Introduction: The Human Brain - Bangor University › ... › PGoldin_HumanBrain.pdf ·...
Transcript of Introduction: The Human Brain - Bangor University › ... › PGoldin_HumanBrain.pdf ·...
Introduction: The Human Brain
Philippe Goldin
Clinically Applied Affective Neuroscience
Mentors
James Gross Gary Glover
Stanford University
UC San Diego
Murray Stein Greg Brown John McQuaid
Marsha Bates
Rutgers University
Brenna Bry
Motivation
The beginning
Visualize Brain - Heart - Mind
• Most complex organ in the
human body
• Produces every thought,
action, memory, feeling
and experience of the
world
• 1.4 kilograms
• 2% of body weight, 20% of
metabolic load
Neuron
100 billion neurons Basic unit of information flow
Firing neuron: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GIGqp6_PG6k
Complexity of connectivity
• Each neuron can connect up to 10,000 other neurons
• Our brains form a million new connections every second of our lives
• Patterns and strength of the connections are constantly changing
• It is in these changing connections that memories are stored, habits learned and personalities shaped, by reinforcing certain patterns of brain activity, and losing others
Complexity of connectivity
Cortical mantle
Brain Lobes
Anterior
Brain: Lateral View
Anterior
Brain: Medial View
High-Resolution Parcellation
Lateral Medial
Functional Connectivity: Connectome
Diffusion Tensor Imaging
Brain Size
Average brain size relative to percentage of body mass.
Curvature and connectivity
Development
Maturation of the “baby connectome:” examples of brain networks at four different ages. (A) Anatomic T2-weighted MRI images. (B) Tractograms reconstructed based on the diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) data. (C) Template-free brain networks consisting of 100 nodes, represented as weighted graphs. (D) Template-free brain networks represented as binary connectivity matrices. Note: the 6 days and 6 months networks were mapped in the same infant longitudinally.
Paradoxically, the thinning of gray matter that starts around puberty corresponds to increasing cognitive abilities. This probably reflects improved neural organization, as the brain pares redundant connections and benefits from increases in the white matter that helps brain cells communicate.
Functional Neuroanatomy
Functional Imaging Modalities
computed axial tomography (CT), diffusion tensor imaging (DTI), functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS), positron emission tomography (PET), single photon emission tomography (SPECT), electroencephalography (EEG), and magnetoencephalography (EMG),
Cognitive & Attention
Regulation
Emotion
Higher Order Psychological Functions Embedded in Brain Networks
Self Language Body
Reward
Inhibitory
Salience
Memory
Is the middle arrow pointing to the left or right?
Get ready
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Alerting or vigilance of attention network
Fan et al., 2005 Neuroimage
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Fan et al., 2005 Neuroimage
Orienting of attention network
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Fan et al., 2005 Neuroimage
Executive attention network
• Alerting (vigilance)
• Re-orienting (shifting of attention)
• Executive control of attention (goal-oriented, top-down cognitive control of attention)
Ready
Classical View of Fear
Emotion, Arousal, Memory
Quantitative analysis of brain cortical
connectivity of amygdala
Amygdala is hypothesized to be a strong candidate for integrating cognitive
and emotional information. Pessoa, 2008, Nature Reviews Neuroscience
Eyes on - Body Sensations
Nummenmaa et al, 2014, PNAS
Bodily Sensations
Somatosensory
cortex
Insular cortex
Language network: Perisylvian pathways in
the left hemisphere
Adapted from Catani et al. (2005)
Self-views now
Meta-Analysis of
Self-Referential Processing
Cortical midline structures: ventromedial prefrontal,
dorsomedial prefrontal, posterior cingulate/precuneus
Northoff et al. 2006, NeuroImage
Cognitive Control of Emotion: Neural Systems
Ochsner et al., NYAS, 2012
Cognitive processes that
regulate emotion
Cognitive processes that
generate emotion
Brain as a network
The basic strategy of intrinsic functional connectivity MRI (fcMRI)
Buckner et al., Nature Neuroscience 16, 832–837 (2013)
Red/yellow = spontaneous activity fluctuations measured at rest are correlated between brain regions
Green = motor cortex seed region
Large-scale cerebral networks identified by intrinsic functional connectivity
Buckner et al., Nature Neuroscience 16, 832–837 (2013)
Brain Predicting Emotion State
Wager et al., 2015, PLOS Computational Biology
Analyzed human brain activity patterns from 148 studies of emotion categories (2159 participants)
Each emotion category is associated with unique, prototypical patterns of activity across multiple brain networks. Emotions are differentiated by a combination of perceptual, mnemonic, prospective, and motivational elements
Artist: Bruno Vergauwen