INTRODUCTION

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ENDOCRINE PHYSIOLOGY INTRODUCTION Felix E. Grissom, Ph.D. 2219 Adams Building Howard University Tel. (202) 806-4512

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INTRODUCTION. Felix E. Grissom, Ph.D. 2219 Adams Building Howard University Tel. (202) 806-4512. Endocrine System. Uses chemical signals for cell to cell communication Coordinates the function of cells Response to an endocrine signal occurs within minutes to hours. - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

Transcript of INTRODUCTION

Page 1: INTRODUCTION

ENDOCRINE PHYSIOLOGYENDOCRINE PHYSIOLOGY

INTRODUCTION

Felix E. Grissom, Ph.D.

2219 Adams Building

Howard University

Tel. (202) 806-4512

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Endocrine SystemEndocrine System

• Uses chemical signals for cell to cell communication

• Coordinates the function of cells

• Response to an endocrine signal occurs within minutes to hours

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Chemical Regulating Systems: OverviewChemical Regulating Systems: Overview

• Pheromones: organism to organism communication

• Hormones: cell to cell communication molecules

• Made in gland(s) or cells

• Transported by blood

• Distant or local target tissue receptors

• Activates physiological response

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Types of hormonesTypes of hormones• Functional• Endocrine Hormones – Travel through the blood

to act at a site distant from the secreting cell or gland

• Paracrine Hormones – Act on cells near the secreting cell

• Autocrine Hormones – Act on the secreting cell

• Neurocrine Hormones – Secreted by neural cells

• neurotransmitters

• neurohormones

• Chemical• Protein & Polypeptide

• Amine (amino acid derived)

• Steroid

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• Signal Chemicals

• Made in endocrine cells

• Transported via blood

• Receptors on target cells

Long Distance Communication: Endocrine HormonesLong Distance Communication: Endocrine Hormones

Figure 6-2a: Long distance cell-to-cell communication

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Figure 6-2b, c: Long distance cell-to-cell communication

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Paracrine and Autocrine HormonesParacrine and Autocrine Hormones

• Local communication

• Signal chemicals diffuse to target

• Example: Cytokines

• Autocrine–receptor on same cell

• Paracrine–neighboring cells

Figure 6-1c: Direct and local cell-to-cell communication

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Protein and Polypeptide Hormones: Synthesis and ReleaseProtein and Polypeptide Hormones: Synthesis and Release

Figure 7-3: Peptide hormone synthesis, packaging, and release

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• Binds to surface receptor

• Transduction

• System activation

• Open ion channel

• Enzyme activation

• Second messenger systems

• Protein synthesis

Protein and Polypeptide Hormone ReceptorsProtein and Polypeptide Hormone Receptors

Figure 7-5: Membrane receptors for peptide hormones

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Amine HormonesAmine Hormones

• Derived from the amino acid tyrosine

• Includes thyroid hormones and catecholamines

• Stored until secreted

• Receptor locations

• Surface

• Intracellular

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Amine Hormone StructureAmine Hormone Structure

Figure 7-8: Tyrosine-derived amine hormones

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• Ligand- gated channel

• Receptor enzymes

• G-protein-coupled

• Integrin

Membrane Receptor ClassesMembrane Receptor Classes

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• Membrane associated receptors

• External reactions

• Internal reactions

• Receptors bind specific ligand

• Hormones

• Cell recognition molecules

Figure 5-6: Cell membrane receptor

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Membrane Receptor Signal PathwaysMembrane Receptor Signal Pathways

• Signal molecule (ligand)

• Receptor

• Intracellular signal

• Target protein

• Response

Figure 6-3: Signal pathways

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• Are made from cholesterol, are lipophilic & can enter target cell

• Are immediately released from cell after synthesis

• Interact with cytoplasmic or nuclear receptors

• Activate DNA for protein synthesis

• Are slower acting and have longer half-life than peptide hormones

• Examples: cortisol, estrogen & testosterone

Steroid Hormones: CharacteristicsSteroid Hormones: Characteristics

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Steroid Hormones: StructureSteroid Hormones: Structure

Figure 7-6: Steroid hormones are derived from cholesterol

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Steroid Hormones: ActionSteroid Hormones: Action

Figure 7-7: Steroid hormone action

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Receptor locationsReceptor locations• Cytosolic or Nuclear• Lipophilic ligand

enters cell• Often activates

gene• Slower response

• Cell membrane• Lipophobic

ligand can't enter cell

• Outer surface receptor

• Fast response

Figure 6-4: Target cell receptors

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Feedback LoopsFeedback Loops

Figure 6-26: Negative and positive feedback

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Negative Feedback Controls: Long & Short Loop ReflexesNegative Feedback Controls: Long & Short Loop Reflexes

Figure 7-14: Negative feedback loops in the hypothalamicanterior

pituitary pathway

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• Stimulus

• Afferent signal

• Integration

• Efferent signal (the hormone)

• Physiological action

• Negative feedback

Endocrine Reflex Pathways: OverviewEndocrine Reflex Pathways: Overview

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Endocrine Reflex Pathways: OverviewEndocrine Reflex Pathways: Overview

Figure 7-9: Hormones may have multiple stimuli for their release

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Pathologies: Over or Under ProductionPathologies: Over or Under Production

Figure 7-19: Negative feedback by exogenous cortisol

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Pathologies: Due to ReceptorsPathologies: Due to Receptors

Figure 7-20: Primary and secondary hypersecretion of cortisol

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Homeostasis & ControlsHomeostasis & Controls

• Successful compensation

• Homeostasis reestablished

• Failure to compensate

• Pathophysiology

• Illness

• Death

Figure 1-5: Homeostasis

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• Endocrine glands throughout body are key to chemical integration and homeostasis

• Protein, polypeptide, amine and a few steroid hormones are plasma soluble and target membrane

• Surface receptors transduce signals into cell and activate via second messengers

SummarySummary

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• Most steroid and some amine hormones are lipophilic, can pass into cell, bind on cytoplasmic or nuclear receptors and activate DNA for protein synthesis

• Hypothalamus, pituitary trophic hormone pathways coordinate endocrine regulation

SummarySummary

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Summary of the Endocrine SystemSummary of the Endocrine System

Figure 7-2-1: ANATOMY SUMMARY: Hormones

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Summary of the Endocrine SystemSummary of the Endocrine System

Figure 7-2-2: ANATOMY SUMMARY: Hormones

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Summary of the Endocrine SystemSummary of the Endocrine System

Figure 7-2-3: ANATOMY SUMMARY: Hormones


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