Introduction Anatomy
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Transcript of Introduction Anatomy
Introduction Anatomy
Azami PHD
Definition
• Anatomy- From Greek “to cut open”– Study of the structure of the body, either
regionally or systematically
• Physiology – branch of biological science dealing with the function of organs and organ systems
History of Anatomy
• Probably began with early examinations of sacrifice victims.
• First documented by Egyptians ~1600 BC. Egyptian anatomical papyrus showed organs (including blood vessels)
Medicine during Medieval Times (5th -15th )
• When Rome fell, little was done to advance the studies.
• Cadavers were no longer used
• Avicenna ( سینا پورسینایا ابن )
16th Century Contributions
• Began to make drawings of dissections of executed cadavers
19th Century • Anatomy Act of 1832
provided adequate supply of corpses
• Gray’s Anatomy first published 1858
Modern Anatomy
• X-rays, CT scans, MRI
Anatomy definition
• A branch of morphology which deals with the structure of organisms.
• Study of the structures of the body and their relationship to one another.
• This is generally divided into:– Gross anatomy (that which can be seen with the naked eye)– Histology (microscopic anatomy & internal structure of cells)– Embryology (the developing organism within the uterus)
Gross Anatomy
• Systemic – gross anatomy of the body studied by organ system
• Regional – all structures in one part of the body (such as the abdomen or leg)
• Surface – study of internal structures as they relate to the overlying skin
Organ systems
• Musculoskeletal (muscles, bones, joints)• Cardiovascular (heart, arteries and veins)• Respiratory (respiratory tract, lungs)• Digestive (oesophagus, stomach, intestine, liver,
pancreas)• Urinary (kidney, bladder)• Reproductive (male/female)• Nervous system
Anatomical Planes• Sagittal – divides the body into right and left
parts• Coronal or frontal– divides the body into
anterior and posterior parts• Horizontal or transverse (cross section) –
divides the body into superior and inferior parts
Anatomical planes
Anatomical terminology
Anatomical planes -1
• Sagittal:Sagittal – divides the body into right and left parts
Anatomical planes - 2
• Coronal or frontal:divides the body into anterior and posterior parts
Anatomical planes - 3
• Horizontal or transverse (cross section) :divides the body into superior and inferior parts
Body Planes
2
1
3
Locomotor System
• General• Skeleton• Muscles• Joints
MovementsAdduction• Moving a body part towards
the midline of the body
Abduction• Moving a body part away
from the midline of the body
Prone• Lying face downPronationSupine• Lying face up
Supination
Movements
MovementsFlexion• Bending a joint or
decreasing the angle between two bones
Extension• Straightening a joint or
increasing the angle between two bones
Anatomical movements Flexion/Extension
Retraction• Moving a part backward
Protraction• Moving a part forward
Movements
عضالنی دستگاه اعمالحرکت•بدن • موقعیت حفظداخلی • های ارگان از حفاظتخروج • و ورود کنترلبدن • دمای حفظ
انواع عضله: از نظر شکل ظاهری
اسکلتی عضالت اتصال
Joint Mechanics
اسکلتی عضالت عملکرد نحوه
Synergistic musclesAntagonistic muscles
نيروزايي هم هم ویکدیگر جهت جهت خالف در و متضاد
حدود • انسان دارای 700بدن که دارد عضله. هستند نام
جایگاه، • شکل، به توان می عضله نام روی ازعملکرد انتها، و .ابتدا ... برد پی و
نکته
The Joints
Since this cartilage does not contain blood vessels, it must receive nutrients by diffusion from the synovial fluid. Optimal nutrition requires regular movement (loading and unloading) of the cartilage, so that the synovia is pressed into the cartilage.Lack of movement and unphysiologically high tensions lead to degenerative changes (osteoarthritis) in joint cartilage
When a joint is immobilized over a prolonged period of time, the connective tissue fibers shorten, the joint capsule shrinks, and the mobility of the joint can be severely compromised (joint contracture).
Joint Cartilage
Joint Capsule and Synovial Fluid
Bursa