Introducation to metadata

Agricultural University of AthensAgricultural University of Athens

Co-funded by the European Union,through the Comenius Programme

Intro to metadata, educational Intro to metadata, educational metadata, and metadata-based metadata, and metadata-based

searchingsearching


MetadataMetadata


33//6161Intro to metadata, educational metadata, and metadata-based searching

StructureStructure

• Definition of Metadata & ExamplesDefinition of Metadata & Examples• Metadata TypesMetadata Types• SchemasSchemas• SpecificationsSpecifications• StandardsStandards• Application ProfilesApplication Profiles• Dublin Core & IEEE LTSC LOMDublin Core & IEEE LTSC LOM



DefinitionDefinition

• ““Metadata is structured information Metadata is structured information that describes, explains, locates, or that describes, explains, locates, or otherwise makes it easier to retrieve, otherwise makes it easier to retrieve, use, or manage an information use, or manage an information resource”resource”**

*NISO (2004) Understanding Metadata. Bethesda, NISO Press



ExampleExample

• E.g. BooksE.g. Books– TitleTitle– AuthorAuthor– YearYear– Subject (Math, History, Subject (Math, History,

etc)etc)– No of pagesNo of pages– ……



ExampleExample

TitleTitle

Abstract Abstract

Keywords Keywords



Metadata is everywhereMetadata is everywhere

• We can have metadata on:We can have metadata on:– HTML documents, digital images, books, HTML documents, digital images, books,

museum objects, metadata themselvesmuseum objects, metadata themselves– Collections, services, physical places, Collections, services, physical places,

people, institutions, abstract “works”, people, institutions, abstract “works”, concepts, eventsconcepts, events

– And more…And more…



Metadata Types Metadata Types (1/2)(1/2)

• DescriptiveDescriptive: Facilitates discovery and : Facilitates discovery and describes intellectual contentdescribes intellectual content

• AdministrativeAdministrative: Facilitates : Facilitates management of digital and analog management of digital and analog resourcesresources

• TechnicalTechnical: Describes the technical : Describes the technical aspects of the digital objectaspects of the digital object

http://www.lib.umd.edu/dcr/publications/best_practice.pdf



Metadata Types Metadata Types (2/2)(2/2)

• StructuralStructural: Describes the relationships : Describes the relationships within a digital objectwithin a digital object

• PreservationPreservation: Supports long-term : Supports long-term retention of the digital object and may retention of the digital object and may overlap with technical, administrative, overlap with technical, administrative, and structural metadataand structural metadata

http://www.lib.umd.edu/dcr/publications/best_practice.pdf



PurposePurpose

• RResource discovery,esource discovery,• OOrganizerganize electronic resourceselectronic resources,,• FFacilitateacilitate interoperability interoperability && legacy legacy,,

resourceresource integrationintegration,,• PProvide digitalrovide digital identificationidentification,,• SSupport archivingupport archiving & & preservation preservation




Metadata ElementsMetadata Elements

• Each information resource is described Each information resource is described by using specific data itemsby using specific data items

• These data items are called These data items are called ElementsElements



Metadata SchemasMetadata Schemas

• ““A metadata scheme is a sets of A metadata scheme is a sets of metadata elements designed for a metadata elements designed for a specific purpose, such as describing a specific purpose, such as describing a particular type of information resource”particular type of information resource”**




Metadata SpecificationsMetadata Specifications

• Stable and widely adopted Stable and widely adopted Metadata Metadata SchemasSchemas can evolve into can evolve into Metadata Metadata Specifications Specifications

• The majority of implementers in a The majority of implementers in a particular domain or industryparticular domain or industry adopts adopts themthem



Metadata StandardsMetadata Standards

• If a standardization organization If a standardization organization recognizes a recognizes a Metadata SpecificationMetadata Specification, , then it may become a then it may become a Metadata Metadata StandardStandard

• Dublic Core for Educational resources Dublic Core for Educational resources (DC-ed) and IEEE LOM are dominant (DC-ed) and IEEE LOM are dominant examples for educational purposesexamples for educational purposes



Application ProfilesApplication Profiles

• Metadata Standards or Specifications Metadata Standards or Specifications can be adapted or “profiled” to meet can be adapted or “profiled” to meet community context-specific needscommunity context-specific needs

• Then, they are called Metadata Then, they are called Metadata Application Profiles Application Profiles



AdaptationAdaptation

• By imposing restrictions and modifying By imposing restrictions and modifying vocabularies, definitions or elements of vocabularies, definitions or elements of the original (base) standardthe original (base) standard

• AimAim: Increase interoperability with base : Increase interoperability with base standard and not to break standard and not to break interoperability with existing interoperability with existing applicationsapplications



EvolutionEvolution

element

element

element

element

element

Metadata Scheme

Used by one publishing house

Used by many publishing houses

Metadata Specification Metadata Standard

Adopted by Standards’ Organization



EvolutionEvolution

Used in specific community

E.g. Publishing houses of medical

books

Metadata Application ProfileMetadata Standard

Metadata SpecificationProfiled

Refined

Adapted



Application DomainsApplication Domains

• LibrariesLibraries• AgricultureAgriculture• MuseumsMuseums• EducationEducation• EnvironmentEnvironment• ……



Dublin CoreDublin Core

• Initiative to improve Initiative to improve resource resource discoverydiscovery on Web on Web– DevelopDevelopss and maintain and maintainss international international

standards for describing resourcesstandards for describing resources– SupportSupportss a worldwide community of users a worldwide community of users

and developersand developers– PromotPromotes es widespread use of Dublin Core widespread use of Dublin Core

solutionsolutionss



Element SetElement Set

• 15 elements15 elements– All elements are optional and repeatableAll elements are optional and repeatable– Elements can be refined using qualifiers Elements can be refined using qualifiers – Any syntax may be used to record the Any syntax may be used to record the

metadatametadata– Favours text-based resourcesFavours text-based resources



Type

Format

Identifier

Source

Language

Relation

Coverage

Title

Subject

Creator

Description

Publisher

DateContributor

Rights

Dublin CoreElement Set



Application Profiles Application Profiles (Dublin Core)(Dublin Core)

• DC Government APDC Government AP– Metadata for governmental resourcesMetadata for governmental resources

• FAO DC APFAO DC AP– Developed by FAO to describe learning resourcesDeveloped by FAO to describe learning resources

• SWAP DC APSWAP DC AP– Describing scholarly worksDescribing scholarly works



IEEE LTSC LOMIEEE LTSC LOM

• Tries to Tries to define the attributes required to define the attributes required to fully/adequately describe a Learning fully/adequately describe a Learning Object Object

• Learning Objects are defined as any Learning Objects are defined as any entity, digital or non-digital, which can be entity, digital or non-digital, which can be used, re-used or referenced during used, re-used or referenced during technology supported learning technology supported learning

*http://ltsc.ieee.org/wg12/



Element SetElement Set

• 9 categories of elements9 categories of elements– EElements may be repeated either lements may be repeated either

individually or as a group individually or as a group – VValue spacealue space and and DDatatypeatatype is defined for is defined for

each elementeach element– Can be profiled to meet context-specific Can be profiled to meet context-specific

needsneeds



Value Spaces & DatatypesValue Spaces & Datatypes

• Value spaceValue space: Restrictions on elements : Restrictions on elements – E.g. Unicode or controlled vocabulariesE.g. Unicode or controlled vocabularies

• DatatypesDatatypes::– LangStringLangString– VocabularyVocabulary– DateTime DateTime – DurationDuration



IEEE LOMCategories

Life CycleMeta-metadata

Technical

Educational

Rights

RelationAnnotation

General

Classification



Application Profiles Application Profiles (IEEE LOM)(IEEE LOM)

• UK LOM CoreUK LOM Core– Further and Higher Education Further and Higher Education in UKin UK

• ANZ-LOMANZ-LOM– Education in Australia and New ZealandEducation in Australia and New Zealand

• NORLOMNORLOM– Norwegian LOM Application ProfileNorwegian LOM Application Profile




• ISRACoreISRACore– Israeli LOM Application ProfileIsraeli LOM Application Profile

• VetadataVetadata– Australian Vocational Training and Education Australian Vocational Training and Education

SectorSector

• Organic.Edunet Application ProfileOrganic.Edunet Application Profile– Learning resources on Organic Agriculture and Learning resources on Organic Agriculture and

AgroecologyAgroecology




• CG LOM CoreCG LOM Core– Consultative Group on International Agricultural Consultative Group on International Agricultural

ResearchResearch

• TW LOMTW LOM– Education in TaiwanEducation in Taiwan


Learning ObjectsLearning Objects



StructureStructure

• Definition of Learning ObjectsDefinition of Learning Objects• ExamplesExamples• Granularity of LOsGranularity of LOs• Quality of LOsQuality of LOs• Reusable LOsReusable LOs• Online SourcesOnline Sources



Learning ObjectLearning Object

• ““EEducational resources that can be ducational resources that can be employed in technologyemployed in technology supportedsupported learninglearning””11

• ““Any entity, digital or non-digital, which Any entity, digital or non-digital, which can be used, re-used and referenced can be used, re-used and referenced during technology-supported learning”during technology-supported learning”22

1 Learning Objects: A Practical Definition, Rory McGreal

2 http://ltsc.ieee.org/wg12/s_p.html




• With appropriate metadata descriptions, they With appropriate metadata descriptions, they can be modular units that can becan be modular units that can be assembled assembled together to form lessons and coursestogether to form lessons and courses

Learning Objects: A Practical Definition, Rory McGreal

Lesson that is compiled from audio, video, text, images, etc




• A LO can be based onA LO can be based on::– EElectronic textlectronic text,,– Web siteWeb site,,– IImage, mage, – MMovieovie,,– Java appletsJava applets




VideoVideo

• Video of a Video of a presentationpresentationon economicson economics

Screenshot from Youtube



TextText

• To be used To be used when talking when talking about learningabout learningobjectsobjects




ImageImage

• To be used in To be used in teaching of foodteaching of foodchains in naturechains in nature

www.srd.gov.ab.ca



Granularity LevelsGranularity Levels

• CContent, information or knowledge objectontent, information or knowledge object• LessonLesson

– Contains many objectsContains many objects

• ModuleModule– Contains many lessonsContains many lessons

• CourseCourse– Contains many modulesContains many modules



Granularity LevelsGranularity Levels

CourseCourse

Module 1 Module 2

Lesson 1 Lesson 2

Objects



LO SourcesLO Sources

• MERLOT - Multimedia Educational Resource for MERLOT - Multimedia Educational Resource for Online Learning and Teaching (www.merlot.org) Online Learning and Teaching (www.merlot.org)

• Maricopa Center for Learning and Instruction Maricopa Center for Learning and Instruction (http://www.mcli.dist.maricopa.edu/) (http://www.mcli.dist.maricopa.edu/)

• Careo - Campus Alberta Repository of Careo - Campus Alberta Repository of Educational Objects (http://www.careo.org/) Educational Objects (http://www.careo.org/)




• Education Network Australia Education Network Australia -- http://http://edna.edu.auedna.edu.au

• WISC Online Resource Center - WISC Online Resource Center - www.wisc-online.com/www.wisc-online.com/

• EcoLearnIT - EcoLearnIT - http://ecolearnit.ifas.ufl.edu/http://ecolearnit.ifas.ufl.edu/ • LeMill - LeMill - http://lemill.net/http://lemill.net/ • Connexions - Connexions - http://cnx.org/ http://cnx.org/




• MIT Opencourseware - MIT Opencourseware - http://ocw.mit.edu/http://ocw.mit.edu/ • Open Learning Initiative - Open Learning Initiative -

http://oli.web.cmu.edu/openlearning/http://oli.web.cmu.edu/openlearning/ • Gateway to Educational MaterialsGateway to Educational Materials (GEM) - (GEM) -

http://www.thegateway.org/http://www.thegateway.org/



LO ReuseLO Reuse

• Open Archives Initiative Object Reuse Open Archives Initiative Object Reuse and Exchange (OAI-ORE) defines and Exchange (OAI-ORE) defines standards for the description and standards for the description and exchange of aggregations of Web exchange of aggregations of Web resourcesresources

• In this way, the reuse of LOs is In this way, the reuse of LOs is facilitatedfacilitated



LO ReuseLO Reuse

• LearningLearning objects, may combine resources objects, may combine resources with media types with media types such assuch as text, images and text, images and videovideo

• OAI-OREOAI-ORE standards expose the standards expose these se combinationscombinations to applications that support to applications that support authoring, deposit, exchange, visualization,authoring, deposit, exchange, visualization, reuse, and preservationreuse, and preservation of learning objects of learning objects


Learning RepositoriesLearning Repositories



StructureStructure

• Learning Object RepositoryLearning Object Repository• ExamplesExamples• Types of RepositoriesTypes of Repositories• FunctionalitiesFunctionalities• Legal IssuesLegal Issues



Learning Object Repository (LOR)Learning Object Repository (LOR)

• ““A collection of digital assets and/or A collection of digital assets and/or meta-data accessible without prior meta-data accessible without prior knowledge of the repository’s knowledge of the repository’s structure through a interoperable structure through a interoperable functions via a network”functions via a network”**

*IMS Digital Repositories Interoperability Specification



Learning Object Repository (LOR)Learning Object Repository (LOR)

• ““LORs are databases used for storing LORs are databases used for storing and/or enabling the interoperability of and/or enabling the interoperability of LOs”LOs”**

• Do LORs store LOs or simply the metadata Do LORs store LOs or simply the metadata describing them with associated links?describing them with associated links?

*R. McGreal, A Typology of Learning Object Repositories, 2007



• Content repositories (Content repositories (Type 1Type 1); ); – MIT MIT Open CoursewareOpen Courseware, SOFIA, SOFIA

• Linking or metadata repositories (Linking or metadata repositories (Type Type 22); ); – MERLOT, CITIDELMERLOT, CITIDEL

• Hybrid repositories (Hybrid repositories (Type 3Type 3))– ARIADNE, COLLORARIADNE, COLLOR

Type 3 LORsLinks to LOs &

locally stored content

Type 1 LORsOnly locally stored content

Type 2 LORsOnly links to LOs



ExamplesExamples



Digital RepositoriesDigital Repositories

• InstitutionalInstitutional– educational or research parent body educational or research parent body

controlled controlled

• Discipline-BaseDiscipline-Based d – Aka Aka Subject or Research repositorSubject or Research repositoriesies– BBased around a specific discipline ased around a specific discipline

*Digital Repositories: Issues and Challenges, a Literature Review, A. Luarte Rmit, 2006



Digital RepositoriesDigital Repositories

• Consortia RepositoriesConsortia Repositories– Founded by a consortium of institutionsFounded by a consortium of institutions

• Learning ObjectsLearning Objects– Repository with learning objects used in Repository with learning objects used in

teaching and trainingteaching and training

*Digital Repositories: Issues and Challenges, a Literature Review, A. Luarte Rmit, 2006



The Australian WayThe Australian Way

• See the object without contractual obligations;See the object without contractual obligations;• Simple, non-intimidating design and structure;Simple, non-intimidating design and structure;• Being able to get the object straight away;Being able to get the object straight away;• Being able to store the objectBeing able to store the object

– On your own computer or On your own computer or – On personal online space (protected with login)On personal online space (protected with login)

• Simple versus advancedSimple versus advanced

Flexible Learning Advisory Group, 2003



LOR FunctionalitiesLOR Functionalities

• search/findsearch/find – the ability to locate an appropriate learning objectthe ability to locate an appropriate learning object

• quality controlquality control – ensure that learning objects meet technical, ensure that learning objects meet technical,

educational and metadata requirementseducational and metadata requirements

• requestrequest – a learning object that has been located in the a learning object that has been located in the

databasedatabase*Higgs, 2003




• maintainmaintain – appropriate version controlappropriate version control

• retrieveretrieve – receive an object that has been requestedreceive an object that has been requested

• submitsubmit – provide an object to a repository for storageprovide an object to a repository for storage

• publishpublish – provide metadata to other repositoriesprovide metadata to other repositories

*Higgs, 2003




• storestore– place a submitted object into a data store with place a submitted object into a data store with

unique, registered identifiers that allow it to be unique, registered identifiers that allow it to be locatedlocated

• gathergather (push/pull) (push/pull) – obtain metadata about objects in other obtain metadata about objects in other

repositories for wider searches and information via repositories for wider searches and information via a clearing house functiona clearing house function

*Higgs, 2003



InteroperabilityInteroperability

• Supported and promoted by the Supported and promoted by the Open Open Archive InitiativeArchive Initiative, Protocol for Metadata , Protocol for Metadata Harvesting (OAI-PMH)Harvesting (OAI-PMH)

• EEnables the sharing of metadata nables the sharing of metadata betweenbetween services services



OAI – PMH OAI – PMH

• The The Open Archives InitiativeOpen Archives Initiative develops and develops and promotes interoperability standards to promotes interoperability standards to facilitate the efficient dissemination of facilitate the efficient dissemination of contentcontent

• OAI has its roots in the open access OAI has its roots in the open access movementsmovements

• PPromoteromotess broad access to resources for broad access to resources for eScholarship, eLearning, and eScienceeScholarship, eLearning, and eScience


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Intro to metadata, educational Intro to metadata, educational metadata, and metadata-based metadata, and metadata-based

searchingsearching

Informatics LaboratoryInformatics LaboratoryAgricultural University of Agricultural University of

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Introducation to metadata

Education

Transcript of Introducation to metadata