Intro to Patho F07

8/13/2019 Intro to Patho F07

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Pathophysiology

ZOOL 3143


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Dr. Diane M. Gilmore, O.D. LSE 415

6!"!3 mgilmore#astate.e$%

&e' site(

))).*lt.astate.e$%+mgilmore
mailto:[email protected]://www.clt.astate.edu/mgilmorehttp://www.clt.astate.edu/mgilmoremailto:[email protected]


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Oi*e ho%rs( Mon$ay an$ -%es$ay 1 " p.m.

&e$nes$ay /oon " p.m. an$ 3"4p.m.

0n$ 'y appointment


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Lecture Text: Essentials of Pathophysiology

Concepts of Altered Health States,2nded.,

by Carol Mattson Porth.Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, pub.


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ramming is a s%re path

to ail%re 2

It will blow up in your ace!


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St%$y -ips se the st%$y g%i$e

Daily %ies

n$erstan$ the material

ea$ the te7t

St%$y re%ently or short perio$s 8Do something9 )ith the material

:in$ a st%$y '%$$y


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Classroom "ti#uette:

Turn o pa$ers an% cell phones !

o tobacco use o any kin%

'e consi%erate o others:

Take out what you brin$ in.

Talk to me, (T your nei$hbor!

)o not ask or $ra%es o*er the

phone or internet.


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+ca%emic Inte$rity

se Proessional ethics

(:

Pla$iarismCheatin$

+llowin$ others to copy rom you

Penalties can be se*ere !!


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ra%es: / exams 0 1 paper

0

2pop3 #ui44es an% possibly seminars

+ 5 6/7 8 /77 points

' 5 677 8 669 points

C 5 /7 8 99 points

) 5 77 8 69 points

; 5 less than 77 points

Final exam Tuesday, Dec. 11 at 12:30p.m.


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Terminolo$y

- Pathology< ocus on physical chan$es in

%isease% or$ans an% tissues

- Pathophysiology< abnormal unctionin$

o %isease% or$ans an% how it applies to

me%ical treatment an% patient care


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Disease< loss o homeostasis, or when

physical or mental capacities cannot be

ully utili4e% =interuption, cessation or%isor%er in the unction o an or$an or

system>.

Etiology5 cause o the %iseaseWhen the etiolo$y is unknown, the %isease

is sai% to beidiopathic.


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Cate$ories o etiolo$y

- Genetic disease< $enes are responsibleor a structural or unctional %eect

- ongenital disease< $enetic inormation

is intact, but the intrauterine en*ironmentintereres with normal %e*elopment

- !c"ui#ed disease< %isease is cause% by

actors encountere% ater birth =biolo$icala$ents, physical orces, an% chemical

a$ents>


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linical mani$estations % in%ications that

the person is sick

&ymptoms< unobser*able eects o a%isease reporte% by the patient

&igns< obser*able or measurable traits

&ynd#ome8 a characteristic combination o

si$ns an% symptoms associate% with a

particular %isease.


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)istribution o lesions may be:

'ocal< conine% to one area o the bo%y

&ystemic< wi%ely %istribute% throu$houtthe bo%y

Within an or$an %ama$e can be:

Focali there are only one or more %istinctsites o %ama$e

Di$$usei the %ama$e is uniormly

%istribute%


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ormal ;unctionin$ o

"ukaryotic Cells


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'oun%ary < Cell membrane

=plasma membrane>

Compose% o lipi% molecules in bilayer

Phospholipi%s ha*e hy%rophobic tail

Phospholipi%s ha*e hy%rophilic hea%s

+lso contains embe%%e% proteins

proteins are important or cell8cellcommunication:

receptors or hormones

cell reco$nition

also important or metabolicprocesses insi%e the cell:

channels

pumps

en4ymes


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Cytoplasm

Cytosol < a#ueous $el8like me%iumImportant metabolic processes occur here

(r$anelles < membrane boun% structures

Membranes pro*i%e compartments or

separation o chemical reactions


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ucleus)+ co%es or proteins


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@ou$h "n%oplasmic @eticulumContains ribosomes < make proteins


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Amooth "@synthesi4es phospholipi%s

%etoxiies


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ol$i +pparatusPacka$es protein or export


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Mitochon%riaThe cell?s power plant


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Cellular respiration


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Besicles2sacs3 that hol% molecules within a cell

lysosomes


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Inclusions

Temporary structures- ribosomes

- ilaments < cytoskeleton < protein stran%s

- other molecules without membranes:- melanin

- lipi%s, etc.


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Tissues

Ma%e up o cells with common unction

;our maor tissue types:

1. "pithelialco*erin$ an% linin$

interacts with the bo%y?s en*ironment

$lan%ular tissue


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D. Connecti*e tissue

Important to structure , support an% protection

. er*ous tissueMa%e up o neurons an% supportin$ =$lial> cells

recei*es ino rom outsi%e =or insi%e> the bo%y

processes inormation

acts on the inormation throu$h muscles, $lan%s,etc.

M l


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Muscle

- Important to mo*ement

- Three types

< Akeletal

< Amooth

< Car%iac


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Cells chan$e to a%apt to their

en*ironment

Atrophy = shrinkage = decrease in cell size.

Due to

%ecrease% use

%ecrease% bloo% supply%ecrease% nutrition

($ tissues o# o#gansmay be %ue to

cell shrinka$e or %ue to cell %eath.


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Hypertrophy = increase in cell size

WeEll see this in heart, ki%ney =an% others> wF

patholo$y

(T %ue to increase% cell *olume or lui%

@ather, %ue to increase% protein synthesis within

the cell, or %ecrease% protein break%own

)esult is inc#eased p#otein in o#ganelles

Hyperplasia = increase in cell nu!"er

)ue to increase% cell %i*ision

terus an% breast tissue

Parathyroi% $lan% in ki%ney ailure

Li*er =compensatory hyperplasia>

#etaplasia = replace!ent of one cell type $ith


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#etaplasia replace!ent of one cell type $ith

another

@e*ersible

+n example: ciliate% columnar epitheliumreplace% by

stratiie% s#uamous epithelium

Dysplasia = change in cell resulting in a"nor!al cell


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Dysplasia change in cell resulting in a"nor!al cell

size, shape or organization

WeEll see this in respiratory tract, cer*ix wF patholo$y

In mature cells only*mmatu#e cells +ould e expected to change

in si-e, shape as they g#o+ and matu#e

Consi%ere% a re*ersible chan$e

%eoplasia = associated $ith a !alignant tu!or


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Intracellular accumulations

- 'uil%up o substances the cell can?t use or

%ispose o.

< ormal bo%y substances

< Aubstances rom outsi%e the bo%y =transient

or permanent>

C ll l i ll bl


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Cellular inury < cell unable to

maintain homeostasis

- auses o$ cell inu#y:

- De$iciency< lack o a substance

necessary to the cell

- *ntoxication o# poisoning< presence o

a toxin or substance that intereres with

cell unctionin$

- T#auma< physical inury an% loss o cell?s

structural inte$rity


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De$iciencies:

De$iciency in oxygen most impo#tant


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/ypoxia de$iciency in oxygen at cell

)ue to :

Decreased oxygen in airDecreased hemoglobin or

decreased oxygen transported to cells

Diseases of the respiratory and/or

cardiovascular system

Important to cell because o


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Important to cell because o

oxi%ati*e phosphorylation, which results

in the pro%uction o +TP

Oxidative: need oxygen to produce ATP

ATP: needed by cell for metabolism, cell life


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*schemiais ina%e#uate bloo% supply to a cell or

tissue.

Ischemia can cause hypoxia.


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Intoxication =or intro%uction o toxins into the cell>

E$$ect on cell depends on toxin and on cell

&ome examples:

Lea% 88 inures ner*ous system

C( 88 %epri*es bo%y o oxy$en"thanol 88 eects central ner*ous system


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F di l


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F#ee #adicals:

unchar$e% atom or $roup o atoms with an

unpaire% electron

;orme% by ra%iation, re%ox reactions, chemicals

+tom is unstable

nee%s to $ain or lose an electroncan alter chemical bon%s in proteins,

lipi%s, carbohy%rates an% nucleic aci%s

can cause chain reaction in cell


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+poptosis

- 2allen apart3

- @e$ulate% cell %eath

- )urin$ %e*elopment

- Worn out cells

- )isease% cells =tumor suppressor p/

$ene, natural killer or Tc cells>


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ections a$ents

ic#oo#ganisms can inade and ha#m cells

ell in&ury can ha'e effects on the entire "ody

"xamples: e*er, pain, increase% heart rate


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Intro to Patho F07

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