Introduction 2015
-
Upload
konstantinos-papadopoulos -
Category
Documents
-
view
12 -
download
3
description
Transcript of Introduction 2015
![Page 1: Introduction 2015](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022042717/563dba00550346aa9aa1d197/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Introduction to 46300 Wind Turbine Technology
![Page 2: Introduction 2015](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022042717/563dba00550346aa9aa1d197/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
No. 1 student question
How to pass ?
Mandatory in class test on the last lecture 3th December +
3 reports (1 WT aerodynamics+1 Electrical +1 Structural)
![Page 3: Introduction 2015](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022042717/563dba00550346aa9aa1d197/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
Lecturers: Assoc. Prof. Martin O.L.Hansen Dept. of Mechanical Engineering/ Fluid Mechanics Build. 403 room 224 Aerodynamics and structural mechanics Assoc. Prof. Arne Heide+Nenad Mijatovic DTU Electrical Engineering Generators, converters and electromagnetic components
![Page 4: Introduction 2015](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022042717/563dba00550346aa9aa1d197/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
Rough characterization of Wind Turbine
H
D
Number of blades 1,2,3,4,…. Rotational speed rotor 10-30 RPM Constrained by noise ωR≈70 m/s generator speed variable or fixed 1000-1500 RPM Rated power 500kW to 8MW Upwind or downwind rotor Control: pitch (collective or individual) or stall fixed or variabel speed (generator type)
H/D ≈ 1
![Page 5: Introduction 2015](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022042717/563dba00550346aa9aa1d197/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
Courtesy: Siemens Wind Turbine
![Page 6: Introduction 2015](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022042717/563dba00550346aa9aa1d197/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
Courtesy: Siemens Wind Turbine
![Page 7: Introduction 2015](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022042717/563dba00550346aa9aa1d197/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
P/R2 0.89 1.00 1.25 0.96 1.25 1.3
![Page 8: Introduction 2015](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022042717/563dba00550346aa9aa1d197/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
Rule of thumb for danish site (based on statistics) 1000 kWh/m2/year Another rule of thumb: P≈R2 [kW] Example: A 400kW WT, D=40 m, A=1256 m2 yields 1.26 GWh/year corresponding appr. to 250 households A 3 MW WT thus produces appr. 9 GWh corresponding to appr. 1800 houses A yearly consumption of 5000 kWh assumed
![Page 9: Introduction 2015](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022042717/563dba00550346aa9aa1d197/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
Why wind power !
Pros •Fossil fuel free energy ÷CO2 •Clean •Self suppliant •free of fluctuating fuel prices •Creates jobs •Good in remote areas •Cheap energy •Works excelent with hydro •Desalination •Good business •Other
Cons
•Only when wind/intermittent •Difficult to store energy •Noise •Uggly in landscape •Might disturb migrating birds •Other
![Page 10: Introduction 2015](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022042717/563dba00550346aa9aa1d197/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
∆m=ρAL= ρAVo ∆t
∆Ekin=½ ∆mVo2=½ ρAVo
3 ∆t
P= ∆Ekin/∆t= =½ ρAVo3
Power in the wind
L= Vo ∆t
Vo A
![Page 11: Introduction 2015](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022042717/563dba00550346aa9aa1d197/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
Power~ρAVo3
![Page 12: Introduction 2015](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022042717/563dba00550346aa9aa1d197/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
Example: (BONUS 2MW at Middelgrunden) R=38 m ρ=1.225 kg/m3
Vo=10 m/s Massflow: !!! skgRV
tmm o /555712 ==∆∆
= πρ
P(Vo=10m/s)=1.2MW 43.0321
==o
p AVPCρ
![Page 13: Introduction 2015](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022042717/563dba00550346aa9aa1d197/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
Wind turbine designed for 20 years corresponding to appr. 120.000 hours. A car runs appr. 300.000 km at an average speed of 70 km/hours corresponding to 4000 hours. Robust design is therefore needed.
![Page 14: Introduction 2015](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022042717/563dba00550346aa9aa1d197/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
Key economic figures Cost of wind turbine ≈ 1200 Euro/kW Erection (danish site) appr. 30% of price Grid connection, roads, transportation, foundation etc. Maintenance cost appr. 1.5-2% per year (based on statistics for many danish sites). With these numbers you can very roughly estimate a price on a site in DK
![Page 15: Introduction 2015](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022042717/563dba00550346aa9aa1d197/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
EWEA reports can be downloaded from the internet for those interested in wind energy economics
![Page 16: Introduction 2015](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022042717/563dba00550346aa9aa1d197/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
From EWEA report: Economics of Wind Energy, 2009
![Page 17: Introduction 2015](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022042717/563dba00550346aa9aa1d197/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
From EWEA report: Economics of Wind Energy, 2009
![Page 18: Introduction 2015](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022042717/563dba00550346aa9aa1d197/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
From EWEA report: Economics of Wind Energy, 2009
![Page 19: Introduction 2015](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022042717/563dba00550346aa9aa1d197/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
Yearly income ?
The way it used to be. Fixed tariff
![Page 20: Introduction 2015](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022042717/563dba00550346aa9aa1d197/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
”green certificates” or Renewable Energy Certificates RECs is tradable commodity. Typically one certificate is issued after a production of 1000 kWh. The price depends on the demand for the certificates that can politically determined. E.g. California dictates 33% renewable electricity in 2020
Now the price depend on the free market and varies in Scandinavia with the amount of water available in Norway/Sweden (Nord Pool) 10 Norske øre=1.3 Euro cent Plus some possible ”green certificates”
Free market, fluctuating income
![Page 21: Introduction 2015](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022042717/563dba00550346aa9aa1d197/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
Oil price 59$/barrel Oil price 120$/barrel
From EWEA report: Economics of Wind Energy, 2009
Wind Energy may be even more competitive if the benefit of being self supplied and no risk from possible increase in fuel price is capitalized and/or a tax on emitting CO2 is increased
![Page 22: Introduction 2015](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022042717/563dba00550346aa9aa1d197/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
How to have more wind power installed-
different strategies
Inspired by the book: Wind Energy comes of age, Wiley
by Paul Gipe
![Page 23: Introduction 2015](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022042717/563dba00550346aa9aa1d197/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
Source: Wind Energy comes of age, Wiley by Paul Gipe
![Page 24: Introduction 2015](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022042717/563dba00550346aa9aa1d197/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
Source: Wind Energy comes of age, Wiley by Paul Gipe
Curiosum: Ronald Reagan US president 1981-1989
![Page 25: Introduction 2015](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022042717/563dba00550346aa9aa1d197/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
Source: Wind Energy comes of age, Wiley by Paul Gipe
![Page 26: Introduction 2015](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022042717/563dba00550346aa9aa1d197/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
Status: Where are we now
GWEC reports can be downloaded www.gwec.net
![Page 27: Introduction 2015](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022042717/563dba00550346aa9aa1d197/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
Exponentional growth
![Page 28: Introduction 2015](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022042717/563dba00550346aa9aa1d197/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
![Page 29: Introduction 2015](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022042717/563dba00550346aa9aa1d197/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
![Page 30: Introduction 2015](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022042717/563dba00550346aa9aa1d197/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)