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Content

1. Introduction 1-2

2. Raw Material 3-7

3. Manufacturing process of Umbrella 8-13

4. Assembly Process of an Umbrella 14-18

5. Product drawing of an Umbrella 19-23

6. Alternative and Disadvantages 24-35

7. Conclusion 26

1

Introduction

In the past recent years, human has created a lot of gadget to fulfil man desired. More

and more gadget has created to make our life more comfortable and feel secured when

whether changes. An Umbrella has come to the scientist mind. In the 18th and 19

th centuries,

A kersey‟s Dictionary ( 1708) describes an umbrella as a “ screen commonly used by women

to keep off rain. In the oldest day, an umbrella are used liturgically to show honour to a

person or a holy object. An umbrella or knows as parasol is a canopy designed to protect

against precipitation or sunlight. Do u know about parasol? The parasol word which come

from French. It is a word that combine by using two terms. Para in the French which mean

protecting against sole which mean Sun. So when the two words combine it become parasol

which mean protecting against sun. The term parasol usually refers to an item designed to

protect from the sun, and umbrella refers to a device more suited to protect from rain.

Meanwhile some umbrella have the advantaged to protect our skins from radiation. Parasols

are often meant to be fixed to one point and often used with patio tables or other outdoor

furniture, or on the beach for shelter from the sun. Umbrella are almost exclusively hand-held

devices. However, parasol can also be hand held. Now, umbrellas can be held as fashion

statement in the twenty first century for some men and women are some simple accessories

that complete an outfit.

Types of Umbrella

There are two different types of umbrellas. The first

type of umbrella is the personal-used umbrella which is

generally used for providing protection against rain.

This type of umbrella however can be divided into two

different umbrellas. They are the long umbrella, folding

umbrella, square umbrella and five folding super light

umbrella. While the second type of umbrella is called as Outdoor umbrella. Outdoor umbrella

can be further classified as patio umbrella, golf umbrella, sand beach umbrella and beach

umbrella. While Patio umbrellas are mainly used for decorating gardens, house people use

beach umbrella to protect themselves from excessive heat at the beaches. Golf umbrellas on

the other hand are used to protect golfers, top executives from wind, rain while they are

playing golf. In this assignment, we are going to discuss fully on the personal-used umbrella.

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Important of the product

Umbrella is used to protect us from sunlight and avoid us from getting wet when it is rain.

Umbrella is important because it can make us feel more comfortable when we are walking

under the heat of sunlight in order to keep our body temperature down. On the other hand, its

prevent us from getting wet. Meanwhile, it also can use as a tool to defend our self and to

keep hostile strangers away.

Type of Umbrella

Personal-Used

Umbrella Outdoor Umbrella

Square Umbrella

Folding

Umbrella

Lady Umbrella

Patio Umbrella

Beach

Umbrella

Sand Beach

Umbrella

Golf Umbrella

Long Umbrella

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Raw Materials

They are many materials can be used to make the canopy of umbrellas. They are the nylon, or

the plastic. A “U” shaped steel rod was however then conceived for the ribs and stretchers to

make a lighter, stronger frame. Previously, umbrellas had been made from either cane or

whalebone. Whalebone umbrellas especially were bulky and awkward. Rounded ribs and

stretchers are frequently seen today only on parasols and patio umbrellas. Advancements in

metal-producing technology have made rounded metal ribs and stretchers more feasible. The

ribs and stretchers are usually made from "U" shaped or channeled steel or other metal. The

shaft however is made up either from steel, aluminum, plastics, wood or fiberglass. The

handle can be plastic, metal, or any combination of desired ingredients. Below be the picture

of raw materials that we use it for making umbrella.

Plastic Nylon

Aluminum Fiberglass

Wood Steel

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Characteristic of Raw Materials and Reasons of choosing.

Plastic

Plastic is the general common term for a wide range of synthetic or semisynthetic organic

amorphous solid materials suitable for the manufacture of industrial products. It can use to

make many product such as bottle, chair and many. However, in order to making bottle,

plastic also can be used in making canopy or the handle of umbrella. The main reason to use

plastic in making canopy or handle umbrella is because plastic is actually a good insulators of

heat and electricity. Mostly people will using umbrella when the moment that the sun is

shinning very brightly or when it is raining. According to this reason, plastic be the one of the

material for making canopy and handle umbrella. This is because when the sun shines

brightly, the umbrella needs to be good in insulating heat and when there is thunder and

lightning during the rain, then the umbrella must be a good in insulating electricity. Besides,

plastic is also one of the best material that have gently weight, this can help people easy to

bring around from one place to another place. Moreover, plastic also will not absorb the

water. This can help the canopy of the umbrella easy dry. Plastic is also make us easy to

shape and colour it.

Nylon

Nylon is a generic designation for a family of synthetic polymers known generically as

polyamides. It is one of the most commonly used polymers. The characteristics of nylon is

exceptionally strong and elastic. Nylon also have an excellent abrasion resistance and at the

same tome a lustrous material. With these characteristic, it make nylon suitable for making

the conopy of the umbrella because it can be pre-colored or dyed in wide range of colors.

Besides, nylon is also low in moisture absorbency. This characteristic is extremely important

because no one will be buying an umbrella which will absorb a lot of water.

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Aluminium

Aluminium is a silvery white and ductile member of the boron group of chemical elements. It

has the symbol Al and its atomic number is 13. The charateristic of aluminum is soft,

durable, lightweight, malleable metal with appearance ranging from silvery to dull grey,

depending on the surface roughness. Aluminium is nonmagnetic and nonsparking. It is also

insoluble in alcohol, though it can be soluble in water in certain forms. Aluminum is an

excellent heat and electricity conductor and in relation to its weight is almost twice as good a

conductor as copper. Therefore, the aluminum can only be used in making the shaft of the

umbrella. This is because if aluminum is used to make the canopy, when there is thunder or

lightning, the canopy which is made out of aluminum will conduct electricity and this is does

harm the safety of the user. Besides, it is can be also used in making the ribs and stretchers.

Fiberglass

Fiberglass is material made from extremely fine fibers of glass. It is used as a reinforcing

agent for many polymer products; the resulting composite material, properly known as fiber-

reinforced polymer (FRP) or glass-reinforced plastic (GRP), is called "fiberglass" in popular

usage. Fiberglass is strong, durable, and impervious to many caustics and to extreme

temperatures. For those qualities, fabrics woven from the glass threads are widely used for

industrial purposes. Fiberglass fabrics can also be made to resemble silks and cotton and are

used for curtains and drapery. A wide variety of materials are made by combining fiberglass

with plastic.

Wood

Wood is an organic material produced as secondary xylem in the stems of woody plants,

notably trees and other woody plants. In a living tree it conducts water and nutrients to the

leaves and other growing tissues, and has a support function, enabling plants to reach large

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sizes. Wood may also refer to other plant materials and tissues with comparable properties,

and to material engineered from wood, or wood chips or fiber. Wood has always been and

continues to be a material of great importance to mankind. It is highly versatile. It is

relatively light in weight, yet has good strength in both tension and compression; and

provides rigidity, toughness and insulating properties. It can be bent or twisted into special

shapes, and it is readily worked, fastened and finished. The finished surface is pleasant to the

touch and the visual patterns provided can be of great beauty.

Steel

Steel is an alloy consisting mostly of iron, with a carbon content between 0.2% and 2.14% by

weight (C:110–10Fe), depending on grade. Carbon is the most cost-effective alloying

material for iron, but various other alloying elements are used such as manganese, chromium,

vanadium, and tungsten. Steel is a metal composed of iron plus varying amounts of carbon as

well as other elements such as chromium, nickel, molybdenum, zirconium, vanadium,

tungsten, and so on. Different types of steel are produced by adjusting the chemical

composition and adapting any of the different stages of the steel making process, such as

rolling, finishing and heat treatment. As each of these factors can be modified, there is

potentially virtually no limit to the number of different steels that can be made. Steel has the

highest strength to weight ratio of any building material. It also provides consistent material

quality because it is produced in strict accordance with national standards and therefore there

is no regional variance in quality. Besides, it is also inorganic. Basically, steel can be used in

making the ribs, stretchers, and the shaft of the umbrella. This is because steel will not rot,

split, crack or creep. The ribs, stretchers and shaft must be strong enough in order for the user

to open and close the umbrella efficiently.

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MANUFACTURING PROCESS OF UMBRELLA

Step 1: Fabric Selection and cutting fabric for Umbrella

A variety of fabrics had been used for making umbrellas that included linen, cotton,

leather, taffeta variety of silk, lace and the

special fabric that was first made for

umbrellas only- the Gloria (a plain weave of

silk and wool, and silk and cotton). For an

umbrella making, rayon and acetate were

widely used. For nowadays, the fabric that

generally used is nylon taffeta with an

acrylic coating on the underside and a

scotch-guard type finish on top. But in the

latest technology, microfiber fabrics with

new water repellent finishes are also being used by the umbrella manufacturers. After the

suitable fabric has been selected, fabric has

to cut in a suitable size. There are two types

of cutting, which is small cut and large cut.

Large cut usually known as first cut and it

uses machinery hang-cutting to cut fabric

into rectangle shape from pile of fabric.

Large cut is the pre-stage of small cut. The

purpose of small cut is to cut the fabric from

rectangle into triangle shape of flame. In the

triangle shape of flame, wood has been used.

The mold is placed on the rectangle fabric and hand cut the fabric in triangle shape.

Step 2: Printing patterns on the fabric

There are few types of method printing patterns on the fabric. These include:

- Silkscreen

- Rotary printing

- Laser engraving

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Silkscreen is a piece of mesh fabric held taut in a frame. Some of the holes in the

fabric‟s mesh are clogged up to prevent ink from passing through. Silkscreen printing is the

lowest in cost but it can only print in solid color and cannot print graphics like photo.

Rotary screen printing gets its name because it uses a cylindrical screen that rotates in

a fixed position. These machines are designed for roll-to-roll printing on flexible materials

ranging from narrow web films to wide- format roll textiles. The web travels at a consistent

speed between the screen and a steel or rubber impression roller immediately below the

screen. The squeegee on a rotary press is in a fixed position with its edge making contact with

the inside surface of the screen precisely at the point where the screen, substrate, and

impression roller come together. Ink is automatically fed into the center of the screen and

collects in a wedge-shaped "well" formed by the leading side of the squeegee and the screen's

interior surface. The motion of the screen will forces the ink into stencil openings, essentially

flooding the screen without requiring a flood bar. The squeegee then shears the ink as the

stencil and substrate come into contact, allowing the ink to transfer cleanly to the material.

CMYK or commonly known as offset printing employees the four-colour process which

included the used of cyan, magenta, yellow and black to create a wide spectrum of colours,

giving life to the fabric.

The practise of using lasers to engrave or mark the „lacerable‟ materials such as metal,

copper or aluminum is called laser engraving. Laser engraving can be very technical and

complex. Normally a computer system is used to drive the movement of laser head. The

beam emitted from laser engraving machine, it can make a clean and very precise engrave

patterns onto the surface.

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Step 3: The making of canopy making

After the printed gores are ready, assemblies the canopy. The canopy of the umbrella

is hand sewn to the ribs in form of individual panels. Each panel is cut separately from piles

of materials called gores. Machine cutting of several layers at once is also possible which is

less cumbersome. Usually rain umbrella has eight panels but there can be in six panels also in

smaller umbrella such as parasols and children umbrellas. The largest umbrella can have as

many as twelve panels too. A metal ferrule may or may not be forced over and glued to the

tip of the umbrella that passes through the canopy.

Step 4: The making of shaft

It is usually made from wood, steel, or aluminum and sometimes, fiberglass and other

plastic are used, which commonly be seen in larger golf umbrellas. Approximately 3/8 inch

0.95 centimeter thick. The best material of the making of shaft is fiberglass because its light

weight and not easy to break. And umbrella which is made from metal and wood is heavy and

not long lasting. When consisting of wood, shaft are made with the help of wood-shaping

machines such as turning machines and lathes. Although aluminum is light weight but its

easy to break. Metal and plastic shafts are drawn or extruded for giving them the required

shape.

Step 5: The making of rib and stretcher

Ribs run underneath the canopy of the

umbrella and stretchers join the ribs with the

shaft of the umbrella. As the rib and stretcher

arrived at the factory in a comparatively

unfinished state, the first thing to be done is to

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cut them to the required length, then to fix in the springs which are required to hold the

umbrella when open or closed. This operation is performed by a small circular saw, against

which the workman presses the stick, and by intuition apparently the slot is made to the exact

depth required. The ribs are usually made of steel or some other thing such as metal. The ribs

are attached to the shaft by fitting it into a top notc. The stretchers are connected to the shaft

of the umbrella with a plastic or metal runner, the piece that moves along the shaft of the

umbrella when it is opened or closed. The ribs and stretchers are interconnected with a joiner,

which is usually a small joiner metal hinge. When the umbrella is opened or closed, the joiner

opens or closes simultaneously through an agnle of more than 90 degrees. Then there are two

catch springs in the shaft of each umbrella. Metal shaft are generally hollow so that the catch

spring can be inserted in it without much efforts. Meanwhile, a wooden shaft requires to be

hollowed out to make space for the catching spring.

Steps 6: The installation of tip

The function of tip is to stable the canopy with the ribs. Tip is pieces of metal or plastic that

stick at one end of each ribs. In the process of tip installation, a special sewing machine is

used to sew the tips on the fabric and the number of installed tips is same as number of ribs.

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Reason for choosing the steps of the umbrella been manufactured.

Process of an umbrella been manufactured:

Fabric Selection and cutting fabric for Umbrella

Printing patterns on the fabric

The making of canopy making

The making of shaft

The making of rib and stretcher

The installation of tip

The reason we choose our umbrella been manufactured in this process because we think that

its very efficient in terms of cost, time and material management. If we choose printing

patterns on the fabric as our first process in fact of selecting and cutting fabric, its not suitable

because it might be a waste of material if the pattern that we print not match with the fabric

that we are going to cut. In additional, it also will be a waste of time because have to redo and

it will directly raise up the cost of manufactured an umbrella.

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ASSEMBLY PROCESS OF UMBRELLA

Step 1: Assembly of ribs and stretcher

The ribs and stretchers are assembled first. Ribs run underneath the top or canopy of

the umbrella while stretchers connect the ribs with the shaft of the umbrella. The ribs are

attached to the shaft of the umbrella by fitting into a top notch. A notch is a thin, round nylon

or plastic piece with teeth around the edges, and then held with thin wire. The stretchers are

connected to the shaft of the umbrella with a plastic or metal runner, the piece that moves

along the shaft of the umbrella when it is opened or closed. Next, the ribs and stretchers are

connected to each other with a joiner, which is usually a small jointed metal hinge. As the

umbrella is opened or closed, the joiner opens or closes through an angle of more than 90

degrees. There are two catch springs in the shaft of each umbrella. These are small pieces of

metal that need to be pressed when the umbrella is slid up the shaft to open, and again when

the umbrella is slid down the shaft for closing. Metal shafts are usually hollow, and the catch

spring can be inserted, while a wood shaft requires that a space for the catch spring be

hollowed out. A pin or other blocking device is usually placed into the shaft a few inches

above the upper catch spring to prevent the canopy from sliding past the top of umbrella,

when the runner goes beyond the upper catch spring.

Step 2: Join the frame and the canopy

The cover or canopy of the umbrella is hand sewn in individual panels to the ribs.This

process cannot use machine, it is totally hand-assembly. Because each panel has to be shaped

to the curve of the canopy, therefore the cover cannot be cut in one piece. Panels are sewn at

the outer edges of the ribs, and there are also connections between the ribs and the panels

about one-third of the way down from the outer edge of the canopy. Each panel is cut

separately from piles of materials called gores; machine cutting of several layers at once is

possible, although hand-cutting is more typical. The typical rain umbrella has eight panels,

although some umbrellas with four, six, seven, twelve, sixteen and even twenty-four panels

can occasionally be found.

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Step 3: Umbrella Tip install

Tip is a pieces of metal or plastic stick at the end of each ribs to stable the canopy

with the ribs. The tip of the umbrella is to protect the shaft. In this process, use a special

sewing machine to sew the tips on the fabric. The number of installed tips is same as number

of ribs. It that passes through the canopy can be covered with metal (a ferrule) that has been

forced over and perhaps glued to the tip, or left bare, depending on the desire of the

manufacturer. The end tips of the umbrella, where the ribs reach past the canopy, can be left

bare or covered with small plastic or wood end caps that are either pushed or screwed on, or

glued, and then sewn to the ends of the ribs through small holes in the end caps. It is a

temporary assembly as when the umbrella is broken, the repair person can open up the

umbrella and repair it.

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Step 4: Handle install

The handle is connected to the shaft at the end of the process. There are several

methods to install the handle with the shaft. The methods are screwed on, heat up the shaft, or

glue to secure the handle. Better-quality umbrellas normally use glue to secure the handle

more tightly. This is because screwed on is just temporary and sooner or later the screw will

go loose and thus this method is not secure as gluing up the handle.

Step5: Quality checking

Quality Control is the most important area on each process. Therefore we appointed

QC staff in each production line in each process. After all assemble and production process

finished, all the umbrella will send to the quality control department to have the final quality

checking process before packaging.

Step 6: Packaging

All umbrellas which passed the quality control test will send to the packaging

department to pack into the carton. Normally, there are 5 inner cartons in each outer carton.

Each inner carton contains 60 pieces of umbrellas. Umbrellas that passed quality control test

will be packaged and sent to the customers.

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Packaging umbrella

Selling umbrella

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The reason we choose this process be our assembly process.

Our assembly will be a bit hanging and abnormal without this assembly process. For

example, we cannot install tip of umbrella before join the frame and the canopy. If we tip the

umbrella before joining to the frame and the canopy, we cannot continue other step because

this process is not suitable. We can easily assembly umbrella with this assembly process step

by step. In my opinion this process is most suitable for assembly process to making umbrella,

because it is very efficient and save cost and time in assembly process.

Assembly of ribs and stretcher

Join the frame and the canopy

Umbrella Tip installed

Handle install

Quality checking

Packaging

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The Manufacturing Process of Umbrella ( Drawing)

1. To make the shaft, extruction process has been used to create a long and hollow shaft.

Ram Container

Final Work Shape

v, F

Mandrel

Work Bilet Die

2. The Shaft had completed the extraction process.

Shaft

3. After the process , the shaft was fitted with the runner.

Runner

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4. In order to make the ribs and stretcher, a rolling process is needed.

F

Roll

Work

V

Roll

F

5. Once the work is done from rolling process, a drawing process is needed to punch a hole in

the ribs and stretchers.

F,v

Blank Holder

Punch

Work

Die

6. Below is the results, of the above process.

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7. Edge Bending process has been used to bend the ribs of an umbrella.

Work F V

Die

F F

Die

Die

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8 Ribs and stretches will be combine together to make the canopy of an umbrella.

9 The frame of the umbrella will be combine with the shaft.

Ribs and Strenches

Shaft

10 Below is the results of the above process.

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11. Cutting and Sewing of the Canopy .

12. A umbrella is made.

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Alternative and Disadvantages

We have choose personal used umbrella as our product. On the other hand, we had also come

out raincoat as an alternative for umbrella. It is because raincoat also play an important role

when it is rain.

Criteria Umbrella Raincoat

Product

Design

Basic

Description

Umbrella is a canopy designed to

protect against precipitation or sunlight.

Raincoat is a waterproof or water

resistant coat worn to protect the

body from rain.

Raw Material

Below are the raw material that used in

the process to make the umbrella:

- Wood

- Fiberglass

- Nylon

- Plastic

- Steel

- Aluminium

- Fabric

Below are the raw material that

used in the process to make

raincoat :

- Breathable

- Waterproof Fabrics

- Gore-Tex

- Coated Nylons

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Cost

Easily available and price is reasonable

Price is uncertain because it

depends of the quality of

materials.

Weight

An umbrella will be heavier than

raincoat because an umbrella actually

fix with a solid structure and metal.

Meanwhile, a raincoat definitely

will be lighter than umbrella

because it is only involve fabrics

and nylons.

Characteristic

Inconvenience

User need to manually hold the

umbrella when it is raining and this

cause inconvenience for those who ride

motorcycle or bicycle.

Not User Friendly

Sometime it is difficult to keep an

umbrella inside our bag because it taken

up alot of

space and heavy. On the other hand, the

user‟s leg will be wet and splash by

drainage water.

Convenience

User just need to wear the raincoat

when it is raining at the same time

can continue their journey.

User Friendly

Raincoat is very user friendly

because it can be used for

motorcycle rider and even

pedestrians. At the same time, it

can fully covered the body and

won‟t get wet easily.

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Conclusion

As a conclusion, an umbrella has been widely used in the market and dominated half

of the market. Hence, an umbrella actually going through alot of process before it sell in the

market. From cutting fabric, printing patterns on the fabric, making of the canopy, making of

shaft,rib and stretcher and reach the final process that is installation of the tip. Produced an

umbrella which need a lot of materials and steps. An umbrella actually make our life more

comfortable and can let us continue the journey when it is raining.However we should deny the

ability of raincoat. A raincoat actually that have the special ability which manage to cover the

user from head to toe where else an umbrella cant make it At the same time, it also provided a

lot of safety features for the user. For example, Motorcyclist can where the raincoat on the

raining day at the same it can increase the visibility of other road user. So that, they can

detected them more easily. As we know, Raincoat is yellow in colour. Thus, every creation of

mankind which actually bring advantages and disadvantages to the users. Its depends on how

we use it.