INTRODUCTIONINTRODUCTION

Apex Encon Projects Private Limited is a Apex Encon Projects Private Limited is a professionally managed ISO 9001:2000 Certified professionally managed ISO 9001:2000 Certified Company. The Company was formed in 2004 by Company. The Company was formed in 2004 by the conversion of the erstwhile firm "Apex the conversion of the erstwhile firm "Apex Engineering Construction Corporation" which Engineering Construction Corporation" which has more than 20 years experience in execution has more than 20 years experience in execution of various infrastructure projects. Sri Nekkanti of various infrastructure projects. Sri Nekkanti Rama Rao, Managing Director of this company is Rama Rao, Managing Director of this company is instrumental in shaping this company to the instrumental in shaping this company to the present position with a strong vision into the present position with a strong vision into the future.future.

The core strength of the company is execution The core strength of the company is execution of complicated tunneling and other of complicated tunneling and other infrastructure works in different strata using infrastructure works in different strata using high end technology and latest machinery. At high end technology and latest machinery. At Apex, we deliver economical designs and faster Apex, we deliver economical designs and faster delivery with high quality resulting in delivery with high quality resulting in substantial savings to the clients. We have substantial savings to the clients. We have completed prestigious projects which are completed prestigious projects which are acclaimed as "Unique" by top officials from acclaimed as "Unique" by top officials from various Government Organizations. With offices various Government Organizations. With offices in Delhi, Baddi and Visakhapatnam, Apex Encon in Delhi, Baddi and Visakhapatnam, Apex Encon is well positioned to serve clientsallover the is well positioned to serve clientsallover the

IndiaIndia..

INTRODUCTIONINTRODUCTION

Our Corporate Our Corporate Policy is to be Policy is to be committed to excel committed to excel in the chosen field in the chosen field of construction and of construction and related work with related work with quality quality workmanship of workmanship of international international standards and to standards and to provide provide engineering engineering solutions and solutions and break-through break-through chemical chemical technologies in technologies in harmony with the harmony with the environment environment

A crusher is a machine designed to reduce large rocks into smaller rocks, gravel, or rock dust. Crushers may be used to reduce the size, or change the form, of waste materials so they can be more easily disposed of or recycled, or to reduce the size of a solid mix of raw materials (as in rock ore), so that pieces of different composition can be differentiated. Crushing is the process of transferring a force amplified by mechanical advantage through a material made of molecules that bond together more strongly, and resist deformation more, than those in the material being crushed do. Crushing devices hold material between two parallel or tangent solid surfaces, and apply sufficient force to bring the surfaces together to generate enough energy within the material being crushed so that its molecules separate from (fracturing), or change alignment in relation to (deformation), each other. The earliest crushers were hand-held stones, where the weight of the stone provided a boost to muscle power, used against a stone anvil

Some crushers are mobile and can crush rocks (as large as 16 inches. In a mobile operation, these crushed rocks are directly combined with concrete and asphalt which are then deposited on to a road surface. This removes the need for hauling over-sized material to a stationary crusher and then back to the road surface.

Cornish stamps used in the 19th century for breaking tin ore

2.A portable rock crusher from the early 20th century

Mobile crusher

CLASSIFICATION OF CLASSIFICATION OF CRUSHERSCRUSHERS

TYPTYPEE

HARDHARDNESS NESS

ABRAABRASSION SSION LIMITLIMIT

MoistMoisture ure contecontentnt

ReduReduction ction ratioratio

Main Main useuse

Jaw Jaw cruscrushers hers

Soft Soft to to very very hardhard

NO NO LIMITLIMIT

DRY DRY TO TO SLIGHSLIGHTLY TLY WET, WET, NON NON STICKSTICKYY

3/1 to 3/1 to 5/1 5/1

QuarriQuarried ed matermaterials, ials, sand sand & & gravelgravel, , recyclrecycling ing

GyrGyratoratory y cruscrushers hers

Soft Soft to to very very hard hard

AbrasiAbrasive ve

Dry to Dry to slightlslightly wet, y wet, not not sticky sticky

4/1 to 4/1 to 7/1 7/1

QuarriQuarried ed matermaterials ials

ConCone e cruscrushers hers

MediuMedium m hard hard to to very very hard hard

AbrasiAbrasive ve

Dry or Dry or wet, wet, not not sticky sticky

3/1 to 3/1 to 5/1 5/1

QuarriQuarried ed matermaterials, ials, Sand Sand & & gravel gravel

HorizHorizontal ontal shaft shaft impaimpactors ctors

Soft to Soft to mediumedium hard m hard

Slightly Slightly abrasivabrasive e

Dry or Dry or wet, wet, not not sticky sticky

QuarriQuarried ed materimaterials, als, sand & sand & gravel, gravel, recyclirecycling ng

VertiVertical cal shaft shaft impaimpactors ctors (sho(shoe e and and anvilanvil) )

MediuMedium hard m hard to very to very hard hard

Slightly Slightly abrasivabrasive e

Dry or Dry or wet, wet, not not sticky sticky

6/1 6/1 to8/1to8/1

Sand & Sand & gravel, gravel, recyclirecyclingng

VertiVertical cal shaft shaft impaimpactors ctors (auto(autogenogenous) us)

Soft to Soft to very very hard hard

No No limitlimit

Dry or Dry or wet, wet, not not sticky sticky

2/1 to 2/1 to 5/1 5/1

QuarriQuarried ed materimaterials, als, sand & sand & gr gr

•A pile driver is a mechanical device used to drive piles into soil to provide foundation support for buildings or other structures. The term is also used in reference to members of the construction crew that work with pile-driving rigs.•One traditional type of pile driver includes a heavy weight placed between guides so that it is able to freely slide up and down in a single line. It is placed upon a pile. The weight is raised, which may involve the use of hydraulics, steam, diesel, or manual labour. When the weight reaches its highest point it is then released and smashes on to the pile in order to drive it into the ground.

A hydraulic hammer is a modern type of piling hammer used in place of diesel and air hammers for driving steel pipe, precast concrete, and timber piles. Hydraulic hammers are more environmentally acceptable than the older, less efficient hammers as they generate less noise and pollutants.

A modern diesel pile hammer is a very large two-stroke diesel engine. The weight is the piston, and the apparatus which connects to the top of the pile is the cylinder. Piledriving is started by having the weight raised by auxiliary means — usually a cable from the crane holding the pile driver — which draws air into the cylinder. The weight is dropped, using a quick-release. The weight of the piston compresses the air, heating it to the ignition point of diesel fuel. Diesel fuel is added/injected into the cylinder. The mixture ignites, transferring the energy of the falling weight to the pile head, and driving the weight back up. The rising weight draws in fresh air, and the cycle starts over until the fuel runs out or is stopped by the pile crew.

Specialty equipment which installs piles using hydraulic rams to press piles into the ground. This system is preferred where vibration is a concern. There are press attachments that can adapt to conventional pile driving rigs to press 2 pairs of sheet piles at a time. Additional types of press equipment sit on top of existing sheet piles and grip onto previously driven piles. This system allows for greater press-in and extraction force to be used since more reaction force is developed. The reaction based machines operate at only 69dB at 23 ft allowing for installation and extraction of piles in very close proximity to noise and vibration sensitive areas where traditional methods may threaten the stability of existing structures

Vibratory pile hammers contain a system of counter-rotating eccentric weights, powered by hydraulic motors, and designed in such a way that horizontal vibrations cancel out, while vertical vibrations are transmitted into the pile. The pile driving machine is lifted and positioned over the pile by means of an excavator or crane, and is fastened to the pile by a clamp and/or bolts. Vibratory hammers can either drive in or extract a pile; extraction is commonly used to recover steel "H" piles used in temporary foundation shoring. Hydraulic fluid is typically supplied to the driver by a diesel engine powered pump mounted in a trailer or van and connected to the driver head through a set of long hoses. When the pile driver is connected to a dragline excavator, it is powered by the excavator's own diesel engine. Vibratory pile drivers are often chosen to mitigate noise, as when the construction is very close to residence or office buildings

A piling rig is a construction machine for piling in foundation engineering. It is mainly applied to drill in sandy soil, clay, silty clay, etc. and widely used cast-in-place piles, diaphragm walls, foundation reinforcement and other foundation projects

Drilling rig classification1. Mechanical — the rig uses torque converters,

clutches, and transmissions powered by its own engines, often diesel

2. Electric — the major items of machinery are driven by electric motors, usually with power generated on-site using internal combustion engines

3. Hydraulic — the rig primarily uses hydraulic power4. Pneumatic — the rig is primarily powered by

pressurized air5. Steam — the rig uses steam-powered engines and

pumps (obsolete after middle of 20th Century)

By pipe used1. Cable — a cable is used to raise and drop the drill

bit2. Conventional — uses metal or plastic drill pipe of

varying types3. Coil tubing — uses a giant coil of tube and a

downhole drilling motor

By height

1. Single — can pull only single drill pipes. The presence or absence of vertical pipe racking "fingers" varies from rig to rig.

2. Double — can hold a stand of pipe in the derrick consisting of two connected drill pipes, called a "double stand".

3. Triple — can hold a stand of pipe in the derrick consisting of three connected drill pipes, called a "triple stand".