Introduction to Nanotechnology

Alberto Quiñonez, Ph.D.

ProfessorElectronics and Advanced Technologies

Austin Community College

1

Objective

The purpose of this module is to introduce the emerging nanotechnology field to novices of nanotechnology.

2

Topics

• Nanotechnology Terms and Definitions• History of Nanotechnology• Current and Future Trends, Research and Applications

3

Where does your imagination take you?Figure 1.1:

Preface

Is nanotechnology the gateway to the future for human beings on Earth?

4

Figure 1.3: Arnold Schwarzenegger’s character mentions nanotechnology in “The Terminator 3” movie.

“…its arsenal includes nanotechnological transjectors…It can control other machines.”

Figure 1.2: A nanocar made from a single molecule.

Emergence

5

Nanotechnology Language

•Nanobio•Nanodots•Nanowires•Nanoelectronics•Nanobots•Nanomaterials•Nanochondria

Yow!Yow!

Figure 1.4: Searching for nanotechnology.

6

Definition

“Nanotechnology is the understanding and control of matter at dimensions of roughly 1 to 100 nanometers, where unique phenomena enable novel applications.”

“Encompassing nanoscale science, engineering and technology, nanotechnology involves imaging, measuring, modeling, and manipulating matter at this length scale.”

National Nanotechnology Initiative, 2007

7

Figure 1.5: National Nanotechnology Initiative.

Scale of Things—Nanometers

8

Internships

Figure 1.6: Sematech nanoscholar interns of Texas.

9

Brief History

Figure 1.7: Stained glass windows. Figure 1.8: Picture of gold nano particles.

10

The concepts of nanotechnology are not new to nature or to mankind. An early example of a manmade nanoprocess is stained glass.

Brief History, Continued

Figure 1.9: Tokyo Science University.

Birth of Nanotechnology• Professor Taniguchi of Tokyo Science University used the word “nanotechnology” to describe the science and technology of processing or building parts with nanometric tolerances.•A nanometer is a unit of length in the metric system, equal to one billionth of a meter.

Figure 1.10: Equivalent Units

11

Brief History, Continued

Dr. Richard P. Feynman• “Why cannot we write the entire 24 volumes of the Encyclopedia Britannica on the head of a pin?” Dr. Richard Feynman, one of America’s most notable physicists, 1918-1988.

Figure 1.11: Richard Feynman.

12

Brief History Continued,

Dr. Feynman, Continued• “The problems of chemistry and biology can be greatly helped if our ability to see what we are doing, and to do things on an atomic level, is ultimately developed – a development which I think cannot be avoided.”

Figure 1.12: Collection of reminiscences by

Nobel Prize-winning physicist.

Surely You’re Surely You’re Joking Joking

Mr. Feynman!Mr. Feynman!Adventures of a Curious

Character

By Richard Feynman

13

Brief History, Continued

Atomic Scale • A computer image of the nano ice double helix.

• In the nano ice image, oxygen atoms are blue in the inner helix, purple in the outer helix. Hydrogen atoms are white.

Figure 1.13: A nanotechnology self-assembly process.

14

More History

Figure 1.15: DNA damage.

Figure 1.14: Drexler’s book.

Engines of CreationEngines of Creation

The Coming Era The Coming Era of Nanotechnologyof Nanotechnology

By K. Eric DrexlerBy K. Eric Drexler

Eric Drexler• Coined the term “Grey Goo”…the potential problem of self-replicating and autonomous artificial intelligence machines.

15

More History, Continued

Eric Drexler, Continued

Cell Repair Machines• “By working along molecule by molecule and structure by structure, repair machines will be able to repair whole cells. By working along cell by cell and tissue by tissue, they…will be able to repair whole organs…they will restore health.” - Drexler, 1986

Figure 1.16: Stylized example of targeted cell repair.

16

X

More History, Continued

Figure 1.17: Scanning probe microscope

systems from nanoscience instruments. Figure 1.18: Scanning tunneling microscope image.

17

Metrology • Measurement of equipment is the cornerstone of nanotechnology.

More History, Continued

Figure 1.19: Carbon-60 buckyball is shaped like a soccer ball.

Buckyballs • Three gentlemen—Harold Kroto from the University of Sussex, Robert Curl and Richard Smalley from Rice University—were awarded the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1996 for their discovery of a new composition of carbon, Carbon 60.

Figure 1.20: Example of Nobel prize

diploma. 18

More History, Continued

Figure 1.22: Dome over biosphere in Montreal.Figure 1.21: A “Buckyball.”

19

Fullerenes• Carbon 60 was named after Richard Buckminster Fuller, who went by the nickname “Bucky.”

More History, Continued

Figure 1.23: Moore’s Law. Figure 1.24: Photolithography.

20

Top-Down Approach• Two approaches used in producing nanotechnology systems. Top-down method is used by computer chip manufacturers.

More History, Continued

Figure 1.25: An example of a molecular self assembly through hydrogen bonds.

21

Bottom-Up Approach•Bottom-up approach to manufacturing is analogous to the way biological systems are made.

Welcome to Welcome to NanoWorld!NanoWorld!

Figure 1.26: Robot image.

Summary

22

Nanotechnology is ubiquitous and pervasive. It is an emerging field in all areas of science, engineering and technology.

References

23

• American Ceramic Society (2006, March). Overview of Safety, Risks. American Ceramic Society Bulletin. Vol. 85 Issue 3, p6, 1/6 p.

• Booker, Richard & Boysen, Earl (2005). Nanotechnology for Dummies. NJ: Wiley Publishing Inc.

• Diott, D.D. (2006, April). Thinking big (and small) about energetic materials. Material Science and Technology. Vol. 22 Issue 4. p. 463, 11p.

• Drexler, K. Eric (1986). Engines of Creation: The Coming Era of Nanotechnology. New York: Anchor Books.

• Henderson, Donald (2006). Bioterrorism: Interview with Donald Henderson. Asia Pacific Biotech News. Vol. 10, Issue 1, p.18, 9p.

• Intel (2007). Moore’s Law. Retrieved 7/02/2007 from http://www.intel.com/technology/mooreslaw/index.htm

References, Continued

24

• Lane, Neal & Kalil, Thomas (2005). The National Nanotechnology Initiative: Present at the creation. Issues in Science & Technology; Summer 2005. Vol 21, p49, 6p.

• Lieberman, Marya (2007). Self-assembled monolayers and multilayers of phthalocyanines. University of Notre Dame: Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry. Retrieved 7/02/2007 from http://www.nd.edu/~mlieberm/

• Mandal, Deendayal; Bolander, Mark E.; Mukhopadhyay, Debrabrata; Sarkar, Gobinda;

• Mukherjee, Priyabrata (2006, January). The use of Microorganisms for the formation of metal nanoparticles and their application. Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology. Vol. 69 Issue 5, p. 485, 8p.

• Mostow, Jonathan (Director). (2003). Terminator 3: Rise Of The Machines [Motion Picture]. United States: Warner Bros. Pictures.

References, Continued

25

• Murday, James F. (2005). Nanotechnology: Hype and Hope in Aerospace Applications. Advanced Materials and Processes. Vol. 163, Issue 12, P. 21, 2p.

• Nanotechnology at UT Austin (2007). Graduate Portfolio Program. Retrieved 6/27/2007 from http://www.cnm.utexas.edu/graduateportfolio.html

• Nanotechnology Now (2006, March). Nanotechnology documentary to be filmed at nanoTX'06. Retrieved 7/02/2007 from http://www.nanotech-now.com/news.cgi?story_id=14281

• National Nanotechnology Initiative - NNI (2007). What is Nanotechnology? Retrieved 6/25/2007 from http://www.nano.gov/html/facts/whatIsNano.html

• Rappaport, Tatiana Gabriela (2006). Semiconductors: Nanostructures and applications in spintronics and quantum computation. Vol. 809 issue 1, p.326, 17p.

References, Continued

26

• Ratner, Mark & Ratner, Daniel (2003). Nanotechnology: A Gentle Introduction to the Next Big Idea. New Jersey: Prentice Hall PTR.

• Rouekes, M. L., Fritz, S., Stix, G., Whiteside, G.M., Love, J.C., Alivisatos, A.P. et al. (2002). Understanding Nanotechnology: Scientific American. New York: Warner Books.

• Terra, Richard P. (2000, March). National Nanotechnology Initiative in FY2001 Budget: Clinton Administration Requests $497 million for NT-Related R&D Funding. Foresight Nanotech Institute. Retrieved 4/02/2007 from http://www.foresight.org/Updates/Update40/Update40.1.html

• UNL News Releases (2006, December). Self-assembling nano-ice discovered at UNL; structure resembles DNA. Retrieved 6/28/2007 from http://ucommxsrv1.unl.edu/unlnews/public/fmpro?-db=unlnews.fp5&-format=newsrelease.shtml&-lay=unlnews&-recid=33994&-find=

References, Continued

27

• Wikipedia (2007). Moore’s Law. Retrieved 7/02/2007 from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moore%27s_law

• Wikipedia (2007). Nature. Retrieved 7/05/2007 from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Nature

• Wong, H.S. Philip (2006, March). Nanoelectronics – Opportunities and Challenges. International Journal of High Speed Electronics and Systems. Vol. 16, Issue 1, p. 83, 12p.

• Yamaguchi, Tomohiko; Epstein, Irving; Shimomura, Masatsugu; & Kunitake, Toyoki (2005, December). Vol. 15, Issue 4, p. N, 3 p.

• Zyvex: Nanotechnology Website: There’s Plenty of Room at the Bottom. Retrieved 6/27/2007 from http://www.zyvex.com/nanotech/feynman.html.