Introduction to Information Systems
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Transcript of Introduction to Information Systems
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Introduction to Information Systems
Class 1
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Data vs. Information
• The eternal question• Data
– “Streams of raw fact representing events occurring in organizations or their environments before they have been organized and arranged into a form suitable for human interpretation”
• Information– “Data that have been shaped into a form
that is meaningful and useful”
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Data Vs. Information392: Chocolate Chip Cookies342: Coffee Powder341: Red Curry Paste392: Chocolate Chip Cookies391: Keebler Fudge Sticks……
Region: RedmondStore: QFC Store 32
Item# Description Units Sold
392 Choc Chip Ck 2397
YTD Sales
$6972.78
Data
Information
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Information? What’s the big deal?
• Globalization• Transformation of Industrial
Economies• The Changing Organization
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Emergence of Global Economy
• Management and control in a global marketplace
• Competition in global markets• Global workgroups• Global delivery systems
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From Industrial to Post-Industrial Societies
• Knowledge- and information-based economies
• Productivity• New products and services• Time-based competition• Shorter product life-cycle• Turbulent operating environment
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Transformation of the Organization
• Flattening• Decentralization• Flexibility• Location independence• Low transaction and coordination costs• Empowerment• Collaborative work and team activities
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So, what is an Information System,
anyway?
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What is a System?
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A System
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A System
InputInput
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A System
InputInput ProcessProcess
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A System
InputInput OutputOutputProcessProcess
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A System
InputInput OutputOutputProcessProcess
feedbacfeedbackk
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A System
InputInput OutputOutputProcessProcess
feedbacfeedbackk
CustomersCompetitors
Suppliers Government
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What is an Information System?
• a set of interrelated components that– collect (or retrieve)– process– store– distribute
information in order to support– decision making– coordination and control
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Approaches to Information Systems
InformationSystems
Management Science
Computer ScienceOperations Research
Psychology
Economics
Sociology
Behavioral Approaches
Technical Approaches
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Information Systems and the Organization
• Flattening organizations• Separating work from location• Reorganizing workflows• Increased flexibility• Changing management process• Redefining organizational
boundaries
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Information Architecture
• Levels within a firm• Functional Areas• Types of Systems• Foundation of technology
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Levels within an Organization
• Operational• Knowledge• Management• Strategic
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Functional Areas
• Finance• Accounting• Production• Marketing• Human Resources• Public Relations
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Organ
izatio
n str
uctu
re strategic
management
knowledge
operoper
Finance Marketing Production Personnel Acctg
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Organ
izatio
n str
uctu
re strategic
management
knowledge
operoper
Finance Marketing Production Personnel Acctg
Hardware SoftwareData and StorageNetworks
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strategic
management
knowledge
operoper
Finance Marketing Production Personnel Acctg
Hardware SoftwareData and StorageNetworks
InformationArchitecture
IT Infrastructure
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Challenges Facing Managers
• The Strategic Business Challenge• The Globalization Challenge• The Architecture and Infrastructure
Challenge• The Investment Challenge• The Responsibility and Control
Challenge
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Ten Minute Break
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strategic
management
knowledge
operoper
Finance Marketing Production Personnel Acctg
Senior management
Middlemanagement
Knowledgeand data workers
Operationalmanagers
Kind of Kind of ISIS
GroupGroupServedServed
Functional AreaFunctional Area
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Level of the System
• Operational-level systems– Keep track of elementary activities and
transactions• Sales, receipts, payroll, etc.
– Purpose is to answer routine questions and track flow of transactions
• Knowledge-level systems– Integrate new knowledge into the
business – Control flow of paperwork
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Level of the System• Management-level systems
– Keep track of monitoring, controlling decision making, and administrative work of middle management
• Periodic reports
– Some may be used for non-routine decisions• What-if analysis
– Typically draws information from operational systems
• Strategic-level systems– Assist senior management in making long-term
decisions– Typically non-routine, unstructured decision making
activities
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Types of Information Systems
• Executive Support Systems (ESS)• Management Information Systems
(MIS)• Decision Support Systems (DSS)• Knowledge Work Systems (KWS)• Office Automation Systems (OAS)• Transaction Processing Systems
(TPS)
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Types of Systems• Transaction Processing Systems
– serves operational needs– performs/records daily and routine
transactions– span boundary of organization and
environment– major supplier of information to other IS– examples
•airline reservation system•payroll system•plant scheduling
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Types of Systems (contd.)
• Knowledge Work Systems– KWs are those whose job involves
creating new information and knowledge (doctors, scientists, engineers, etc.)
– Use specialized systems such as workstations
• Office Automation Systems– used to process information– eg. document management, scheduling,
communication
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Types of Systems (contd.)
• Management Information Systems– serves activities of planning, controlling
and decision-making at the management level
– usually take form of performance reports (such as exception or summary reports)
– limited analytical ability– often (mistakenly) equated with IS
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Types of Systems (contd.)
• Decision Support Systems– focussed on a specific type of problem– more analytical ability than an MIS– more interactive– eg: lease or buy in face of volatile interest
rates• Executive Support Systems
– used by senior management– used for unstructured problems– heavy graphics base
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Information System Integration
Management Level
Strategic Level
Operational LevelKnowledgeLevel
Management Level
KWS &OAS
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Information System Integration
Management Level
Strategic Level
Operational LevelKnowledgeLevel
Management Level
KWS &OAS
TPS
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Information System Integration
Management Level
Strategic Level
Operational LevelKnowledgeLevel
Management Level
KWS &OAS
TPS
MISDSS
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Information System Integration
Management Level
Strategic Level
Operational LevelKnowledgeLevel
Management Level
KWS &OAS
TPS
MISDSS
ESS
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Information System Integration
Management Level
Strategic Level
Operational LevelKnowledgeLevel
Management Level
KWS &KWS &OASOAS
TPSTPS
MISMISDSSDSS
ESSESS
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Information System Integration
Management Level
Strategic Level
Operational LevelKnowledgeLevel
Management Level
KWS &KWS &OASOAS
TPSTPS
MISMISDSSDSS
ESSESS
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Information System Integration
Management Level
Strategic Level
Operational LevelKnowledgeLevel
Management Level
KWS &KWS &OASOAS
TPSTPS
MISMISDSSDSS
ESSESS
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Information System Integration
Management Level
Strategic Level
Operational LevelKnowledgeLevel
Management Level
KWS &KWS &OASOAS
TPSTPS
MISMISDSSDSS
ESSESS
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Next Class
• Topic: IT Infrastructure• Weekly Technology Report• Research the Atanasoff
Controversy Remember to complete a biosketch by Wednesday
• Do readings • Be ready to debate the Carr article