Geographic Information Systems An Introduction
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Transcript of Geographic Information Systems An Introduction
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Pop vs Soda vs Coke
http://www.popvssoda.com/
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Pop vs Soda vs Coke by County
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2004 Presidential Election Results
Bush
Kerry
62,040,606
59,028,109
Popular Electoral
286
252
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http://www-personal.umich.edu/~mejn/election/
States size are adjusted to be proportional to populationStates size are adjusted to be proportional to number of electoral votes
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2004 Presidential Results by County
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County size is proportional to population
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What is GIS?
‘GIS’ is Geographic Information System
Traditional definition is that GIS is a set of computer tools for accessing, processing, visualizing, analyzing, interpreting, and presenting spatial data.
GISystems: Emphasis on technology and toolsGIScience: Fundamental issues raised by the use of GIS,
such as: Spatial analysisMap projectionsAccuracyScientific visualization
Implementation and application of GIS covers a wide spectrum:
Simple mapsOverlaying multiple map “layers”Comparing data sets (simple data analysis)Complex statistical analysis
gis.com
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Geospatial Information Science & Technology
GIS&T
Data Creation, Management, and Integration
Spatio-Temporal Data Analysis
Visualization
Remote Sensing
Spatial Mapping (GIS)Web Info Systems
Interoperability
Geospatial Policy & Standards
Reusable Tools
GPS
Location-based Services
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Geospatial Information Science and Technology
According to a recent Department of Labor report, the three most important emerging and evolving fields are:
• Biotechnology• Nanotechnology• Geospatial technology(Gewin, V., Mapping Opportunities, Nature, 427 (6972) 376-377, Jan. 2004)
“…acquires, manages, interprets, integrates, displays, analyzes, or otherwise uses data focusing on the geographic, temporal and spatial context.”
(GeoSpatial Workforce Development Center at the University of Southern Mississippi)
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Spatial Data Analysis
• Turns raw data into useful information– by adding greater informative content and value
Wisdom
Knowledge
Evidence
Information
Data
Adapted from Bolstad, 2005
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The John Snow Map
• A classic example of the use of location to draw inferences
• 1854 cholera outbreak in London
• Point data map indicated some spatial clustering
• Overlaying a map of water pump locations showed many cases were concentrated around a single pump
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GIS Layer Overlay
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GIS Software Architecture
User InterfaceUser Interface
Data ManagementData Management
Tools / FunctionsTools / Functions
Data Access, Conversion
Display, Analysis, Manipulation
Viewers, Controls
Data
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Components of GIS
• Organized collection of– Hardware– Software– Network– Data– People– Management
“GIS should be viewed as a process rather than as merely software or hardware.” (Malczewski, 1999)
PeopleSoftware
Data
Management
Hardware
Network
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Views to a GIS
Map view: Focus on cartographic (mapping) aspects of GIS Thematic GIS layers Input map => Output map
Database view: Focus on database management system Simple queries to retrieve and overlay data
Spatial analysis view: Focus on analysis and modeling Views GIS more as information science
Organizational (Enterprise) view:
An approach to managing an organization’s data, information, and knowledge
GIS is "a powerful set of tools for collecting, storing, retrieving at will, transforming and displaying spatial data from the real world for a particular set of purposes"
(Burrough and McDonnell, 1998)
GIS is “a database system in which most of the data are spatially indexed, and upon which a set of procedures operated in order to answer queries about spatial entities in the database” (Smith et al., 1987)
“The true potential value of Geographical Information Systems lies in their ability to analyze spatial data using the techniques of spatial analysis" (Goodchild, 1988)
“ a decision support system involving the integration of spatially referenced data in a problem-solving environment”
(Cowen, 1988)
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A Brief History of GIS
• GIS is relatively young but mapping and spatial analysis preceded it by thousands of years
• Manual map overlay as a method was first described comprehensively in a 1950 textbook
• Mathematics for spatial analysis were developed in the 1930s and 1940s
• GIS evolution parallels that of general information technology
http://www.gisdevelopment.net/history/
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A Brief History of GIS – 1960s
• The 1960s saw the advent of geographic data and mapping software
• First GIS was the Canada Geographic Information System developed for land resource measuring and inventory analysis
• The Harvard Laboratory for Computer Graphics and Spatial Analysis established
• Aeronautical Charting and Information Center in St. Louis
• US Defense Mapping Agency in St. Louis (then NIMA – National Imagery and Mapping Agency, now (as of 11/03) NGA – National Geospatial Intelligence Agency)
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A Brief History of GIS – 1970s
• GIS Functions for points and polygons
• Satellite imagery (Landsat)
• Dual Independent Map Encoding (DIME) for census areas
• Gridded data analysis programs
• Rudimentary graphics
• ESRI (Environmental Science and Research Institute) established
• Intergraph founded
• Increased GIS use by government agencies
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A Brief History of GIS – 1980s
• ESRI ArcInfo
• Global Positioning System (GPS)
• GIS Journals and Conferences
• MapInfo
• TIGER (Topographically Integrated Geographic Encoding and Referencing) Census project
• Academic GIS courses
• Widespread acceptance across disciplines
• Increased availability of satellite imagery
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A Brief History of GIS – 1990s
Migration to PC Open GIS Consortium
National Spatial Data Infrastructure (NSDI)
Web GIS
GIS Day (annual event in November)
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A Brief History of GIS – 2000s
• WebGIS
• Wireless (PDAs, cell phones)
• Embedded Sensor Networks
• Distributed Databases
• GIServices
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Special Spatial Nomenclature
Geographic – Limited to phenomena and problems relating to Earth’s surface and near-surface
Spatial – Any space, including geographic, but not restricted to geographic coordinate space, e.g. medical imaging, Mars
Geospatial – A recent term to represent the subset of spatial applied specifically to the Earth’s surface. (synonymous with geographic)
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Course Objectives
Understand the fundamental principles of GIS
Gain background and hands-on experience with software tools for working with spatial data.
Appreciate the complexities involved in data processing, analysis, and mapping
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Course Outline
Date Topic Reading
31-Aug GIS Overview Bolstad Chp 1
7-Sep Geospatial Data Longley Chp 3
14-Sep Projections and Coordinate Systems Bolstad Chp 3
21-Sep Feature Analysis Bolstad Chp 9
28-Sep Surface Analysis Bolstad Chp 10/11
5-Oct Spatial Data Analysis Bolstad Chp 12
12-Oct Spatial Modeling / Web GIS Bolstad Chp 13
19-Oct Exam / Project Presentations
Problem Set #1
PS #1 duePS #2
PS #2 due
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Texts
Bolstad, Paul GIS Fundamentals: A First Text on Geographic Information Systems, 2nd Edition, Eider Press, 2005. (http://www.paulbolstad.net/gisbook.html)
Longley, Paul; Michael Goodchild; David Maguire and David Rhind Geographic Information Systems and Science, 2nd Edition, John Wiley & Sons, 2005
Gorr, Wilpen and Kristen Kurland GIS Tutorial: Workbook for ArcView 9, ESRI Press, 2005
All are on reserve at the Earth & Planetary Science Library
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Project
The project involves working through a GIS application using data of interest to you. Key aspects of the project are to bring in data into GIS and use GIS to gain new insight into the data.
Paper describing the project data, methods, tools, and results. (3-5 pages)
Presentation summarizing the project. (about 5 minutes)
Paper and Presentation are both due on October 19.
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Grading
Problem Sets 30%
Exam 30%
Project 30%
Class participation 10%
Late Policy:
Problem sets are due two weeks after they are assigned. They should not be late.
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Information Request
Please send an email to [email protected] with the following:
Name:
Email:
Department/Organization:
Level/Position:
Interest in course:
Previous experience with GIS:
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Telesis
http://capita.wustl.edu/IntroGIS/
Webpage will contain:
• Class syllabus
• Lecture slides
• Online links to resource materials
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Homework
Determine your logistics for this course
• Buy or use library copies of texts?• Next week we will go through Tutorials 2&3 in Gorr
• Where to use ArcGIS outside of class?
• Begin thinking about your project topic
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GIS Software Packages
Autodesk ESRI Intergraph MapInfo Manifold
Viewer AutoCAD LT
ArcReader GeoMedia Viewer ProViewer Custom
Desktop World ArcView GeoMedia MapInfo Professional
Manifold GIS
Profess-ional
AutoCAD / Map
ArcEditorArcInfo
GeoMedia Pro MapInfo Professional
Manifold GIS
Hand-held OnSite ArcPad IntelliWhere MapXtend --
Database Server
Design Server
ArcSDE Uses Oracle Spatial
SpatialWare SQL Server
Component Modeling
In several products
MapObjects
Part of GeoMedia MapX, MapJ Manifold Object Model
Internet MapGuide ArcIMS GeoMedia Web Map, GeoMedia Web Enterprise
MapXtreme, MapXSite
Manifold IMS
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GIS Market
Estimated 2004 revenue - $2 Billion (10% growth over 2003) Software (64%)Services (24%)Data Products (8%)Hardware (4%)
Market Share (2003) ESRI - 34% Intergraph - 13%Autodesk - 9%IBM GIS Business Unit- 9% GE Energy - 8%Leica Geosystems- 7%
Mapinfo - 4% Other - 16%
Largest market for GIS Software: Utilities industry (21%), followed by state and local governments
Others: Idrisi
GRASS Manifold
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ArcGIS System Architecture
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ArcGIS Main Components
ArcMap
ArcCatalog
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ArcMap
Central ArcGIS application
Handles map-based tasks
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ArcToolbox
Contains the tools for geoprocessing
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ArcCatalog
Organizes and manages GIS data
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ArcCatalog
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GIS Data Formats
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Working in ArcGIS
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Spatial Analyst
Raster and Vector Analysis
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Geostatistical Analyst
Advanced spatial analysis
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3D Analyst
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ESRI ArcGIS
To start ArcMap:- Select Start Button- Go to Programs-> ArcGIS -> ArcMap
Create a directory with your name under “My Documents”
Copy data for tutorial 1 to your directory
Username: U82-200Password: Ge0graphic