Introduction to Minerals. Earth Materials Mineral: –Naturally occurring –Solid substance...
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Transcript of Introduction to Minerals. Earth Materials Mineral: –Naturally occurring –Solid substance...
![Page 1: Introduction to Minerals. Earth Materials Mineral: –Naturally occurring –Solid substance –Orderly crystalline structure –Definite chemical composition.](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022081418/56649d6f5503460f94a50c2b/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Introduction to MineralsIntroduction to Minerals
![Page 2: Introduction to Minerals. Earth Materials Mineral: –Naturally occurring –Solid substance –Orderly crystalline structure –Definite chemical composition.](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022081418/56649d6f5503460f94a50c2b/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Earth MaterialsEarth Materials
• Mineral:
– Naturally occurring
– Solid substance
– Orderly crystalline structure
– Definite chemical composition
– Generally inorganic
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Earth MaterialsEarth Materials
• Rock: any solid mass of mineral, or mineral-like matter that occurs naturally as part of the planet.
– Some rocks composed entirely of one mineral.
– Most are aggregates of several kinds of minerals.
– Some rocks are composed of nonmineral matter (glass and organic materials).
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ElementsElements
• Element: a substance that cannot be broken down into simpler substances by chemical or physical means.
– Composed entirely of one type of atom.
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Some minerals are a single elementSome minerals are a single element
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• Compound: a substance consisting of atoms of different elements.
• Chemical Bond: the sharing or transfer of electrons between atoms in order to attain stable electron configurations.
Many minerals are compoundsMany minerals are compounds
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• Crystal Form or Habit: external expression of a mineral’s internal orderly arrangement of atoms.
– Individual crystals with well-formed faces occur when there are no space restrictions during growth.
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Quartz Crystals commonly occur as hexagonal prisms
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• Only 8 elements make up the bulk of rock-forming minerals and represent over 98% of the continental crust.
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Mineral GroupsMineral Groups
• Silicon and Oxygen are the most abundant elements in Earth’s crust.
• Si and O combine to form the framework of the most common mineral group: the Silicates.
– Silicates account for more than 90% of Earth’s crust.
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Silicate MineralsSilicate Minerals
• Silicon Tetrahedron – one Si atom bonded with four O atoms.
– Fundamental building block of silicates.
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Different groups of silicates consist of silicon tetrahedra joined together in different ways - common elements that join silicate structures are Fe, Mg, K, Na, Ca
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2 most abundant silicate minerals:2 most abundant silicate minerals:
• Feldspars make up more than 50% of Earth’s crust.
• Quartz is the second most abundant mineral in continental crust.
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Mineral GroupsMineral Groups
• Nonsilicates: much less abundant in Earth’s crust.
– Many are of economic importance.
– Examples: metallic ore minerals and precious gemstones.
• Major constituents in sedimentary rocks:
– Examples: calcite, gypsum, and halite
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