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Transcript of Introduction to Anatomy & Physiology Chapter 1 Introduction to Anatomy & Physiology Chapter 1.
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Introduction to Anatomy & Physiology
Chapter 1
Introduction to Anatomy & Physiology
Chapter 1
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Anatomy
- Internal and external structure
- Physical relationships among body parts
Microscopic anatomy
Study of:
Gross anatomy
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Physiology
Study of:
- human body function
Most physiological processes occur to maintain “Homeostasis”
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Homeostatic Regulation
Homeostasis• “Steady State”• Maintain stable internal conditions regardless
of external environment
• Temperature
• Blood pressure
• Ionic concentrations
• Blood sugar levels, etc.
But there is a challenge…
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Homeostasis
STRESS
Feedback Mechanisms:
Control system
Response (effect)
= anything that disrupts homeostasis
Stress (stimulus)
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Homeostatic Regulation
Negative Feedback:•Variation outside normal limits
triggers automatic corrective response
•Response opposes stimulus (& therefore negates effect)
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Feedback Mechanisms
Negative Feedback:
HomeostasisStress Results in loss of homeostasis
Negative feedback response
Results in return to homeostasis
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Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
RECEPTOR
Thermometer
STIMULUS:Room temperature
rises
Normalconditiondisturbed
HOMEOSTASISNormalroom
temperature
RESPONSE:Room temperature
dropsNormalconditionrestored
EFFECTOR
Air conditionerturns on
Sendscommands
to
Informationaffects
CONTROL CENTER(Thermostat)
20o 30o 40o
Figure 1-3
1 of 6
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Homeostatic Regulation
Positive Feedback:•Stimulus produces response that
reinforces the stimulus
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Feedback Mechanisms
Positive Feedback:
HomeostasisStress Results in loss of homeostasis
Positive feedback response
Further loss of homeo-stasis
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Levels of Organization
• Chemical (or Molecular)
• Cellular
• Tissue
• Organ
• Organ System
• Organism
Life is built on successive levels of increasing complexity:
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Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Complex proteinmolecule
Atoms incombination
Chemical orMolecular Level
(Chapter 2)
Figure 1-1 2 of 7
Chemical
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Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Cellular Level(Chapter 3)
Heartmuscle
cell
Protein filaments
Complex proteinmolecule
Atoms incombination
Chemical orMolecular Level
(Chapter 2)
Figure 1-1 3 of 7
Cellular
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Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Cardiacmuscletissue
Tissue Level(Chapter 4)
Cellular Level(Chapter 3)
Heartmuscle
cell
Protein filaments
Complex proteinmolecule
Atoms incombination
Chemical orMolecular Level
(Chapter 2)
Figure 1-1 4 of 7
Tissue
• Epithelial tissues• Connective tissues• Muscle tissues• Neural (nervous) tissue
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Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Cardiovascular
OrganLevel
Theheart
Cardiacmuscletissue
Tissue Level(Chapter 4)
Cellular Level(Chapter 3)
Heartmuscle
cell
Protein filaments
Complex proteinmolecule
Atoms incombination
Chemical orMolecular Level
(Chapter 2)
Figure 1-1 5 of 7
Organ
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Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Integumentary
SkeletalMuscular
NervousEndocrine
CardiovascularLymphatic
RespiratoryDigestive
Urinary
Reproductive
OrganLevel
Theheart
Cardiacmuscletissue
Tissue Level(Chapter 4)
Cellular Level(Chapter 3)
Heartmuscle
cell
Protein filaments
Complex proteinmolecule
Atoms incombination
Chemical orMolecular Level
(Chapter 2)
OrganSystem Level
(Chapters 5–20)
Figure 1-1 6 of 7
Organ System
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Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Integumentary
SkeletalMuscular
NervousEndocrine
CardiovascularLymphatic
RespiratoryDigestive
Urinary
Reproductive
OrganLevel
Theheart
Cardiacmuscletissue
Tissue Level(Chapter 4)
Cellular Level(Chapter 3)
Heartmuscle
cell
Protein filaments
Complex proteinmolecule
Atoms incombination
Chemical orMolecular Level
(Chapter 2)
OrganismLevel
OrganSystem Level
(Chapters 5–20)
Figure 1-1 7 of 7
Organism
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Overview of Organ Systems
The human body is arranged in 11 organ systems:
• Integumentary•Skeletal•Muscular•Nervous•Endocrine
•Cardiovascular•Lymphatic•Respiratory•Digestive•Urinary•Reproductive
Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
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Anatomical Landmarks & Regions
Figure 1-6(a)
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The Language of Anatomy
Anatomical Position• Hands at side• Palms forward• Feet together
Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
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Directional TermsSuperior
Inferior
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Directional TermsSuperior
Inferior
Cephalic Cranial
Caudal
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Directional TermsSuperior
Inferior
Cephalic Cranial
Caudal
Anterior or ventral
Posterior or dorsal
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Directional TermsSuperior
Inferior
Cephalic Cranial
Caudal
Anterior or ventral
Posterior or dorsal
Proximal
Proximal Distal
Distal
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Directional TermsSuperior
Inferior
Cephalic Cranial
Caudal
Anterior or ventral
Posterior or dorsal
Proximal
Distal
Lateral Medial
Proximal
Distal
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Directional Terms
Superficial
Deep
Ipsilateral
Contralateral
Bilateral
Prone
Supine
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Body Planes & Sections
•Sagittal• Midsagittal• parasagittal
•Coronal/Frontal
•Cross-section
Longitudinal
Transverse Plane
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Body Cavities
Cranial cavity
Spinal cavity
Ventral body cavity
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Body Cavities
Diaphragm subdivides ventral cavity into:
Thoracic cavity
Abdominopelvic cavity
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Ventral Body Cavity
Thoracic cavityPleural cavities (R
and L)MediastinumPericardial cavity
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Membranes of the Ventral Cavity
• Pleura• Pericardium
Double layered “serous membranes”:
-outer “Parietal” layer lines cavity wall
-inner “Visceral” layer covers the organ(s) within the cavity
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Membranes of the Ventral Cavity
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Ventral Body Cavity
Thoracic cavityPleural cavities (R
and L)MediastinumPericardial cavity
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Ventral Body Cavity
Abdominopelvic cavity:
AbdominalPelvic
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Membranes of the Ventral Cavity
Double layered serous membrane in the
abdominal cavity: Peritoneum
-outer “Parietal Peritoneum”- lines cavity wall
-inner “Visceral Peritoneum”- covers the organ(s) within the cavity
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The Metric System
• Standard system of measurement used in science & around the world
• Based on units of 10
• Utilizes a standard metric unit depending upon whether you are measuring
• length – meter (m)
• volume – liter (L)
• mass – gram (g)
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The Metric System
The standard units of measurement (m, L, g) can be modified by the addition of a prefix, which will change the value of the measurement
The most commonly used prefixes include:
mega (M) = 1,000,000
kilo (k) – 1000
centi (c) – 1/100
milli (m) – 1/1000
micro (u) – 1/1,000,000
nano (n) – 1/1,000,000,000
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The Metric System
Multiply------>---->---->
_l__l_ l__l____l____l_____l______l____l___l___l__l__l__l__l__l
M k h dk "unit“ d c m u n
(m/l/g)
<------<------<-------Divide
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The Metric System
To change from smaller units --> larger units, you must DIVIDE by the appropriate factor of 10 (because there or less larger units that fit into the number).
ie: 1 millimeter (1mm) = 1/1000 meters = 0.001 m5 millimeters (5mm) = 5/10 centimeters (cm) =
0.5 cmNote: dividing a number by a factor of 10 is the same thing as moving the decimal point to the LEFT.
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The Metric System
To change from larger units --> smaller units, you must MULTIPLY by the appropriate factor of 10 (because there are more smaller units that go into the number).
ie: 5 km = 5,000 m3 kg (kilograms) = 3,000,000 mg (milligrams) = 3x 106 mg
Note: multiplying a number by a factor of 10 is the same as moving the decimal to the RIGHT.