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INTRODUCTION TO INTRODUCTION TO PUBLIC SPEECHPUBLIC SPEECH
GETTING STARTED
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A journey of a thousand miles begins with A journey of a thousand miles begins with a single step.a single step.
- Chinese Proverb- Chinese Proverb
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Why Study Public Why Study Public Speaking?Speaking?
EmpowermentEmpowerment EmploymentEmployment
“ “ I will pay more for a person’s ability to I will pay more for a person’s ability to speak and express himself than for any speak and express himself than for any
other quality he might possess.” other quality he might possess.”
Charles M. SchwabCharles M. Schwab
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Speaking & ConversationSpeaking & Conversation
Public Speaking is plannedPublic Speaking is planned Public Speaking is formalPublic Speaking is formal The roles of public speakers & the The roles of public speakers & the
audiences are clearly definedaudiences are clearly defined
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The Communication The Communication ProcessProcess
CHANNEL
NOISE
SOURCE/SPEAKER
MESSAGE
RECEIVERFEEDBACK
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The Speaker- the originator of the The Speaker- the originator of the communication messagecommunication message
Message- ideas and feelings presented to Message- ideas and feelings presented to an audience through words, sound, and an audience through words, sound, and action symbols that are selected and action symbols that are selected and organized by the speaker and interpreted organized by the speaker and interpreted by members of the audience.by members of the audience.
The Speech- contains the messageThe Speech- contains the message
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Encoding- the process of transforming Encoding- the process of transforming ideas and feelings into words, sounds, and ideas and feelings into words, sounds, and actionsactions
Decoding- the process of transforming Decoding- the process of transforming messages back into ideas and feelingsmessages back into ideas and feelings
The Channel- both the route traveled by The Channel- both the route traveled by the message and the means of the message and the means of transportation (Visual & Auditory)transportation (Visual & Auditory)
The Audience- your entire reason for The Audience- your entire reason for speakingspeaking
The Context- the interrelated conditions of The Context- the interrelated conditions of communicationcommunication
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Physical Setting- the location, time of day, Physical Setting- the location, time of day, light, temperature, distance between light, temperature, distance between communicators, and seating arrangement.communicators, and seating arrangement.
Historical setting-previous communication Historical setting-previous communication episodesepisodes
Psychological Setting- the manner in Psychological Setting- the manner in which people perceive both themselves which people perceive both themselves and those with whom they communicateand those with whom they communicate
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Noise- any stimulus that gets in the way of Noise- any stimulus that gets in the way of sharing meaningssharing meanings
External Noise- sights, sounds, and other External Noise- sights, sounds, and other stimuli that interfere with intended stimuli that interfere with intended meaningmeaning
Internal Noise- thoughts and feelings that Internal Noise- thoughts and feelings that interfere with meaninginterfere with meaning
Semantic noise- alternate meanings Semantic noise- alternate meanings aroused by speakeraroused by speaker
Feedback- verbal/non-verbal responses to Feedback- verbal/non-verbal responses to messagemessage
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VocabularyVocabulary
Elocution- the expression of emotion Elocution- the expression of emotion through posture, movement, gestures, through posture, movement, gestures, facial expression, and voice.facial expression, and voice.
Declamation- The delivery of already Declamation- The delivery of already famous address.famous address.
Rhetoric- the use of words and symbols Rhetoric- the use of words and symbols to achieve a goalto achieve a goal
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Speaking Speaking EthicallyEthically
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ETHICSETHICS
Beliefs, values, and moral principles by Beliefs, values, and moral principles by which people determine what is right or which people determine what is right or wrongwrong
Free speech?Free speech?
(Must be balanced by responsibility to speak (Must be balanced by responsibility to speak ethically)ethically)
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SPEAKING ETHICALLYSPEAKING ETHICALLY
HAVE A CLEAR, RESPONSIBLE GOALHAVE A CLEAR, RESPONSIBLE GOAL USE SOUND EVIDENCE & REASONINGUSE SOUND EVIDENCE & REASONING BE SENSITIVE & TOLERANT OF BE SENSITIVE & TOLERANT OF
DIFFERENCESDIFFERENCES BE HONESTBE HONEST AVOID PLAGIARISM & AVOID PLAGIARISM &
PLAGIAPHRASINGPLAGIAPHRASING
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DO YOUR OWN WORKDO YOUR OWN WORK ACKNOWLEDGE YOUR SOURCESACKNOWLEDGE YOUR SOURCES
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VOCABULARYVOCABULARY
Ethnocentrism: self culture is superior to Ethnocentrism: self culture is superior to othersothers
Cultural Intelligence: Skilled & flexibleCultural Intelligence: Skilled & flexible
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ListeningListening
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Seven laws to better Seven laws to better listeninglistening
Spend more time listeningSpend more time listening Find interest in the other personFind interest in the other person Stay out of the wayStay out of the way Listen to what people mean between the Listen to what people mean between the
lineslines Make notesMake notes Assume the proper stanceAssume the proper stance Be aware of your filtersBe aware of your filters
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We spend more time listening than We spend more time listening than reading, writing, and speaking.reading, writing, and speaking.
Hearing is a physiological process Hearing is a physiological process that occurs when you’re in the vicinity of that occurs when you’re in the vicinity of vibration. It is basically a passive process vibration. It is basically a passive process occurs without any attention or effort on occurs without any attention or effort on your part.your part.
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Listening involves 5 steps:Listening involves 5 steps:
Receiving – hearing and attendingReceiving – hearing and attending Understanding – learning and deciphering Understanding – learning and deciphering
meaningmeaning Remembering- recalling and retainingRemembering- recalling and retaining Evaluating- judging and criticizingEvaluating- judging and criticizing Responding- answering and giving Responding- answering and giving
feedbackfeedback
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I. I. The Listening ProcessThe Listening Process
Receiving(stimuli)
Under-standing
(assign meaning)
Remembering(reconstructive)
Evaluating(pos. or neg.)
Responding(back-channeling cues or feedback)
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II.II. Listening, Culture,Listening, Culture, GenderGender
A.A. Culture Effects:Culture Effects:
1.1. SpeechSpeech
2.2. Nonverbal BehaviorsNonverbal Behaviors
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3.3.Direct and Indirect StylesDirect and Indirect Styles
4.4.CredibilityCredibility
5.5.FeedbackFeedback
B.B. Gender & ListeningGender & Listening
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III.III. Styles ofStyles of Effective Effective ListeningListening
A.A. Participatory and Participatory and PassivePassive
Passive listening – listening that is Passive listening – listening that is attentive and supportive but occurs attentive and supportive but occurs without talking and without directing without talking and without directing the speaker in any nonverbal way. the speaker in any nonverbal way. Also used negatively to refer to Also used negatively to refer to inattentive an uninvolved listening.inattentive an uninvolved listening.
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B.B. Empathic and Empathic and ObjectiveObjective
Empathic listening – listening that Empathic listening – listening that warrants that you feel and see what warrants that you feel and see what speaker feels and sees. speaker feels and sees.
Objective Listening- the ability to gather Objective Listening- the ability to gather information beyond what you see and information beyond what you see and hear.hear.
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Non-judgmental listening-and listening Non-judgmental listening-and listening with an open mind. with an open mind.
Critical listening- listening to evaluate Critical listening- listening to evaluate the quality, value, appropriateness and the quality, value, appropriateness and importance of what you hear.importance of what you hear.
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STYLES,CONT’DSTYLES,CONT’D
PEOPLE ORIENTEDPEOPLE ORIENTED THEY EXPRESS FEELINGS & EMOTIONSTHEY EXPRESS FEELINGS & EMOTIONS ARE HIGHLY EMPATHETICARE HIGHLY EMPATHETIC SEEK COMMON GROUNDSEEK COMMON GROUND
ACTION ORIENTEDACTION ORIENTED INFORMATION WELL ORGANIZEDINFORMATION WELL ORGANIZED EVIDENCEEVIDENCE
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CONTENT ORIENTEDCONTENT ORIENTED PREFER COMPLEX INFORMATIONPREFER COMPLEX INFORMATION DETAILSDETAILS MAKE GOOD LAWYERS/JUDGESMAKE GOOD LAWYERS/JUDGES
TIME ORIENTEDTIME ORIENTED SUCCINCT MESSAGESSUCCINCT MESSAGES BRIEFBRIEF
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IV.IV.Active Listening Active Listening = is = is a a skill that produces skill that produces
therapeutic effectstherapeutic effects
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+
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A.A. Purposes of Active Purposes of Active ListeningListening1.1.Increases AccuracyIncreases Accuracy
2.2.Validation of Others FeelingsValidation of Others Feelings
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3. Prompts the Speaker to Explore Their Own Thoughts & Feelings
B.B. TechniquesTechniques
1. Paraphrase Speaker’s Meaning
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2. Express Understanding of Speaker’s Feelings
3. Ask Questions