Introduction to Introduction to Anatomy & Anatomy & PhysiologyPhysiology

Fall 2011Fall 2011Chapter 1Chapter 1

Week 1Week 1

What is…What is…AnatomyAnatomy PhysiologPhysiolog

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SummarySummary Discussion of the necessary life functions Discussion of the necessary life functions

and how each organ system plays several and how each organ system plays several functions to support the living organismfunctions to support the living organism

Discuss Discuss homeostasishomeostasis and the diseases and the diseases state that develops when homeostatic state that develops when homeostatic mechanisms are out of balancemechanisms are out of balance

Discuss Discuss anatomical landmarksanatomical landmarks, divide the , divide the body into sections and planesbody into sections and planes and be and be able to identify the able to identify the body cavities and body cavities and their componentstheir components

Key TermsKey TermsAnatomical Anatomical PositionPosition

Homeostatic Homeostatic ImbalanceImbalance

PhysiologyPhysiology

AnatomyAnatomy Negative Negative FeedbackFeedback

PlanePlane

AtomsAtoms OrganOrgan Positive Positive FeedbackFeedback

CellsCells Organ SystemOrgan System SectionSection

HomeostasisHomeostasis OrganismOrganism TissuesTissues

Anatomy vs PhysiologyAnatomy vs Physiology AnatomyAnatomy- study of the - study of the structurestructure of the of the

human body and the relationship of its human body and the relationship of its parts parts

Anatomy is derived from the Greek words meaning to Anatomy is derived from the Greek words meaning to cut (tomy) apart (ana)cut (tomy) apart (ana)

PhysiologyPhysiology- study of body - study of body functionsfunctions; how ; how the parts workthe parts work

How then are Anatomy and Physiology How then are Anatomy and Physiology related?related?

Structure and FunctionStructure and FunctionAnatomy and physiology are Anatomy and physiology are

therefore separate but, since therefore separate but, since function always reflects function always reflects structure they are inseparable. structure they are inseparable. This is called the principle of This is called the principle of complimentarity of structure complimentarity of structure and functionand function

Structure Determines Structure Determines FunctionsFunctions

The heart is a muscular chamber The heart is a muscular chamber and is able to pump the bloodand is able to pump the blood

Blood flows in one direction do to Blood flows in one direction do to valves located in the vesselsvalves located in the vessels

The lungs cannot pump blood The lungs cannot pump blood because the walls of its air sacs are because the walls of its air sacs are very thinvery thinBut the exchange of gases and the bodies oxygen supply occur in the lungs

Maintaining LifeMaintaining Life Maintain boundariesMaintain boundaries MoveMove Respond to environmental changesRespond to environmental changes Take in and digest nutrientsTake in and digest nutrients MetabolismMetabolism Dispose of wasteDispose of waste Reproduce Reproduce GrowGrow

Survival NeedsSurvival Needs

Nutrients Oxygen Water Body Temperature

Atmospheric Pressure

Organisms Survival Depends on

Why though?Why though? Why does the body need all that stuff Why does the body need all that stuff

and go through all the trouble it and go through all the trouble it does?does?

GOAL??????

HomeostasisHomeostasis

Literal translation is “unchanging”Coined by Walter Cannon “wisdom

of the body”

The body is in a constant state of The body is in a constant state of flux, balancing between a range of flux, balancing between a range of normal values that is never staticnormal values that is never static

Homeostatic Control Homeostatic Control MechanismsMechanisms

Communication - nervous and Communication - nervous and endocrine systemsendocrine systems

Factor: VariableFactor: Variable All homeostatic control mechanisms All homeostatic control mechanisms

containcontain ReceptorReceptor Control centerControl center EffectorEffector

Homeostatic Control Homeostatic Control MechanismsMechanisms

Nervous and Endocrine Systems

3 ComponentsReceptorControl Effector

FeedbackFeedback Depressing the Depressing the

response or negative response or negative feedbackfeedback

Negative Feedback: Negative Feedback: Control mechanism is Control mechanism is shut offshut off

Net effect of the Net effect of the response is to shut off response is to shut off the original stimulus the original stimulus or greatly reduce itor greatly reduce it

Control of blood Control of blood glucose levels by glucose levels by pancreatic hormonespancreatic hormones

Enhancing the Enhancing the response or response or positive feedback: positive feedback: CascadesCascades

RareRare Blood clotting and Blood clotting and

birth of a babybirth of a baby

Chemical Level: AtomsSmallest part of matter ot the building blocks of matter

Combine to form molecules

CellsThe smallest unit of life

TissuesConsists of groups of cells that have a common function

OrganComposed of two or more tissue types

Performs a specific function

Organ System LevelDifferent Organs working together for a particular function

Organism Level Multiple Organ Systems

Anatomical PositionAnatomical Position Necessary to standardize and Necessary to standardize and

simplify the study of anatomysimplify the study of anatomy Anatomical position:Anatomical position:

Standing,Standing, Facing the observerFacing the observer Palms facing forwardPalms facing forward Toes pointed toward the observerToes pointed toward the observer

Always reference the left or right of Always reference the left or right of the body as you view itthe body as you view it

Two Body CavitiesTwo Body Cavities (*anatomical position*)(*anatomical position*)

A. Ventral cavity:A. Ventral cavity:1. Thoracic cavity-1. Thoracic cavity-

Right & Left Pleural Right & Left Pleural Cavity, MediastinumCavity, Mediastinum (inside is Pericardial (inside is Pericardial Cavity)Cavity)

Diaphragm muscle- Diaphragm muscle- separates cavitiesseparates cavities

2. Abdominopelvic 2. Abdominopelvic cavity-cavity- Abdominal Abdominal cavity, Pelvic cavitycavity, Pelvic cavity

Abdominal and Pelvic Abdominal and Pelvic CavityCavity

Two Body CavitiesTwo Body Cavities (*anatomical position*)(*anatomical position*)

B. Dorsal cavity:B. Dorsal cavity:1.1. Cranial cavity-Cranial cavity-

skull & brainskull & brain2.2. Spinal cavity-Spinal cavity-

vertebral column & vertebral column & spinal cordspinal cord

Other Body CavitiesOther Body Cavities Oral and digestive cavitiesOral and digestive cavities Nasal cavityNasal cavity Orbital cavitiesOrbital cavities Middle ear cavitiesMiddle ear cavities Synovial cavitiesSynovial cavities

Regional TermsRegional Terms Axial: Head, neck and trunkAxial: Head, neck and trunk Appendicular: AppendagesAppendicular: Appendages

Anatomical PositionAnatomical Position Anatomical terminology can be divided

into 2 types: components of the body terms that refer to direction, eg, proximal or

distal.

Body components

VI. Serous Membranes: VI. Serous Membranes: Serosa: double layered membrane that covers Serosa: double layered membrane that covers

the walls and outer surfaces of the organsthe walls and outer surfaces of the organs Parietal- surrounding wall of body cavityParietal- surrounding wall of body cavity Visceral- inside membrane that covers organsVisceral- inside membrane that covers organs

Directional RelationshipsDirectional Relationships Anterior ( Ventral):Anterior ( Ventral): toward the front of the toward the front of the

bodybody Posterior (Dorsal):Posterior (Dorsal): toward the back of the body toward the back of the body Superior (Cranial or cephalad):Superior (Cranial or cephalad): above; toward above; toward

the head the head Inferior ( caudal):Inferior ( caudal): below; toward the feet below; toward the feet Medial:Medial: toward the midline; toward the mid- toward the midline; toward the mid-

saggitalsaggital Lateral:Lateral: away from the midline away from the midline

Proximal: toward the body or rootProximal: toward the body or root Distal: away from the body or rootDistal: away from the body or root Superficial: toward the surfaceSuperficial: toward the surface Deep: away from the surfaceDeep: away from the surface Intermediate: between a more medial Intermediate: between a more medial

and a more lateral structureand a more lateral structure

Directional TermsDirectional Terms

The wrist is ________ to the handThe wrist is ________ to the hand The breastbone is ________ to the spineThe breastbone is ________ to the spine The brain is _______ to the spinal cordThe brain is _______ to the spinal cord The lungs are ________to the stomachThe lungs are ________to the stomach The thumb is __________ to the fingers.The thumb is __________ to the fingers.

Review: Review: ALL descriptions of the human body and movement start in anatomical position.

Anatomical Planes and Anatomical Planes and DirectionsDirections

PlanesPlanesA.A. SagittalSagittal- cut in right & left halves; - cut in right & left halves;

midsagittal is exactly on midlinemidsagittal is exactly on midlineB.B. Coronal/FrontalCoronal/Frontal- cut lengthwise or - cut lengthwise or

vertically; cut into anterior & vertically; cut into anterior & posterior halvesposterior halves

C.C. Transverse/HorizontalTransverse/Horizontal- crosswise, - crosswise, superior & inferior halvessuperior & inferior halves

ObliqueOblique- cutting at a diagonal- cutting at a diagonal

Body Types:Body Types: SomatotypeSomatotype- body build or physique; determined - body build or physique; determined

by gender, exercise, diet, & heredityby gender, exercise, diet, & heredityA.A. EndomorphEndomorph- -

large waistline or “apple-shaped” – risky healthlarge waistline or “apple-shaped” – risky health small waistline or “pear-shaped” –not as risky.small waistline or “pear-shaped” –not as risky.

B.B.MesomorphMesomorph – medium waistline; medium build – medium waistline; medium buildC.C.EctomorphEctomorph – skinny waistline; skinny build – skinny waistline; skinny build