Introduction to Refference

8/3/2019 Introduction to Refference

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CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION


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1.1INTRODUCTIONChronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) has been defined by the Global

initiative for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (GOLD) as a disease characterized

by air flow limitation that is not fully reversible. The airflow limitation is usually both

progressive and associated with an abnormal inflammatory response of the lungs to

noxious particles or gases.(www . GOLD COPD .com) 1

The chronic airflow limitation characteristic of COPD is caused by a mixture of

small airway disease and paranchymal destruction, the relative contribution of which

varies from person to person. Chronic inflammation causes remodelling and narrowing

of the small airways. Destruction of the lung parenchyma, also by inflammatory process,

leads to the loss of alveolar attachments to the small airways and decreases lung elastic

recoil, inturn these changes diminish the ability of the airways to remain open during

expiration. Air flow limitation is measured by spirometry, as this is most widely

available, reproducible test of lung function.2

COPD is a global health concern, and is a major cause of chronic morbidity and

mortality worldwide. Many people suffer from this disease for years and die prematurely

from it or its complications. The global burden of COPD is projected to be the fifth

leading cause of death and GOLD estimates and suggests that the COPD will rise from

the sixth to third most common cause of the death world wide by 2020. The burden of

COPD in Asia is currently greater than that in developed Western countries.3

Worldwide cigarette smoking is the most commonly encountered risk factor for

COPD, although in many countries, air pollution resulting from the bumming of wood

and other biomass fuels also been identified as a COPD risk factor .The second most

significant documented risk factor for COPD IS alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency .Certain


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occupational exposures like dusts and chemicals (vapours, irritants, fumes) and indoor

and outdoor air pollutions are also associated with increased risk of COPD.

The characteristic symptoms of COPD are cough, sputum production and dyspnoea

on exertion. Chronic cough and sputum production often precede the development of

airflow limitation by many years; although not all individuals with cough and sputum

production go on to develop COPD. The natural course of COPD is characterized by

occasional sudden worsening of symptoms called acute exacerbations, most of which are

caused by infections or air pollution. This pattern offers a unique opportunity to identify

those at risk for COPD and intervene when the disease is not yet a health problem. A

major objective of GOLD is to increase awareness among health care providers and the

general public of the significance of these symptoms and decrease morbidity and

mortality from the disease .GOLD aims to improve prevention and management of

COPD through a concerted world wide effort of people involved in all facets of health

care and health care policy, and to encourage an expanded level of research interest in

this highly prevalent disease.5

All population based studies in developed countries showed a markedly greater

prevalence and mortality of COPD among men compared to woman .gender related

differences in exposure to risk factors mostly cigarette smoking probably explain this

pattern. 6

The goals of the global initiative for COPD are to increase awareness of COPD and

decrease morbidity and mortality from the disease. GOLD aims to improve prevention

and management of COPD through a concerted world wide effort of people involved in

all facets of health care and health care policy, and to encourage an expanded level of

research interest in this highly prevalent disease.7


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Dyspnoea limiting physical activity is a common complaint in COPD patients with

moderate to severe airflow obstruction and usually arises during the sixth or seventh

decade of life. The onset of dyspnoea is often insidious and may be attributed incorrectly

to the effects of ageing. Avoidance of activity as a strategy to limit the experience of

dyspnoea leads to a sedentary lifestyle. Accompanying this lifestyle is locomotor muscle

de condition pounds the effects of pulmonary dysfunction on dyspnoea. The reduction of

maximum expiratory flow rate and slow forced emptying of lung are common problems

seen in COPD that leads to dyspnoea and reduction in exercise tolerance. The COPD

patients are reluctant to do exercises because of dyspnoea. In severe cases of COPD

accessory muscles may required for respiration. 8

The four stage classification COPD severity provides an educational tool and a

general indication of the approach to management.

Stage 1: Mild COPD Mild airflow limitation (FEV1/FVC _80%

predicted.), and sometimes, but not always chronic cough and sputum production.

Stage 2: Moderate COPD Worsening airflow limitation (FEV1/FVC


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This conceptual frame work also emphasizes that COPD is usually progressive if

exposure to the noxious agent is continued. The staging is based on airflow limitation as

measured by spirometry which is essential for diagnosis and provides a useful

description of severity of pathological changes in COPD.

The overall approach to managing stable COPD should be characterized by a step

wise increase in treatment, depending on the severity of the disease. The classification of

severity of stable COPD incorporates an individualized assessment of disease severity

and therapeutic response in to the management strategy.11

While disease prevention is the ultimate goal, once COPD has been diagnosed,

effective management should be aimed at the following goals:

-prevent disease progression

-relieve symptoms

-improve exercise tolerance

-improve health status

-prevent and treat complications

-prevent and treat exacerbations

-reduce mortality.

The benefits of pulmonary rehabilitation program include improved exercise

capacity, an enhanced sense of wellbeing and a reduced need for hospitalization.

Pulmonary rehabilitation has been demonstrated to improve the health related quality of

life, dyspnoea, and exercise tolerancecapacity.12


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The goal of pulmonary rehabilitation program are to reduce symptoms, improve

activity and daily function, and restore the highest level of independent function in

patient with respiratory disease.

Diaphragmatic breathing is an exercise to better use and to strengthen the

diaphragm, the major and most efficient muscle of breathing. Regular practice of

diaphragmatic breathing can help restore function of diaphragm and return to a more

efficient breathing pattern. Practicing a deeper diaphragmatic style of breathing can help

ease of work of breathing and expect more stale air. 14

Pursed lip breathing is performed as expiratory blowing against pursed lips, is a

pulmonary rehabilitation strategy instinctively or voluntarily employed in patients with

COPD to relieve or control dyspnoea.

Six minute walk test is simple, easy reproducible and requires no apparatus. It is

a self paced exercise that patients could perform this test alone. It can be carried out at

same time of the day at any time.

Management of stable COPD involves the avoidance of risk factors to prevent

disease progression and pharmacotherapy as needed to control symptoms. In addition to

patient education, health advise and pharmacotherapy, these patients require specific

counselling about smoking cessation, instruction in physical exercise, nutritional advise

and continued nursing support. Not all approaches are needed for every patient and

assessing the potential benefit of each approach at each stage of the illness is a crucial

aspect of effective disease management. An effective COPD management plan includes

four components .assess and monitors the disease, reduce risk factors, manage stable

COPD and manage exacerbations.


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The treatment programme includes preventive and general care management. It

includes pharmacological and non pharmacological treatment. Pharmacological

treatment includes medications like B-2 agonists, ancholinergics, methylxanthines, and

bronchodilators. Other pharmacological treatment includes vaccines, antibiotics,

mucolytic agents, antioxidant agents, immuno regulators, antitussives, vasodilators, and

narcotics. non pharmacological treatment includes rehabilitation, education, oxygen

therapy.


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1.2NEED FOR THE STUDY.Reduction of maximum expiratory rate, slow forced emptying of lung and

breathlessness are common problems seen in COPD. In severe cases of COPD, the use of

accessory muscles was increased. Diaphragmatic breathing exercise and PLB are

effective to relieve the symptoms.

In other studies functional performance of the COPD patients are not evaluated.

Hence the need of this study is to improve exercise tolerance along with the flow rates

and rate of perceived exertion.


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CHAPTER 2

REVIEW OF LITERATURE


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REVIEW OF LITERATURE

American thoracic society has defined COPD as`` a disease state characterized by

the presence of airflow limitation due to Chronic Bronchitis or Emphysema; the airflow

obstruction is generally progressive, may be accompanied by airway hyper reactivity,

and may be partially reversible. 13

Hyper inflation of lungs affects not only the bony components of the chest wall,

but also the muscles of the thorax .the resting position of the diaphragm changes to a

more flattened configuration .The angle of pull of diaphragm fibers becomes more

horizontal with a decreased zone of apposition and decreased strength and range of

contraction. In severe cases of hyperinflation the fibers of diaphragm will be aligned

horizontally. Contraction of this much flattened diaphragm will pull the lower ribcage

inward actually working against lung inflation.14

Dyspnoea is a subjective experience of breathing discomfort that consists of

qualitatively distinct sensations that vary in intensity. The experience derives from

interactions among multiple physiological, psychological, social and environmental

factors and may induce secondary physiological and behavioural responses. (American

thoracic society 1999)15

A scale such as the MRC breathlessness scale suggests five different grades of

dyspnoea based on the circumstances in which it arises.

Grade 1 - no dyspnoea except with strenuous exercise.

Grade 2 - dyspnoea when walking up an incline or hurrying on the level.

Grade 3 -walks slower than most on the level, or stops after 15 minutes of walking on

the level.


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Grade 4 -stops after a few minutes of walking on the level.

Grade 5 - dyspnoea with minimal activity such as getting dressed, too dyspnoea to leave

the house.16

COPD patients frequently develop nocturnal oxygen destruction because of

alveolar hypoventilation, worsening of ventilation-perfusion mismatch, and sometimes

obstructive sleep apneas. In contrast, little is known about their oxygen status during the

various activities of daily life.17

The diagnosis of COPD confirmed by spirometry, a test that measures breathing,

it measures the forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1) which is the greatest

volume of air that can be breathed out in the first second of a large breath. Spirometry

also measures the Forced vital capacity (FVC) which is the greatest volume of air that

can be breathed out in a whole large breath. Normally at least 70% of the FVC comes out

in the 1st

second, ie, FEV1/FVC ratio is >70%.In COPD this ratio is less than normal,

i.e., FEV1/FVC ratio is


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change in minute ventilation, which indicate a substantial slowing of respiratory

frequency.20

Diaphragmatic breathing changes the breathing pattern and it is most helpful in

reducing respiratory rate, minute ventilation and it also increases tidal volume in severe

chronic obstructive pulmonary disease patients.

The study of Levine et al. provides the first evidence that appropriate adaptive

response occur in the inspiratory intercostals muscles of patients with chronic

obstructive pulmonary disease. Levenson et al. states that abdominal muscle contraction

should be encouraged to lengthen the diaphragm and increase its force generating

capacity. In severe COPD patients with hypercapneoa and reduced inspiratory muscle

strength recovering from an episode of acute respiratory failure, deep diaphragmatic

breathing is able to improve blood gases whereas inspiratory muscle effort increases and

dyspnoea worsens. Diaphragmatic breathing (DB) has been claimed, but not

demonstrated, to correct abnormal chest motion, decrease the work of breathing (WOB)

and dyspnoea.

Ambrosino et al. reported improvement in maximal exercise tolerance in mild

COPD patients undergoing deep DB. Campbell and friend postulated that the increased

abdominal motion during DB may shift ventilation towards the base of the lungs. Brach

et al. found that DB did not alter regional ventilation for the group as a whole. Two

people , however, increased ventilation to the base of one lung by more than 20%.

Unfortunately; the authors were not able to explain this finding. The study by Sackner et

al. demonstrated that half of the subjects had minimal abdominal displacement during

DB. Another study by Sackner et al. Showed that DB was associated with distorted chest

wall motion. Diaphragmatic breathing caused increased paradoxical and asynchronous


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movements of the rib cage. The amount of asynchrony was not correlated with disease

severity. Gosselink et al. report increased VO2 and work of breathing in people with

severe COPD who performed DB with no spontaneous changes in respiratory frequency.

The work of breathing was calculated according to the method of Collett et al. which

relates changes in mechanical work to changes in VO2 during loaded breathing.

Gosselink et al. found that during resting breathing, DB increased VO2 (by an

average of 17 ml/min) but had no effect on Vt, breathing frequency, duty cycle (

inspiratory time divided by total respiratory cycle time). When compared with natural

breathing, DB during load breathing was associated with a lower mechanical efficiency,

increased paradoxical rib cage motions and no change in VO2 or dyspnoea.

Diaphragmatic breathing improves the ventilation, decreases work of breathing,

decreases dyspnoea and normalize breathing pattern in patients with chronic obstructive

pulmonary disease.

Breathing techniques are included in the rehabilitation program of patients with

chronic pulmonary disease (COPD). In patients with COPD, breathing techniques aim to

relieve symptoms and ameliorate adverse physiological effects by increasing strength

and endurance of the respiratory muscles, optimizing the pattern of thoraco-abdominal

motion; and reducing dynamic hyperinflation of the rib cage and improving the gas

exchange. Evidence exists to support the effectiveness of purse-lip breathing, forward

leaning position, active expiration and inspiratory muscle training but not for

diaphragmatic breathing.

Diaphragmatic breathing exercises attempts to enhance diaphragmatic exertion

throughout the respiratory cycle for the purpose of reducing accessory muscle use and

providing a more normalized breathing pattern. DB exercises allegedly enhance


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diaphragmatic descent during inspiration and diaphragmatic ascent during expiration.

Diaphragmatic breathing exercises are designed to improve the efficiency of ventilation,

decreases work of breathing, increase the excursion of diaphragm, improve gas exchange

and oxygenation. Diaphragmatic breathing exercises are also used to mobilize secretions

during postural drainage. Diaphragmatic and PLB reveals that the use of PLB appears

tobe an effective way to decrease dyspnoea and improve gas exchange in stable COPD.

Sackner et al reported the effects of DB on VT and respiratory frequency in

patients with COPD respiratory inductance plethysmography was used to measure chest

wall movements, and these changes were calibrated using spirometric measurements to

indicate actual volume change. Gosselink et al found that during resting breathing, DB

increased Vo2, but had no effect on VT, breathing frequency, duty cycle or VE.

Pursed lip breathing is often used in patients with severe airway disease. By

opposing the lips during expiration the airway pressure inside the chest is maintained,

preventing the floppy airways from collapsing. Thus overall air flow is increased.22

Falling described PLB as easiest breathing technique and often employed

instinctively. Patients inhale through the nose over several seconds with the mouth

closed and then exhale slowly over 4-6 seconds. Through pursed lips held in a whistling

or kissing position. This is done with or without the contraction of abdominal muscles. 23

PLB is thought to keep airways open by creating a backpressure in the airways. It

is thought to help a patient with COPD with repeated attacks of shortness of breath

.studies suggest that PLB decreases the respiratory rate ,increases the tidal volume and

improves the exercise tolerance.24


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PLB leads to reduced diaphragmatic and increased ribcage and accessory muscle

recruitment. It provides a perception of control over breathing. PLB is performed as

expiratory blowing against pursed lips ,is a pulmonary rehabilitation strategy

instinctively or voluntarily employed in patient with COPD to relieve or control

dyspnoea. 25

Thoman and colleagues reported on comparison of spontaneous breathing.PLB

and slow breathing was done in an attempt to clarify whether the effect of PLB were due

to slowing of respiratory rate. The investigators reported that PLB slow breathing

frequency and that both slow, deep breathing and PLB result in a similar increase in tidal

volume. 26

The 6MWT has first been introduced as a functional exercise test by Lipkin in

1986. Its results are highly correlated with those of the 12 minutes walk test from which

it was derived and with those of cycle ergo meter or treadmill based exercise tests . The

6MWT is also a valuable instrument to assess progression of functional exercise capacity

in different clinical intervention studies. The reliability of the test in healthy elderly

persons is high and it is considered as a valid and reliable test to assess the exercise

capacity of elderly patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Several authors

studied the determining factors of the 6MWT-distance in healthy adults and propose

either reference equations or normative data for the 6MWT-outcome. Troosters et al.

found that age, gender, height and weight explained 66% of the 6MWT-distance

variability in 51 healthy adults aged 5085 years.

6MWT is used for the objective evaluation of the functional exercise capacity.

The strongest indication for the 6 MWT is for measuring the response to therapeutic

interventions for pulmonary disease. The self paced 6 MWT asses the sub maximal level


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of functional capacity. The 6 MWT is easy to administer, better tolerated and more

reflective of ADL than the other walk test.27

6MWT is a simple test to evaluate the functional capacity by measuring the

distance walked during a defined period of time. In an attempt to accommodate patients

with respiratory disease for whom walking 12 minute was too exhausting. It elevates

global and integrated response of organ involved during exertion like cardiovascular

system, pulmonary system etc.28

The six-minute walk test is an objective method, to measure the ability to

perform daily living activities. It is more often performed, to evaluate the functional

status, monitor therapy, or assess the prognosis in patients with cardiac and pulmonary

diseases. In comparison to traditional pulmonary exercise test, 6MWT needs less

technical support or equipment, making it a simple and inexpensive method to measure

functional capacity. The validity and the reliability of 6MWT was studied in different

conditions, including obstructive lung diseases, interstitial lung diseases, pulmonary

hypertension, heart failure and peripheral arterial diseases.

The improvement in health related quality of life after pulmonary rehabilitation

clearly exceeds the minimal clinically important difference. When disease specific

instruments were used, the lower limit of the 95% confidence interval exceeded the

minimal clinically important difference.29


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CHAPTER 3

METHODOLOGY


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3.1 AIMOF THE STUDY

To evaluate the effectiveness of diaphragmatic breathing exercise and pursed lip

breathing exercise in stable COPD patients.

3.2 OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY

To evaluate the effectiveness of diaphragmatic breathing exercise in stableCOPD patients.

To evaluate the effectiveness of Pursed lip breathing exercise in stable COPDpatients.

3.3 RESEARCH DESIGN

Pre-test and post-test experimental design.

3.4 HYPOTHESES

Null hypothesis

There is no significant difference between diaphragmatic breathing exercise and pursed

lip breathing exercise in stable COPD patients.

Alternate hypothesis

There is significant difference between diaphragmatic breathing exercise and pursed lip

breathing exercise in stable COPD patients.

3.5 POPULATION

Patients who are diagnosed as stable COPD, referred by pulmonologist were taken as

population of the study.


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3.6 STUDY SETTINGS

1. Department of physiotherapy, Chest Hospital, Kozhikode.

3.7 SAMPLES AND SAMPLING METHOD

30 Patients who are diagnosed as stable COPD, referred by Pulmonologist were

selected as samples for the study from the population using convenience sampling

method.

3.8 SELECTION CRITERIA

Inclusion criteria

1. Patients diagnosed as Stable COPD.

2. Haemodynamically stable COPD patients

3. Both male and female patients

4. Patients with 50 to 70 yr old

5. Moderate COPD patients.

6. FEV1 with 50-80%

Exclusion Criteria

1. Patients with cardiac, metabolic, or endocrine disorders

2. Acute exacerbation of COPD

3. Thoracic or abdominal surgery within last 2 months

4. Patients with unstable vital sign


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5. Patient with pleural disorder

6. Mentally retarded patients and un co operative patients

7. Patients with unstable cardiac disease

8. Subjects who are not able to do spirometry

9. Patients like infectious diseases like tuberculosis and pneumonia

10. Any orthopaedic deformities of the chest

3.9 VARIABLES OF THE STUDY

Independent variables

Diaphragmatic breathing exercise Pursed lip breathing exercise

Dependent variables

FEV1,FVC Six minute walk test

3.10 RESEARCH TOOLS

1. Sphygmomanometer.

2. Spirometer.

3. Respiratory assessment form.

4. Borgs scale for rate of perceived exertion.

5. Stethoscope.


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6. Inch tape.

7. Stop watch.

3.11 DURATION OF THE STUDY

Total duration of study was six weeks.

3.12 DATA COLLECTION PROCEDURE

30 Subjects were selected on the basics of inclusion and exclusion criteria. All the

subjects were divided equally into two groups, Group A and Group B. Each group

consisted of 15 subjects, the study procedures were explained to the subjects and

informed consent was obtained prior to study. Before starting the training, pre-test scores

were measured by using Pulmonary function test and six minute walk test.

Group A- Subjects in Group A (n=15) received Diaphragmatic breathing exercises as

per the appendix

Group B- Subjects in Group B (n=15) received Pursed lip breathing exercise as per the

appendix

At the end of sixth week post test scores of both groups were taken by using

Pulmonary function test and six minute walk test.


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CHAPER 4

DATA ANALYSIS


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DATA ANALYSIS

Data was analysed using a paired T test to find out within group difference

of dependent variable and a univariate analysis of variance to find out

between group differences. There was one within group factor which was

time and a between subject factor which was group. All data was analysed

using SPSS version 12.O with significance level kept at 0.05.


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CHAPTER 5

RESULTS


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RESULTS

Six minute walk test.

A T test was done to analyse the within group difference of six minute walk test.

There was a significant improvement for six minute walk test in group A from pre to

post. T value (14, 0.05) = -10.088, P


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CHAPTER 6

DISCUSSION


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6.1 DISCUSSION

The study is an experimental comparative study to find out the effectiveness of

DB & PLB exercise in patients with stable COPD. The patients are divided in to group A

and group B comprising of 15 patients each. Both groups were trained twice daily for 15

minutes for 5 days per week for 6 weeks. The Outcome measurement of the study was

6MWT, spirometry of measurement of FEV1 and FVC. Group A received PBE and

group B received PLB exercises.

Group which received DBE showed significant improvement in 6 MWT than the

PLB exercises group and PLB group showed significant improvement in FEV1 and FVC

compared with DBE group. But there was no significant improvement in FEV1 and FVC

in DBE group from pre to post. In both groups there was significant improvement in

6MWT from pre to post.

Pursed lip breathing results in a positive expiatory pressure and is thought to have

similarities with continuous positive airway pressure and positive end expiratory

pressure. By creating an obstruction at the lip, this active expiration may be intensified

and the resulting greater increase in positive expiratory pressure may increase bronchial

pressure and thus tansmural pressure, leading to a diminution of airway collapse: In

various studies there was a linear relationship between the effectiveness of PEP

breathing in decreasing the nonelectric resistance across the lung and airway and the

collapsibility of airways

Bianchi R et al assessed the volumes of chest wall compartments using an

optoelectronic plethysmograph and concluded that by decreasing respiratory frequency

and lengthening expiratory time, pursed lip breathing decreases end expiratory volume of

chest wall, which is mostly at the abdominal level et al. decrease in end expiratory


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volume of abdomen and modulates the breathlessness. Changes in end expiratory volume

of chest wall are related to baseline airway obstruction (FEV1) but not due to

hyperinflation. So, improvement in dyspnoea observed after breathing exercises can be

attributed to the decrease in respiratory rate, increase in tidal volume, decreased

physiological dead space to tidal volume ratio, improved blood gases and decrease the

work of breathing by decreasing or preventing airway collapse and promoting more

homogenous ventilation as observed in various clinical trials of breathing exercises.

Esteve et al found that breathing pattern training, enhanced with visual feedback

increased the FEV1, and FVC in patients with COPD following pulmonary rehabilitation

having breathing exercises as a component and this area needs further evaluation by

more clinical trials.

Thoman R, proposed that those segments of lungs with greatest fall or greater

increase in flow resistance will receive disproportionately less of the tidal volume.

Therefore, the abnormal and uneven distribution of gases in emphysema will be

accentuated with increased respiratory rate. So the slowing of respiration alone would be

expected to enhance the ventilation of those subdivisions of the lung which normally are

under ventilated. They found that tidal volume increases while respiratory rate decreases

and CO2 elimination improves without significant change in forced residual capacity and

volume of slow space by pulsed lip breathing. They found that indeed there was an

increase in ventilatory rates of those most slowly ventilated lung components, when

respiratory rate slowed down with pursed lip breathing. Mueller et al also observed that

pursed lip breathing was accompanied by both increased tidal volume and decreased

respiratory rate, more so in subjects who claimed benefit from pursed lip breathing in

comparison to the subjects who did not feel improvement with pursed lip breathing. An

improvement in PO2 was observed in both groups during rest, but not during exercise


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and he concluded that benefits of pursed lip breathing were due to decreased airway

collapse, decreased respiratory rate, and increased tidal volume but found no relationship

between symptomatic benefit from pursed lip breathing and improvement in ABG.

Mueller as well as other investigators found that although pursed lip breathing

was more effective in the sense that less air exchange was required to absorb a given

amount of oxygen, there was no increase in oxygen uptake This suggests that PLB does

not significantly alter the work of breathing. It is known that hyperactivity of the

inspiratory muscles is a cause for the sensation of dyspnoea. Their assumption that

decrease in dyspnoea sensation which is often thought to be related to pursed lip

breathing might be caused by reduced activity of respiratory muscle is still a matter of

debate. Through encouraging the use of diaphragm, the principal and efficient muscle of

inspiration, the oxygen cost of breathing can be decreased. Decreasing the use of

accessory muscles also decreases the work of breathing. The bio feed can be used to

discourage accessory muscle firing during the ventilatory cycles. Because use of the

diaphragm as in diaphragmatic breathing was found to increase rather than decrease the

level of dyspnea at present routine use of diaphragmatic breathing in pulmonary

rehabilitation is not recommended.

Killian and co workers showed that exercise capacity in COPD patient is mainly

limited by subjective symptoms such as muscle fatigue and dyspnoea without the patient

reaching their physiological limitations. Now as this is well known that a vicious cycle

of exertional dyspnoea, exercise and activity limitation, psychosocial illness are the

major causes of poor health related quality of life in COPD patients, there are increasing

evidence that physical reconditioning which is most essential component of pulmonary

rehabilitation can improve the exercise capacity and health related quality of lives.


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Casciari RJ et al found in their study that breathing retraining increases exercise

performance in subjects with severe chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.

Schans et al observed that positive expiratory pressure breathing of 5 cm H2O

which is in range of mouth pressure reached during expiration with pursed lip in patients

with COPD increases the efficiency of ventilation at rest and during exercise, since same

work load is achieved with less ventilation. So the improvement in exercise tolerance

seems to be due to the decrease in the sensation of dyspnoea. Thats why these patients

do not feel panic at the time of respiratory distress. Their self-confidence could be

improved, which progressively increases activities of daily living that mimics exercise of

physical reconditioning that can ultimately restore the patient to the highest level of

functional capacity and improved health related quality of life. However, the effect on

quality of life has not been evaluated by other workers.

Evidence suggests that diaphragmatic breathing does not change regional

ventilation in people with COPD. This technique increase total ventilation but if so ,this

suggest this may due to the slower ,deeper breathing patterns that may occur during DB

rather than an exaggeration of abdominal motion. Some authors noted an increase in the

work of breathing; this may be due to increased paradoxical rib motion during DB. The

relaxed expiration effects of less air tapping, results in reduction of hyperinflation, which

turns into reduced respiratory rate, dyspnoea and improved tidal volume and oxygen

saturation in resting condition. A study by Gosse link proved deep breathing exercise

which includes diaphragmatic breathing immediate decrease respiratory rate, dyspnea

and anxiety. Jones et al confirmed that DB results lower oxygen cost and respiratory rate.

The pursed-lip breathing shifts a major portion of the inspiratory work of breathing from

the diaphragm to the ribcage muscles, resting the diaphragm and reducing dyspnoea.


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Techniques such as PLB help to reduce respirations while improving the expiratory

phase. Slow controlled expiration postpones small airway collapse, thereby reducing air

trapping that occurs with forced expiration.

Some patients may benefit from Diaphragmatic breathing technique. The patient

is taught to employ only the diaphragm during inspiration and to maximize abdominal

protrusion. During expiration, the patient may contract the abdominal wall muscles to

displace the diaphragm more cephalic. Not all patients with COPD benefit from this

technique; therefore, close clinical monitoring to ascertain efficacy is required.

The study of Levine et al. provides the first evidence that appropriate adaptive

response occur in the inspiratory intercostals muscles of patients with chronic

obstructive pulmonary disease. Levenson et al. states that abdominal muscle contraction

should be encouraged to lengthen the diaphragm and increase its force generating

capacity.

Ambrosino et al. reported improvement in maximal exercise tolerance in mild

COPD patients undergoing deep DB. Campbell and friend postulated that the increased

abdominal motion during DB may shift ventilation towards the base of the lungs. Brach

et al. found that DB did not alter regional ventilation for the group as a whole.

Unfortunately; the authors were not able to explain this finding. The study by Sackner et

al. demonstrated that half of the subjects had minimal abdominal displacement during

DB. Another study by Sackner et al. Showed that DB was associated with distorted chest

wall motion. Diaphragmatic breathing caused increased paradoxical and asynchronous

movements of the rib cage. The amount of asynchrony was not correlated with disease

severity. Gosselink et al. report increased VO2 and work of breathing in people with

severe COPD who performed DB with no spontaneous changes in respiratory frequency.


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The work of breathing was calculated according to the method of Collette et al. which

relates changes in mechanical work to changes in VO2 during loaded breathing.

Dechman G reported that Diaphragmatic breathing improves the ventilation,

decreases work of breathing, decreases dyspnoea and normalize breathing pattern in

patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.

Breathing techniques are included in the rehabilitation program of patients with

chronic pulmonary disease (COPD). In patients with COPD, breathing techniques aim to

relieve symptoms and ameliorate adverse physiological effects by increasing strength

and endurance of the respiratory muscles, optimizing the pattern of thoraco abdominal

motion; and reducing dynamic hyperinflation of the rib cage and improving the gas

exchange. Evidence exists to support the effectiveness of purse-lip breathing, forward

leaning position, active expiration and inspiratory muscle training but not for

diaphragmatic breathing.

Diaphragmatic breathing exercises attempts to enhance diaphragmatic exertion

throughout the respiratory cycle for the purpose of reducing accessory muscle use and

providing a more normalized breathing pattern. DB exercises allegedly enhance

diaphragmatic descent during inspiration and diaphragmatic ascent during expiration.

Diaphragmatic breathing exercises are designed to improve the efficiency of

ventilation, decreases work of breathing, increase the excursion of diaphragm, improve

gas exchange and oxygenation.

The PLB group patients showed markedly reduced RR stable COPD after

performing the breathing exercises. The reduced rate was associated with commensurate

the reduction of COPD .Motley reported that the effect of PLB on ventilatory parameters


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and arterial blood gases in people with COPD. They uniformly reported that the

technique decreases respiratory rate, minute ventilation and increases tidal volume

pursed-lip breathing also has been documented to increases partial pressure of oxygen in

arterial blood, and the percentage of haemoglobin sites that are bound to oxygen in

arterial blood, changes in oxygen consumption are less consistent. Pursed-lip breathing

has been reported to decrease dyspnoea, and therefore, may improve exercise tolerance,

and reduce limitations in activities of daily living.

Breslin reported that, during PLB, decreased diaphragm activity during

inspiration was accompanied by increased use of rib cage muscles. Both abdominal and

rib cage accessory muscle activity increased during expiration. Respiratory rate

decreased as did the duty cycle. In addition, Breslins estimate of the resting diaphragm

tension-time index indicates that, as a group, the subjects were above the diaphragm

fatigue threshold described by Bellemare and Grassino. A breathing pattern above this

threshold purportedly leads to imminent respiratory failure. These data are surprising

because all of the subjects lived in the community and were medically stable.

There is a clinical improvement of the six minute walk test after breath exercises

from pre to post test. The ability to walk for a distance is an easy way to measure

exercise capacity in patients with pulmonary diseases. A variety of walk tests, including

self-paced walk tests, controlled-pacing incremental walk tests and time- paced tests, are

considered to be objective measurements of functional capacity. Six minute walk test is

found to be an effective way of assessing exercise tolerance. Its validity, reliability and

reproducibility, were studied in several populations.

The 6MWD had no significant correlation with the level of borg-scale or oxygen

saturation at baseline, or at the end of the test. There were no significant differences in

FEV1, FVC between female and male patients. Spirometric values correlate modestly


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with 6MWD. FVC had a stronger positive correlation with distance walk than FEV1.

The 6MWD had no significant correlation with volumetric lung measurements. There

was a significant correlation between 6MWD in patients with respiratory diseases.

ODonnell and colleagues proposed that people with COPD have a very fine

control of expiratory flow whereby intrathocic pressure is continuously adjusted to a

level that is just enough to attain maximal flow. Furthermore, they proposed that this

active control develops with the disease process, suggesting that imposing retraining

techniques is not uniformly helpful in this population.


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6.2 LIMITATIONS AND SUGGESTIONS

Limitations:

1. The study was performed for a short duration.

2. The study was done on a Small sample size, which decreases the power to detect

treatment effects.

3. The study did not include long term follow up.

4. As the measurements were taken manually, there may be a chance of error

Suggestions

1. To establish the efficacy of the treatment, a large sample sized study is required.2. For more valid result, a long term study must be carried out.3. Follow up programmes can be included to assess the long term effects of

treatment.

4. Further study can be done to check the effects of these techniques on otherconditions.

5. Effects of these techniques on other stages of COPD can be studied.6. Further study should include more measurement tools.


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CHAPTER 7

CONCLUSION


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CONCLUSION

Results indicates that PLB are effective for alleviating the symptoms like

dyspnoea and airflow limitations and both exercises are effective in improving the

exercise tolerance in the management of COPD. This was shown by improvement in

FEV1, FVC and six minute walk test.

PLB help to reduce respirations while improving the expiratory phase .slow

controlled expiration postpones small airway collapse, thereby reducing air trapping that

occurs with forced expiration. Diaphragmatic breathing improves the ventilation,

decreases work of breathing, decreases dyspnoea and normalize breathing pattern in

patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. The effectiveness of DB and PLB is

increasingly being called in to question. In addition, the negative effects of these

procedures have been reported. Interventions that focus on optimizing respiratory

mechanics may result in a better therapeutic outcome rather than a focus on breathing

patterns that primarily may be the result of impaired respiratory mechanics.


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CHAPTER 8

REFERENCES


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APPENDICES

Introduction to Refference

Documents

Transcript of Introduction to Refference