  Commercial uses

Treponema pallidum, a spiral-shaped bacteria which

causes Syphilis in humans

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Entamoeba histolytica

The Kingdom Protista

  A classification problem

  Unicellular, colonial, and multicellular forms, eukaryotic

  Autotrophic and heterotrophic

  Some move with flagella, pseudopods or cilia

  Animal-like, plant-like and fungus-like groups

  Reproduce by mitosis and meiosis


Ecological Importance of Protists

  Important foundation in food chain

  Produce vast amount of O2

  Decomposition

  Symbiotic relationships   Mutualistic   Parasitic

  Medicinal and Industrial Uses

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Volvox Colonial green alga

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Puffball Drops of rain trigger the release of spores

The Kingdom Fungi

  Eukaryotic

  Cell walls contain chitin

  Multicellular, except for yeasts

  Heterotrophic

  Main body multicellular fungi composed of hyphae

  Sexual and asexual reproduction

Pholiota spp Degrades wood

very quickly


Ecological Importance of Fungi

  Decomposers

  Symbiotic   Parasitic

  On plants   On animals

  Mutualistic   Lichens   Mycorrhizae

Epidermophyton floccosum,

fungi causing athlete’s foot

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The Kingdom Plantae

  Multicellular, non-motile, cell wall with cellulose, mostly autotrophic

  Plant life cycles

  Plant Structures relate to plant needs   Sunlight, water and minerals, gas

exchange,   Reproduce without water to transmit

male gamete (in Angiosperms)   Vascular tissue, roots, stems, leaves,

seeds, flowers

Sunflowers in Fargo, North Dakota


Major Groups of Plants

  Three traditional groupings:   Bryophytes—nonvascular plants   Pteridophytes — vascular, seedless plants   Seed plants

  Gymnosperms   Angiosperms Ginkgo biloba

Ginkgos are often very long-lived.

Some specimens are thought to be more than 3,500 years old.

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Importance of Plants to Humans

  Food source – Wheat, grains, fruits, vegetables

  Medicine – Aspirin, cancer treatments, stimulants

  Industry – Agriculture, wood products, cotton

Sugercane


The Kingdom Animalia

  No cell wall

  Heterotrophic

  Motile

  Sexual reproduction

  Three distinct layers of tissues (except sponges)

  Multi-celled/specialized tissues and functions

  Distinct body plan

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Invertebrates and Vertebrates

  Invertebrates   99% of the Animal Kingdom   Absence of backbone   Includes sponges, cnidarians,

mollusks, worms, arthropods, and echinoderms

  Vertebrates   Internal skeleton (bone or cartilage)   Includes fish, amphibians, reptiles,

birds, and mammals

Asian ladybeetle Harmonia axyridis

Notice the “false” white eye markings

behind the head.


Colony of sponges

Chambered Nautilus

Invertebrate Animals I

  Sponges

  Cnidarians

  Worms

  Mollusks

  Arthropods

  Echinoderms

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Sponges

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Sponges

  Diverse - 5000 species

  Mostly marine, 150 freshwater species, Wisconsin

  Mostly sessile (exceptions slide along very very slowly)

  Loose grouping of cells, not true tissues

  Radially symmetrical or asymmetrical

  Supported by protein collagen and spicules of calcium or silicone

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Sponges, continued

  Pores or ostia that water flows through guided by flagellae

  Individual cells take in food (plankton, bacteria, detritus) from the flowing water and digest

  Reproduction- asexual budding, sexual some cells release sperm into the water, caught by other cells containing eggs, larvae released into the water

  Protection and competition - some are toxic, some release chemicals that keep other sponges away (some of these chemicals are useful for human medicines)

  Symbiotic relationships with some algae and plants

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Cnidarians - Jellyfish, Corals, and Other Stingers

  Diverse in size, shape, motility BUT all have nematocysts - stinging cells that eject barbed threads tipped with poison

  Majority marine, few freshwater, fewer burrowing

  Radially symmetrical

  Environmental Niches - vary   Coral - sessile adults, reef builders   Jellys - motile predators   Symbionts (Mutualism)- photosynthetic algae

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Cnidaria, continued

  Tissues but no organs

  2 body forms:   Medusa - frees swimming or floating, umbrella

shape, single opening (mouth/anus) usually surrounded by tentacles, outer muscular layer, inner digestive layer, separate nerve nets

  Polyp - sessile, one end attached to substrate, one end open for feeding, hollow body; usually found in groups with individual specializing in feeding, reproduction, or defense

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Cnidaria, continued

  Reproduction   Asexual - budding   Sexual - release sperm into the water, captured by

cells with eggs, fertilization, swimming larvae

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Worms

  Long thin organisms with no legs, bilateral symmetry, asexual/regenerative, sexual reproduction, some simple organs

  3 Main Groups   Flat worms – platyhelminthes, flat, ribbon- or leaf-

shaped body with a pair of eyes at the front, some are parasites with complex life cycles, multiple hosts

  Round worms (nematodes) - found in damp earth, moss, decaying substances, fresh water, or salt water, some roundworms are also parasites

  Segmented worms - bodies divided into segments, or rings, called annelids, includes earthworms

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Worms

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Txodes scapularis Deer tick

Invertebrate Animals II

  Sponges

  Cnidarians

  Worms

  Mollusks

  Arthropods

  Echinoderms


Mollusks

  “Shellfish”, siphon feeding/breathing system, heart/blood, separate male/female only sexual reproduction, bilateral symmetry

  Hatchet-footed - These live inside of two shells that are connected by a muscular hinge which can open and close the shell. They are referred to as bivalves. Lines on the shell tell how old the mollusk is as the shell gets bigger, the older the shellfish gets. Clams, scallops, oysters and mussels are bivalves.

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Mollusks

  Gastropods - Belly-footed - These have just one spiral shell and carry their shells on their backs. They are called univalves. The snail, slug, periwinkle and conch belong to this group.

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Mollusks

  Cephalopods - Head-footed - These have a definite head surrounded by tentacles. The squid and octopus are two in this group.

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Arthropods - Rulers of the Earth

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Arthropods

  3/4 of all living species and fossil species, over a million known species

  Exoskeleton of chitin and protein, molting, instars

  Bilateral symmetry

  Segmented bodies - can be fused, some variation on head/thorax/abdomen

  Jointed appendages - vary, legs, antennae, mouthparts, reproductive organs

  Major Groups = insects, millipedes, centipedes, arachnids, crustaceans, extinct trilobites

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Echinoderms

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Echinoderms

  Spiny skinned animals

  Inner skeleton

  Radial symmetry

  Feeds by everting its stomach around prey, digesting, and absorbing

  Sexual reproduction and some regeneration

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Vertebrate Animals

  Chordates

  Fish   Agnatha (jawless fish/lamprey)   Chondrichthyes (sharks, skates, rays)   Osteichthyes (bass, tuna, salmon)

  Amphibians

  Reptiles

  Birds

  Mammals

Ardea herodias Great Grey Heron

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Introduction to the Organisms Fungi...

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