Introduction to Cell Theory and Microlife You will build an understanding of cell theory and cell...

Introduction to Cell Introduction to Cell Theory and MicrolifeTheory and Microlife

You will build an understanding of You will build an understanding of cell theory and cell functioncell theory and cell function

You will understand the IMPACT of You will understand the IMPACT of microorganismsmicroorganisms

Western Concept of diseaseWestern Concept of disease

What is a disease?What is a disease? Disease is the Disease is the

ABNORMAL ABNORMAL FUNCTION of a cell, FUNCTION of a cell, organ, or a body organ, or a body systemsystem

4 Main Milestones: Western 4 Main Milestones: Western Concept of DiseaseConcept of Disease

Prehistoric Times (before Greek Prehistoric Times (before Greek Civilization)Civilization)

Disease- was caused by the Disease- was caused by the supernatural. Disease was caused supernatural. Disease was caused by the punishment of “gods”, sorcery by the punishment of “gods”, sorcery by one’s enemy, spiritual possession by one’s enemy, spiritual possession (evil), or loss of soul(evil), or loss of soul


Treatment- performed Treatment- performed by “healer” or medicine by “healer” or medicine man or clergy. These man or clergy. These people held high status people held high status since they not only since they not only healed but were also healed but were also thought to have powers thought to have powers that aided in harvest, that aided in harvest, weather and even aid in weather and even aid in battles. Practice battles. Practice continued well into 19continued well into 19thth century by Native century by Native American IndiansAmerican Indians


Positive Outcomes Positive Outcomes (3)(3)

Practice of “herbal Practice of “herbal medicine” plants medicine” plants still used today as still used today as source of new source of new medicines/drugsmedicines/drugs

Opium as pain killerOpium as pain killer Honey as wound Honey as wound

healer: primitive healer: primitive antibacterial agentantibacterial agent


Negative (1)Negative (1) Trephination- (used Trephination- (used

by all societies by all societies around the globe) around the globe) was procedure of was procedure of boring a hole into a boring a hole into a patient’s skull to patient’s skull to release demons. release demons. Surprisingly some Surprisingly some patients survive patients survive (see bone re-growth (see bone re-growth in image)in image)


2. Greek Civilization brought 2. Greek Civilization brought about new ideas about diseaseabout new ideas about disease

Hippocrates (460 B.C.) believed Hippocrates (460 B.C.) believed that all diseases had a that all diseases had a NATURAL CAUSE and by careful NATURAL CAUSE and by careful OBSERVATION and ATTENTION OBSERVATION and ATTENTION to detail the cause of the to detail the cause of the disease COULD BE FOUND. disease COULD BE FOUND. From this treatments and cures From this treatments and cures could be made as well!could be made as well!

Wrote series of 50-70 books Wrote series of 50-70 books called “CORPUS HIPPOCRATUM” called “CORPUS HIPPOCRATUM” these books can be used today these books can be used today still to diagnose diseases. Dr’s still to diagnose diseases. Dr’s take Hippocratic Oath in honor take Hippocratic Oath in honor of him today!of him today!


Aristotle (384 B.C.) Aristotle (384 B.C.) great philosopher and great philosopher and scientist but had huge scientist but had huge NEGATIVE IMPACT on NEGATIVE IMPACT on medicine. Believed medicine. Believed disease was caused disease was caused based of the 4 based of the 4 “humors” or liquids of “humors” or liquids of the body. the body.

Disease occurred when Disease occurred when body had an imbalance body had an imbalance of the 4 humors: too of the 4 humors: too much or too little of much or too little of one or more of these one or more of these liquids (see chart)liquids (see chart)


Treatment- for a fever Treatment- for a fever (hot/dry disease) you would (hot/dry disease) you would be placed in cold bath be placed in cold bath (wet/cold) for body to more (wet/cold) for body to more Phelgm.Phelgm.

For cold (wet/cold) you would For cold (wet/cold) you would be wrapped in heavy wool be wrapped in heavy wool garments and forced to drink garments and forced to drink wine (warm/dry) to produce wine (warm/dry) to produce more Yellow Bilemore Yellow Bile

Aristotle’s findings Aristotle’s findings “perfected” by the famous “perfected” by the famous Roman “Dr.” Galen (130 Roman “Dr.” Galen (130 A.D.) He began practice of A.D.) He began practice of blood letting and body blood letting and body evacuation to assist in evacuation to assist in treatment of the imbalance.treatment of the imbalance.


Greek Outcomes Greek Outcomes Positive-Positive-

Hippocrates Hippocrates methods provided methods provided blueprint of blueprint of diagnosing and diagnosing and treating diseasetreating disease

Greek Outcome Greek Outcome Negative-Negative-

Adherence to “4 Adherence to “4 Humors” approach Humors” approach to medicine causes to medicine causes people not to look people not to look for specific causes for specific causes of disease. This of disease. This failure persists until failure persists until the 16the 16thth century century (1500’s)(1500’s)


3. Middle Ages and the Renaissance3. Middle Ages and the Renaissance Fall of Roman Empire leads to period of 1000yrs with little Fall of Roman Empire leads to period of 1000yrs with little

change in peoples’ understanding of disease. “Galenic” change in peoples’ understanding of disease. “Galenic” medicine is heavily practiced with 4 humors renamed as medicine is heavily practiced with 4 humors renamed as phelgmatic, choleric, sanguine, and melancholy.phelgmatic, choleric, sanguine, and melancholy.

Aristotle’s affect on science can be seen here as well by Aristotle’s affect on science can be seen here as well by his idea of Spontaneous Generation. his idea of Spontaneous Generation.

Spontaneous generation was the idea that life came from Spontaneous generation was the idea that life came from no life. (came from Aristotle seeing piles of trash “grow” no life. (came from Aristotle seeing piles of trash “grow” maggots, flies, and mice.) This idea stays popular well maggots, flies, and mice.) This idea stays popular well into the 1870’s! into the 1870’s!

Astrology returns in having a role for disease as well as Astrology returns in having a role for disease as well as the supra-natural forces (medicine practices go the supra-natural forces (medicine practices go backwards!!!!)backwards!!!!)


1546- Turning Point: 1546 1546- Turning Point: 1546 major plague strikes Europe major plague strikes Europe again. An Italian Poet writes again. An Italian Poet writes of a “contagion” being of a “contagion” being passed from one infected passed from one infected thing to another. Idea thing to another. Idea reopens people’s mindsreopens people’s minds

Later the “Miasma” Theory Later the “Miasma” Theory comes about; Miasma comes about; Miasma theory stated that “Miasma” theory stated that “Miasma” was given off by diseased was given off by diseased and decaying bodiesand decaying bodies

Outcome: If exposed to the Outcome: If exposed to the “miasma” you could get the “miasma” you could get the disease: REJECTS disease: REJECTS ARISTOTLE theory and ARISTOTLE theory and returns focus back to returns focus back to HIPPOCRATE’S theory HIPPOCRATE’S theory


The Enlightment The Enlightment (1800’s - today)(1800’s - today)

Beginnings of Beginnings of Enlightment period go Enlightment period go back to 16back to 16thth century century with Scientists such as with Scientists such as Da Vinci and Vesalius Da Vinci and Vesalius question the “Galenic” question the “Galenic” medicine practices of medicine practices of their day based off their day based off their studies of human their studies of human cadaverscadavers


1847 Ignaz Semmelweis proves that blood 1847 Ignaz Semmelweis proves that blood poisoning could be carried by doctors to their poisoning could be carried by doctors to their patients. If physicians washed hands before patients. If physicians washed hands before treating patients blood poisoning was stoppedtreating patients blood poisoning was stopped

1853-54 John Snow proves that contaminated 1853-54 John Snow proves that contaminated water was cause of cholera epidemic in water was cause of cholera epidemic in London: “Bad” water could cause disease!!London: “Bad” water could cause disease!!

1857 Louis Pasteur- first to suggest micro-1857 Louis Pasteur- first to suggest micro-organisms were cause of human illnesses: organisms were cause of human illnesses: MODERN STUDY OF DISEASE begins! Pasteur MODERN STUDY OF DISEASE begins! Pasteur becomes well known for the use of heat to kill becomes well known for the use of heat to kill micro-organisms now called Pasteurizationmicro-organisms now called Pasteurization


1857 Louis Pasteur- 1857 Louis Pasteur- first to suggest first to suggest micro-organisms micro-organisms were cause of human were cause of human illnesses: MODERN illnesses: MODERN STUDY OF DISEASE STUDY OF DISEASE begins!begins!

Pasteur becomes Pasteur becomes well known for the well known for the use of heat to kill use of heat to kill micro-organisms now micro-organisms now called Pasteurizationcalled Pasteurization


Robert Koch 1858- Prussian Robert Koch 1858- Prussian Scientist (hated Pasteur his Scientist (hated Pasteur his rival) proves that a specific rival) proves that a specific bacteria was cause of bacteria was cause of anthrax. Develops procedure anthrax. Develops procedure for identifying disease agentsfor identifying disease agents

1. To relate microbe to a 1. To relate microbe to a disease the microbe must be disease the microbe must be found on all cases of the found on all cases of the diseasedisease

2. The microbe must be 2. The microbe must be isolated and grown in a pure isolated and grown in a pure cultureculture

3. The disease must develop 3. The disease must develop in organisms exposed to the in organisms exposed to the microbemicrobe

4. The same microbe must 4. The same microbe must be identified on the diseased be identified on the diseased organisms organisms


Feud between Pasteur and Koch leads to Feud between Pasteur and Koch leads to the following discoveries of disease the following discoveries of disease causing microbes: Typhoid fever, causing microbes: Typhoid fever, diphtheria, rabies, tetanus, and diphtheria, rabies, tetanus, and tuberculosistuberculosis

What about Viruses? What about Viruses? Walter Reed (U.S.) 1901-discovers the first Walter Reed (U.S.) 1901-discovers the first

“human specific virus” yellow fever: but “human specific virus” yellow fever: but had no visible microbehad no visible microbe

1940’s first photographs of viruses taken 1940’s first photographs of viruses taken with electron microscopewith electron microscope

Introduction to Cell Theory and Microlife You will build an understanding of cell theory and cell...

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