Introduction to Bioinformatics.
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Introduction to bioinformatics
Elena Sügis [email protected]
Bioinformatics Seminar MTAT.03.242, 2016
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? ??
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VS VS
Questions we ask
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Questions we ask
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Questions we ask
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Image credit:https://siteman.wustl.edu/glossary/cdr0000046470/
1014 cells in human body
23 000 genes
23 pairs of chromosomes
3 billion pairs
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Cell size and scale
http://learn.genetics.utah.edu/content/cells/scale/
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Central dogma
What is DNA?
What is the difference between DNA and RNA?
Image credit: Genome Research Limited
100 000 different proteins
23 000 genes
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Technology
Image credit: Genome Research Limited
Mass spectrometry
Sequencing technologies
v v
v
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Measuring levels of gene expression
CELL
DNA
ON ON OFF
RNA
PROTEIN
OFF
G1 G2 G3 G4
Gene products carry out cellular
function
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v
Gene expression profile
Gene Expression profile
Expression level
G1 OFF 0 G2 ON 30 G3 ON 20 G4 OFF 0
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Each cell has its own gene expression profile
Gene Expression profile
Expression level
G1 OFF 0 G2 ON 30 G3 ON 20 G4 OFF 0
Gene Expression profile
Expression level
G1 OFF 0 G2 ON 30 G3 ON 20 G4 ON 20
HEALTHY CELL CANCER CELL
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Single Nucleotide polymorphism • variation in a single nucleotide that occurs at a specific position in the
genome, where each variation is present to some appreciable degree within a population (e.g. >1%)
• underlie differences in our susceptibility to disease
Image credit: Wikipedia
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Experiments
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Good old times
Science
knowledge experiment hypothesis analysis v v v
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How we do it now
lots of experiments
v
analysis
Science
knowledge
hypothesis
v v
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Bioinformatics is an interdisciplinary field that develops methods and software tools for understanding biological data
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Bioinformatics is • an interdisciplinary field • that develops methods and software tools • for understanding biological data
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Moore’s law
Cost per genome
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Why do we need bioinformaticians?
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Because Excel can’t help anymore
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Why do we need bioinformaticians?
• Amount of generated biological data requires sophisticated data analysis and management
• Programmers & statisticians lack biological knowledge
• Biologists don’t program
• These two don’t understand each other
Slide is inspired by from “How to be a bioinformatician” by Christian Frech
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Biologist talks to statistician
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Hz1fyhVOjr4
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What do bioinformaticians do?
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What do bioinformaticians do?
Word cloud from manuscript titles published in Bioinformatics from Jan 2013 to April 2014
Slide credit: “How to be a bioinformatician” by Christian Frech
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Machine learning
Algorithms
Proteomics
Black magic Sequences
Modeling
Bioinformatics is a broad field
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What Does the Perfect Bioinformatician Look Like?
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Computer Science
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Computer Science
Biology
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Computer Science
Biology
Statistics
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Perfect bioinformatician
Computer Science
Biology
Statistics
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Data comes in different forms
Slide credit: D.Fishman, Introduction to ML in bioinformatics
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Data ≠ Knowledge
Slide credit: D.Fishman, Introduction to ML in bioinformatics
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R. Matthiesen (ed.), Bioinformatics Methods in Clinical Research, Methods in Molecular Biology 593, DOI 10.1007/978-1-60327-194-3 2, © Humana Press, a part of Springer Science+Business Media, LLC 2010
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Adopted from P.Vincent http://videolectures.net/deeplearning2015_vincent_machine_learning/
What is the main ingredient?
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What is the main ingredient?
Adopted from P.Vincent http://videolectures.net/deeplearning2015_vincent_machine_learning/
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Databases
Data management systems
Data source
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Simple data analysis pipeline
Data Black Magic Result
high quality data machine learning method
awesome result
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Simple data analysis pipeline
Data Black Magic Result
poor quality data machine learning method
not so awesome result
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Data Preprocessing
Clean
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Massage your data
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80 %
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Predictive modeling
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Tools & Services
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Understand the disease better
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Make more precise diagnosis ML in Bioinformatics (part II)
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Medical Imaging
Cancer Images credit: D.Fishman, Introduction to ML in bioinformatics
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image by Krista Fisher et al.
Genetic risk assessment
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Genetic risk assessment
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Genetic risk assessment
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Pharmacogenetics
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Personalized medicine
http://www.pfizer.ie/personalized_med.cfm
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Population genomics large-scale comparison of DNA sequences of populations
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What do these books contain?
The Wellcome Human Genome Library in London (Left CC: Russ London, Right Source: Wellcome Collection)
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This is a single human genome
~4GB
The Wellcome Human Genome Library in London (Left CC: Russ London, Right Source: Wellcome Collection)
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Moore’s law
Cost per genome
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Big Data: Astronomical or Genomical?, Zachary et al, PlosOne Biology 2015
The Age Of Big Data
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Labs that produce data
Research groups that can analyse data
Labs that produce data
Experts who can analyze data
Analyze that
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Data analysis
Need to develop new: • Preprocessing methods
• Analysis pipelines
• Methodology
• Algorithmic solutions
• Tools
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IF YOU TORTURE THE DATA LONG ENOUGH
IT WILL CONFESS TO ANYTHING
Ronald Coase, Economist, Nobel Prize winner
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http://baranzinilab.ucsf.edu/integration-large-scale-omics-data-sets
Data Integration
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Data storage The amount of sequencing data created is growing at a faster rate than economically available storage
http://geschwindlab.neurology.ucla.edu/protocols/next-generation-sequencing
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N Goldman et al. Nature 000, 1-4 (2013) doi:10.1038/nature11875
Using DNA as a digital archive media
store sequenced DNA information in … DNA
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N Goldman et al. Nature 000, 1-4 (2013) doi:10.1038/nature11875
Scaling properties of DNA-based storage
If the cost of DNA synthesis falls by two orders of magnitude, it will become a sensible way to store data for the medium term
(below 50 years)
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Challenges • Need of new compression methods
• Data integration methods
• Lack of specialists
• Need for new: – Analysis pipelines
– Methodology
– Algorithmic solutions
– Tools
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Challenges of being bioinformatician
• Biology is complex, not black and white – As many exceptions as rules (e.g.: define “gene”)
– No single optimal solution to a problem
– Results interpretable in many ways (story telling, cherry picking)
• Understanding the biological question
• Field is moving incredibly fast – Lack of standards, immature/abandoned software
– Much time spent on collecting/cleaning-up data, troubleshooting errors
• Hundreds of software tools and databases out there – Easy to get lost
– Important to understand their strengths and weaknesses
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Genes are us…
and them.SOURCE:,JAVIER,HERRERO,,EUROPEAN,MOLECULAR,BIOLOGY,LABORATORY—EUROPEAN,BIOINFORMAT,ICS,INSTITUTE
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Genes are us…
and them.SOURCE:,JAVIER,HERRERO,,EUROPEAN,MOLECULAR,BIOLOGY,LABORATORY—EUROPEAN,BIOINFORMAT,ICS,INSTITUTE
Genes are us…
and them.SOURCE:,JAVIER,HERRERO,,EUROPEAN,MOLECULAR,BIOLOGY,LABORATORY—EUROPEAN,BIOINFORMAT,ICS,INSTITUTE
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Genes are us…
and them.SOURCE:,JAVIER,HERRERO,,EUROPEAN,MOLECULAR,BIOLOGY,LABORATORY—EUROPEAN,BIOINFORMAT,ICS,INSTITUTE
Genes are us…
and them.SOURCE:,JAVIER,HERRERO,,EUROPEAN,MOLECULAR,BIOLOGY,LABORATORY—EUROPEAN,BIOINFORMAT,ICS,INSTITUTE
Genes are us…
and them.SOURCE:,JAVIER,HERRERO,,EUROPEAN,MOLECULAR,BIOLOGY,LABORATORY—EUROPEAN,BIOINFORMAT,ICS,INSTITUTE
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Genes are us…
and them.SOURCE:,JAVIER,HERRERO,,EUROPEAN,MOLECULAR,BIOLOGY,LABORATORY—EUROPEAN,BIOINFORMAT,ICS,INSTITUTE
Genes are us…
and them.SOURCE:,JAVIER,HERRERO,,EUROPEAN,MOLECULAR,BIOLOGY,LABORATORY—EUROPEAN,BIOINFORMAT,ICS,INSTITUTE
Genes are us…
and them.SOURCE:,JAVIER,HERRERO,,EUROPEAN,MOLECULAR,BIOLOGY,LABORATORY—EUROPEAN,BIOINFORMAT,ICS,INSTITUTE
Genes are us…
and them.SOURCE:,JAVIER,HERRERO,,EUROPEAN,MOLECULAR,BIOLOGY,LABORATORY—EUROPEAN,BIOINFORMAT,ICS,INSTITUTE
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Genes are us…
and them.SOURCE:,JAVIER,HERRERO,,EUROPEAN,MOLECULAR,BIOLOGY,LABORATORY—EUROPEAN,BIOINFORMAT,ICS,INSTITUTE
Genes are us…
and them.SOURCE:,JAVIER,HERRERO,,EUROPEAN,MOLECULAR,BIOLOGY,LABORATORY—EUROPEAN,BIOINFORMAT,ICS,INSTITUTE
Genes are us…
and them.SOURCE:,JAVIER,HERRERO,,EUROPEAN,MOLECULAR,BIOLOGY,LABORATORY—EUROPEAN,BIOINFORMAT,ICS,INSTITUTE
Genes are us…
and them.SOURCE:,JAVIER,HERRERO,,EUROPEAN,MOLECULAR,BIOLOGY,LABORATORY—EUROPEAN,BIOINFORMAT,ICS,INSTITUTE
Genes are us…
and them.SOURCE:,JAVIER,HERRERO,,EUROPEAN,MOLECULAR,BIOLOGY,LABORATORY—EUROPEAN,BIOINFORMAT,ICS,INSTITUTE
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Genes are us…
and them.SOURCE:,JAVIER,HERRERO,,EUROPEAN,MOLECULAR,BIOLOGY,LABORATORY—EUROPEAN,BIOINFORMAT,ICS,INSTITUTE
Genes are us…
and them.SOURCE:,JAVIER,HERRERO,,EUROPEAN,MOLECULAR,BIOLOGY,LABORATORY—EUROPEAN,BIOINFORMAT,ICS,INSTITUTE
Genes are us…
and them.SOURCE:,JAVIER,HERRERO,,EUROPEAN,MOLECULAR,BIOLOGY,LABORATORY—EUROPEAN,BIOINFORMAT,ICS,INSTITUTE
Genes are us…
and them.SOURCE:,JAVIER,HERRERO,,EUROPEAN,MOLECULAR,BIOLOGY,LABORATORY—EUROPEAN,BIOINFORMAT,ICS,INSTITUTE
Genes are us…
and them.SOURCE:,JAVIER,HERRERO,,EUROPEAN,MOLECULAR,BIOLOGY,LABORATORY—EUROPEAN,BIOINFORMAT,ICS,INSTITUTE
Genes are us…
and them.SOURCE:,JAVIER,HERRERO,,EUROPEAN,MOLECULAR,BIOLOGY,LABORATORY—EUROPEAN,BIOINFORMAT,ICS,INSTITUTE
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Genes are us…
and them.SOURCE:,JAVIER,HERRERO,,EUROPEAN,MOLECULAR,BIOLOGY,LABORATORY—EUROPEAN,BIOINFORMAT,ICS,INSTITUTE
Genes are us…
and them.SOURCE:,JAVIER,HERRERO,,EUROPEAN,MOLECULAR,BIOLOGY,LABORATORY—EUROPEAN,BIOINFORMAT,ICS,INSTITUTE
Genes are us…
and them.SOURCE:,JAVIER,HERRERO,,EUROPEAN,MOLECULAR,BIOLOGY,LABORATORY—EUROPEAN,BIOINFORMAT,ICS,INSTITUTE
Genes are us…
and them.SOURCE:,JAVIER,HERRERO,,EUROPEAN,MOLECULAR,BIOLOGY,LABORATORY—EUROPEAN,BIOINFORMAT,ICS,INSTITUTE
Genes are us…
and them.SOURCE:,JAVIER,HERRERO,,EUROPEAN,MOLECULAR,BIOLOGY,LABORATORY—EUROPEAN,BIOINFORMAT,ICS,INSTITUTE
Genes are us…
and them.SOURCE:,JAVIER,HERRERO,,EUROPEAN,MOLECULAR,BIOLOGY,LABORATORY—EUROPEAN,BIOINFORMAT,ICS,INSTITUTE
Genes are us…
and them.SOURCE:,JAVIER,HERRERO,,EUROPEAN,MOLECULAR,BIOLOGY,LABORATORY—EUROPEAN,BIOINFORMAT,ICS,INSTITUTE
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Genes are us…
and them.SOURCE:,JAVIER,HERRERO,,EUROPEAN,MOLECULAR,BIOLOGY,LABORATORY—EUROPEAN,BIOINFORMAT,ICS,INSTITUTE
Genes are us…
and them.SOURCE:,JAVIER,HERRERO,,EUROPEAN,MOLECULAR,BIOLOGY,LABORATORY—EUROPEAN,BIOINFORMAT,ICS,INSTITUTE
Genes are us…
and them.SOURCE:,JAVIER,HERRERO,,EUROPEAN,MOLECULAR,BIOLOGY,LABORATORY—EUROPEAN,BIOINFORMAT,ICS,INSTITUTE
Genes are us…
and them.SOURCE:,JAVIER,HERRERO,,EUROPEAN,MOLECULAR,BIOLOGY,LABORATORY—EUROPEAN,BIOINFORMAT,ICS,INSTITUTE
Genes are us…
and them.SOURCE:,JAVIER,HERRERO,,EUROPEAN,MOLECULAR,BIOLOGY,LABORATORY—EUROPEAN,BIOINFORMAT,ICS,INSTITUTE
Genes are us…
and them.SOURCE:,JAVIER,HERRERO,,EUROPEAN,MOLECULAR,BIOLOGY,LABORATORY—EUROPEAN,BIOINFORMAT,ICS,INSTITUTE
Genes are us…
and them.SOURCE:,JAVIER,HERRERO,,EUROPEAN,MOLECULAR,BIOLOGY,LABORATORY—EUROPEAN,BIOINFORMAT,ICS,INSTITUTE
Genes are us…
and them.SOURCE:,JAVIER,HERRERO,,EUROPEAN,MOLECULAR,BIOLOGY,LABORATORY—EUROPEAN,BIOINFORMAT,ICS,INSTITUTE
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Genes are us…
and them.SOURCE:,JAVIER,HERRERO,,EUROPEAN,MOLECULAR,BIOLOGY,LABORATORY—EUROPEAN,BIOINFORMAT,ICS,INSTITUTE
Genes are us…
and them.SOURCE:,JAVIER,HERRERO,,EUROPEAN,MOLECULAR,BIOLOGY,LABORATORY—EUROPEAN,BIOINFORMAT,ICS,INSTITUTE
Genes are us…
and them.SOURCE:,JAVIER,HERRERO,,EUROPEAN,MOLECULAR,BIOLOGY,LABORATORY—EUROPEAN,BIOINFORMAT,ICS,INSTITUTE
Genes are us…
and them.SOURCE:,JAVIER,HERRERO,,EUROPEAN,MOLECULAR,BIOLOGY,LABORATORY—EUROPEAN,BIOINFORMAT,ICS,INSTITUTE
Genes are us…
and them.SOURCE:,JAVIER,HERRERO,,EUROPEAN,MOLECULAR,BIOLOGY,LABORATORY—EUROPEAN,BIOINFORMAT,ICS,INSTITUTE
Genes are us…
and them.SOURCE:,JAVIER,HERRERO,,EUROPEAN,MOLECULAR,BIOLOGY,LABORATORY—EUROPEAN,BIOINFORMAT,ICS,INSTITUTE
Genes are us…
and them.SOURCE:,JAVIER,HERRERO,,EUROPEAN,MOLECULAR,BIOLOGY,LABORATORY—EUROPEAN,BIOINFORMAT,ICS,INSTITUTE
Genes are us…
and them.SOURCE:,JAVIER,HERRERO,,EUROPEAN,MOLECULAR,BIOLOGY,LABORATORY—EUROPEAN,BIOINFORMAT,ICS,INSTITUTE
Genes are us…
and them.SOURCE:,JAVIER,HERRERO,,EUROPEAN,MOLECULAR,BIOLOGY,LABORATORY—EUROPEAN,BIOINFORMAT,ICS,INSTITUTE
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Genes are us…
and them.SOURCE:,JAVIER,HERRERO,,EUROPEAN,MOLECULAR,BIOLOGY,LABORATORY—EUROPEAN,BIOINFORMAT,ICS,INSTITUTE
Genes are us…
and them.SOURCE:,JAVIER,HERRERO,,EUROPEAN,MOLECULAR,BIOLOGY,LABORATORY—EUROPEAN,BIOINFORMAT,ICS,INSTITUTE
Genes are us…
and them.SOURCE:,JAVIER,HERRERO,,EUROPEAN,MOLECULAR,BIOLOGY,LABORATORY—EUROPEAN,BIOINFORMAT,ICS,INSTITUTE
Genes are us…
and them.SOURCE:,JAVIER,HERRERO,,EUROPEAN,MOLECULAR,BIOLOGY,LABORATORY—EUROPEAN,BIOINFORMAT,ICS,INSTITUTE
Genes are us…
and them.SOURCE:,JAVIER,HERRERO,,EUROPEAN,MOLECULAR,BIOLOGY,LABORATORY—EUROPEAN,BIOINFORMAT,ICS,INSTITUTE
Genes are us…
and them.SOURCE:,JAVIER,HERRERO,,EUROPEAN,MOLECULAR,BIOLOGY,LABORATORY—EUROPEAN,BIOINFORMAT,ICS,INSTITUTE
Genes are us…
and them.SOURCE:,JAVIER,HERRERO,,EUROPEAN,MOLECULAR,BIOLOGY,LABORATORY—EUROPEAN,BIOINFORMAT,ICS,INSTITUTE
Genes are us…
and them.SOURCE:,JAVIER,HERRERO,,EUROPEAN,MOLECULAR,BIOLOGY,LABORATORY—EUROPEAN,BIOINFORMAT,ICS,INSTITUTE
Genes are us…
and them.SOURCE:,JAVIER,HERRERO,,EUROPEAN,MOLECULAR,BIOLOGY,LABORATORY—EUROPEAN,BIOINFORMAT,ICS,INSTITUTE
Genes are us…
and them.SOURCE:,JAVIER,HERRERO,,EUROPEAN,MOLECULAR,BIOLOGY,LABORATORY—EUROPEAN,BIOINFORMAT,ICS,INSTITUTE
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Genes are us…
and them.SOURCE:,JAVIER,HERRERO,,EUROPEAN,MOLECULAR,BIOLOGY,LABORATORY—EUROPEAN,BIOINFORMAT,ICS,INSTITUTE
Genes are us…
and them.SOURCE:,JAVIER,HERRERO,,EUROPEAN,MOLECULAR,BIOLOGY,LABORATORY—EUROPEAN,BIOINFORMAT,ICS,INSTITUTE
Genes are us…
and them.SOURCE:,JAVIER,HERRERO,,EUROPEAN,MOLECULAR,BIOLOGY,LABORATORY—EUROPEAN,BIOINFORMAT,ICS,INSTITUTE
Genes are us…
and them.SOURCE:,JAVIER,HERRERO,,EUROPEAN,MOLECULAR,BIOLOGY,LABORATORY—EUROPEAN,BIOINFORMAT,ICS,INSTITUTE
Genes are us…
and them.SOURCE:,JAVIER,HERRERO,,EUROPEAN,MOLECULAR,BIOLOGY,LABORATORY—EUROPEAN,BIOINFORMAT,ICS,INSTITUTE
Genes are us…
and them.SOURCE:,JAVIER,HERRERO,,EUROPEAN,MOLECULAR,BIOLOGY,LABORATORY—EUROPEAN,BIOINFORMAT,ICS,INSTITUTE
Genes are us…
and them.SOURCE:,JAVIER,HERRERO,,EUROPEAN,MOLECULAR,BIOLOGY,LABORATORY—EUROPEAN,BIOINFORMAT,ICS,INSTITUTE
Genes are us…
and them.SOURCE:,JAVIER,HERRERO,,EUROPEAN,MOLECULAR,BIOLOGY,LABORATORY—EUROPEAN,BIOINFORMAT,ICS,INSTITUTE
Genes are us…
and them.SOURCE:,JAVIER,HERRERO,,EUROPEAN,MOLECULAR,BIOLOGY,LABORATORY—EUROPEAN,BIOINFORMAT,ICS,INSTITUTE
Genes are us…
and them.SOURCE:,JAVIER,HERRERO,,EUROPEAN,MOLECULAR,BIOLOGY,LABORATORY—EUROPEAN,BIOINFORMAT,ICS,INSTITUTE
Genes are us…
and them.SOURCE:,JAVIER,HERRERO,,EUROPEAN,MOLECULAR,BIOLOGY,LABORATORY—EUROPEAN,BIOINFORMAT,ICS,INSTITUTE
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Genes are us…
and them.SOURCE:,JAVIER,HERRERO,,EUROPEAN,MOLECULAR,BIOLOGY,LABORATORY—EUROPEAN,BIOINFORMAT,ICS,INSTITUTE
Genes are us…
and them.SOURCE:,JAVIER,HERRERO,,EUROPEAN,MOLECULAR,BIOLOGY,LABORATORY—EUROPEAN,BIOINFORMAT,ICS,INSTITUTE
Genes are us…
and them.SOURCE:,JAVIER,HERRERO,,EUROPEAN,MOLECULAR,BIOLOGY,LABORATORY—EUROPEAN,BIOINFORMAT,ICS,INSTITUTE
Genes are us…
and them.SOURCE:,JAVIER,HERRERO,,EUROPEAN,MOLECULAR,BIOLOGY,LABORATORY—EUROPEAN,BIOINFORMAT,ICS,INSTITUTE
Genes are us…
and them.SOURCE:,JAVIER,HERRERO,,EUROPEAN,MOLECULAR,BIOLOGY,LABORATORY—EUROPEAN,BIOINFORMAT,ICS,INSTITUTE
Genes are us…
and them.SOURCE:,JAVIER,HERRERO,,EUROPEAN,MOLECULAR,BIOLOGY,LABORATORY—EUROPEAN,BIOINFORMAT,ICS,INSTITUTE
Genes are us…
and them.SOURCE:,JAVIER,HERRERO,,EUROPEAN,MOLECULAR,BIOLOGY,LABORATORY—EUROPEAN,BIOINFORMAT,ICS,INSTITUTE
Genes are us…
and them.SOURCE:,JAVIER,HERRERO,,EUROPEAN,MOLECULAR,BIOLOGY,LABORATORY—EUROPEAN,BIOINFORMAT,ICS,INSTITUTE
Genes are us…
and them.SOURCE:,JAVIER,HERRERO,,EUROPEAN,MOLECULAR,BIOLOGY,LABORATORY—EUROPEAN,BIOINFORMAT,ICS,INSTITUTE
Genes are us…
and them.SOURCE:,JAVIER,HERRERO,,EUROPEAN,MOLECULAR,BIOLOGY,LABORATORY—EUROPEAN,BIOINFORMAT,ICS,INSTITUTE
Genes are us…
and them.SOURCE:,JAVIER,HERRERO,,EUROPEAN,MOLECULAR,BIOLOGY,LABORATORY—EUROPEAN,BIOINFORMAT,ICS,INSTITUTE
Genes are us…
and them.SOURCE:,JAVIER,HERRERO,,EUROPEAN,MOLECULAR,BIOLOGY,LABORATORY—EUROPEAN,BIOINFORMAT,ICS,INSTITUTE
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Genes are us…
and them.SOURCE:,JAVIER,HERRERO,,EUROPEAN,MOLECULAR,BIOLOGY,LABORATORY—EUROPEAN,BIOINFORMAT,ICS,INSTITUTE
Genes are us…
and them.SOURCE:,JAVIER,HERRERO,,EUROPEAN,MOLECULAR,BIOLOGY,LABORATORY—EUROPEAN,BIOINFORMAT,ICS,INSTITUTE
Genes are us…
and them.SOURCE:,JAVIER,HERRERO,,EUROPEAN,MOLECULAR,BIOLOGY,LABORATORY—EUROPEAN,BIOINFORMAT,ICS,INSTITUTE
Genes are us…
and them.SOURCE:,JAVIER,HERRERO,,EUROPEAN,MOLECULAR,BIOLOGY,LABORATORY—EUROPEAN,BIOINFORMAT,ICS,INSTITUTE
Genes are us…
and them.SOURCE:,JAVIER,HERRERO,,EUROPEAN,MOLECULAR,BIOLOGY,LABORATORY—EUROPEAN,BIOINFORMAT,ICS,INSTITUTE
Genes are us…
and them.SOURCE:,JAVIER,HERRERO,,EUROPEAN,MOLECULAR,BIOLOGY,LABORATORY—EUROPEAN,BIOINFORMAT,ICS,INSTITUTE
Genes are us…
and them.SOURCE:,JAVIER,HERRERO,,EUROPEAN,MOLECULAR,BIOLOGY,LABORATORY—EUROPEAN,BIOINFORMAT,ICS,INSTITUTE
Genes are us…
and them.SOURCE:,JAVIER,HERRERO,,EUROPEAN,MOLECULAR,BIOLOGY,LABORATORY—EUROPEAN,BIOINFORMAT,ICS,INSTITUTE
Genes are us…
and them.SOURCE:,JAVIER,HERRERO,,EUROPEAN,MOLECULAR,BIOLOGY,LABORATORY—EUROPEAN,BIOINFORMAT,ICS,INSTITUTE
Genes are us…
and them.SOURCE:,JAVIER,HERRERO,,EUROPEAN,MOLECULAR,BIOLOGY,LABORATORY—EUROPEAN,BIOINFORMAT,ICS,INSTITUTE
Genes are us…
and them.SOURCE:,JAVIER,HERRERO,,EUROPEAN,MOLECULAR,BIOLOGY,LABORATORY—EUROPEAN,BIOINFORMAT,ICS,INSTITUTE
Genes are us…
and them.SOURCE:,JAVIER,HERRERO,,EUROPEAN,MOLECULAR,BIOLOGY,LABORATORY—EUROPEAN,BIOINFORMAT,ICS,INSTITUTE
Genes are us…
and them.SOURCE:,JAVIER,HERRERO,,EUROPEAN,MOLECULAR,BIOLOGY,LABORATORY—EUROPEAN,BIOINFORMAT,ICS,INSTITUTE
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Genes are us…
and them.SOURCE:,JAVIER,HERRERO,,EUROPEAN,MOLECULAR,BIOLOGY,LABORATORY—EUROPEAN,BIOINFORMAT,ICS,INSTITUTE
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