INTRODUCTION TO STANDARDS USED IN PROCESS INDUSTRIES

8/10/2019 INTRODUCTION TO STANDARDS USED IN PROCESS INDUSTRIES

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INTRODUCTION TO STANDARDS

USED IN PROCESS INDUSTRIES

CCB 1052

ENGINEERING

GRAPHICS


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LECTUREOBJECTIVES

By the end of this lecture, student should be ableto:

Define standard , identify standards and give reason whystandards are very important in drawing

Apply British Standard in Process Flow Diagram (PFD)

Classify and design Flow Diagrams

- Block diagram

- Process flow diagram (PFD)- Piping and instrument diagram (P&ID)


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WHATISASTANDARD?

A Standard is a published specificationthat

establishes a common language, and contains a

technical specification or other precise criteria

and is designed to be used consistently, as a

rule, a guideline, or a definition.

Source: British Standard Institution (BSI) Education


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WHYDOWENEEDSTANDARDS?

Standards are necessary to:

avoid misunderstanding/confusion (such that

we speak in the same language)

expedite/accelerate the technical processes

(draftingdesigningmanufacturing)

uphold professionalism in engineering field


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As designed by the seniorengineer.

What the user wanted.


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As produced by themanufacturing.

As understood by thetender committee.


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Asinstalled/commissionedby the sub-contractor.

As proposed by the projectsponsor.


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COMMONSTANDARDS

Two of the common standards used in thiscourse are listed below:

1. British Standard (BS)

Hardcopy of symbols (BS EN ISO 10628:2001) isavailable at the IRC

Also online at http://www.bsi-

global.com/index.xalter2. PETRONAS Technical Standard (PTS)

CD-ROM is available at the IRC


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BRITISHSTANDARD

The British Standard is the official English

language version of the European Standard

(in German EUROPISCHE NORMor ENforshort).

In this case, EN ISO 10628:2001 is

identical with ISO 10628:1997. The governing body is the British

Standards Institution (BSI).

Tag reference number


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BRITISHSTANDARD

Countries that follow the European

Standard (in English, French and German):

Austria, Belgium, Czech Republic,Denmark, Finland, France, Germany,

Greece, Iceland, Ireland, Italy,

Luxembourg, Netherlands, Norway,Portugal, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland

and the United Kingdom


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BRITISHSTANDARD- SYMBOLSFORPROCESSEQUIPMENT


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BRITISHSTANDARD- SYMBOLSFORVALVES


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PETRONASTECHNICALSTANDARD- VALVES Check the difference between BS and PTS!!


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WHATISFLOWDIAGRAMS?

Definition according to the British Standard

Diagrams representing the

procedure, configurationandfunctionof a process plant or

plant section.


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FLOWDIAGRAMS

The flow diagrams are divided into three

categories:

(a) Block diagram

(b) Process flow diagram (PFD)

(c) Piping and instrument diagram

(P&ID)


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(A) BLOCKDIAGRAM

Source: EN ISO10628:2001

Block diagram with basic info to manufacture Product X


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The objects may represent: Processessequence of chemical, physical or biological

operations for conversion, transport or storage ofmaterial/energy

process stepsPart of a process which is predominantly self-sufficient & consists of one or several unit operations

unit operationsSimplest operation in a process according tothe theory of process technology

process plantsFacilities & structures necessary forperforming a process

plant sectionsPart of a process plant that can, at least

occasionally be operated independently EquipmentSingle parts of a plant, such as vessels, columns,

heat exchangers, pumps, compressors.

(A) BLOCKDIAGRAMS


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(A) BLOCKDIAGRAM

The block diagram should consist of the

following basic information:

denomination of objects denomination of incoming and

outgoing flows of material and energy

direction of main flows between

objects


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(A) BLOCKDIAGRAM

The block diagram may also contain:

flow rates of the incoming and

outgoing materials and energy operating conditions (T and P)


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(A) BLOCKDIAGRAM

Source: EN ISO10628:2001

After basic info has been included e.g flowrates, operating conditions T & P,Processes steps, unit operations


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(A) BLOCKDIAGRAMDRAWINGGUIDE

Read and understand the whole process. Do notstart drawing

Sketch the main operations

Identify the sub-operation Start constructing block diagram

Finish by referring to BS


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CLASSEXERCISEConstruct a block diagram for this process.Biodiesel production:

catalyst

Vegetable oil + Alcohol Biodiesel + Glycerol

RBD* Palm Stearin and methanol are chosen as the raw materials in transesterification reaction. Catalyst

used is the based type, potassium methoxide, a typical mixture of potassium hydroxide with methanol. It isbeing prepared during Catalyst Preparationstep before Transesterificationstage, where methanol is

supplied 100% in excess and preheated RBD are added. The reaction effluent is then pumped to Methanol

Recovery 1where methanol being recovered and recycled. After that, the liquid mixtures undergoes

Phase Separation,where methyl esters (biodiesel) and glycerol split into two distinct layers. Methyl

esters are sent toWashingbefore graded as final product. Glycerol undergoes Neutralisationstep, where

phosphoric acid is added. In this step, potassium catalyst is neutralised by the acids and forms potassiumphosphate in solid phase. The solid potassium phosphate is recovered in Soild Separation. The liquid

mixture of glycerol is then sent to another Methanol Recovery 2unit, where methanol is recovered and

recycled. Glycerol leaves as final by-product.

* RBD- refined, bleached & deodorised

(RBD Palm Stearin) (Methanol) (Methyl Esters)


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THEBLOCKDIAGRAM

!But not to British Standard


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INCORPORATINGBS

Catalyst

preparation

Transesterification

KOH

Methanol

RBD PalmStearin

Methanol


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SUMMARY

Standards

Definition, Identify Standard andNeed For Standard

British Standards

Use Standards in PFD and PID

What is PFD and PID?


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INDIVIDUAL ASSIGNMENT 2

Individually, draw a block diagram containing elemental unit

operation according to British Standard based on this process

description. You may use Microsoft Office to construct the block

diagram.

Manufacturing of CumeneThe manufacturing of Cumene is done through reaction between

Benzene and Propylene, via alkylation and transalkylationprocesses. The reaction scheme is as follows:

Benzene + Propylene Cumene

Benzene and propylene, both at 100% purity are used as freshfeed to the process. Fresh benzene is fed to the pre-treatmentsection, consists of two flash drums, to remove impurities harmful to

the catalyst as well as water possibly containing chlorine.


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The treated benzene, along with recycled benzene, andpropylene, is heated before being pumped to the alkylation section.In the alkylation section, reaction of propylene with benzene takesplace in liquid phase in two fixed bed reactors with multibed catalyst(PBE-1 zeolite) arrangement. The temperature of the reactor is at

230

C.The alkylation effluent, which consists mainly of unconvertedbenzene, cumene and diisopropylbenzenes undergo series of threeheat exchangers to cool it down.


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The product is then sent to the distillation section. In the firstcolumn, depropanizer, propane is purged at the top productassosiated with fresh propylene as off gas to be sent in the fuel gasnetwork. The bottom product then enters the second column toseparate benzene as the top product to be recycled. The bottom

product from the second column enters another column, cumenepurification, to separate cumene at more than 99.9%wt purity at thetop from heavies that are made up of recoverablepolyisopropylbenzenes and a very small amount of unrecoverablematerial. The produced cumene is sent to the storage tank.


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The heavies enter the transalkylation section where a columnseparates the recoverable polyisopropylbenzenes from theunrecoverables as the bottoms. Polyisopropylbenzenes are fed to thetransalkylation reactor, with PBE-1 zeolite catalyst in packed bed,along with benzene, coming from the distillation section, to produce

additional cumene, while bottoms are sent to as purge. Thetransalkylation reactor effluent, which consists mainly ofunconverted benzene, cumene and a small amount of unconvertedpolyisopropylbenzenes, is sent to the above mentioned distillationsection.

SUBMISSION DATE: 26THNov, 5pm.

INTRODUCTION TO STANDARDS USED IN PROCESS INDUSTRIES

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