Introduction to Mobile Computing

CNT 5517-5564

Dr. Sumi HelalComputer & Information Science & Engineering Department

University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611helal@cise.ufl.edu

Fantastic Breakthrough Technology

• Wireless communication networks– multiple networks “covering” the globe– wold-wide deregulation and spectrum auctions – standard communication systems and air link

interfaces• Portable information appliances – laptops, notebooks, sub-notebooks, and MNCs– hand-held computers– PDAs and Smartphones

• Internet: – TCP/IP & de-facto application protocols – ubiquitous web content

New Forms of Computing

• Wireless Computing• Nomadic Computing• Mobile Computing• Ubiquitous Computing• Pervasive Computing• Invisible Computing

• Distributed Computing (Client/Server)

Mobile Computing

• Using:– small size portable computers, hand-helds, MNC, and

other small wearable devices,• To run stand-alone applications (or access

remote applications) via:– wireless networks: IR, BlueTooth, W-LANs, Cellular,

W-Packet Data networks, SAT. etc.• By:– nomadic and mobile users (animals, agents, trains,

cars, cell phones, ….)

Nomadic, Mobile & Ubiquitous

No Network

Mobile ComputingNomadic Computing

Wireless Network (B)

Fixed Network

Wireless Network (A)

FixedWireless Network

Ubiquitous Computing

Another View of Ubiquitous Computing

• Mark Weiser’s views• http://www.ubiq.com/hypertext/weiser/UbiHome.html

Impressive Wireless Infrastructure!

Satellite

Macro-CellMicro-Cell

UrbanIn-Building

Pico-Cell

Global

Suburban

dik © In-Room(BlueTooth)

Wireless Communication Technology

(IMT-2000)

Wireless Network Convergence2G/3G Mobility-Bandwidth Trade-off

Mob

ility

Bandwidth10K 100K 1M 10M 100M 1G

Room

Global GSM

D-AMPS/IS-95

DECTDECT

DECT

WLAN

UMTSNational

Regional

Metropolitan

Campus

Office

1-7 GHz

0.1-2 GHz

0.1-2.3 GHz

2-4 GHz

2-7 GHz

>2 GHz

20-50 GHz

Wireless Network Overlay

Satellite

Macro-CellMicro-Cell

UrbanIn-Building

Pico-Cell

Global

Suburban

dik ©

GSM Base Stations in Europe

Nokia PrimeSite

Ericsson RBS 2000

September 1997

UMTS: Universal Mobile Telecomm. Standard

• Global seamless operation in multi-cell environment (SAT, macro, micro, pico)

• Global roaming: multi-mode, multi-band, low-cost terminal, portable services & QoS

• High data rates at different mobile speeds: 144kbps at vehicular speed (80km/h), 384 kbps at pedestrian speed, and 2Mbps indoor (office/home)

• Multimedia interface to the internet• Based on core GSM, conforms to IMT-

2000. Deployment as early as 2002. UMTS

ETSI

SMG

ITU

IMT-2000FPLMTS

IMT

Apple’s Newton

1987

The Palm1990

Motorola Marco

• 1995

1995

Specs• Newton OS 1.3• 4MB ROM• 687KB Flash RAM• 320x240 Monochrome LCD resistive

touchscreen• RS422 serial port• Localtalk support• 1 PCMCIA Slot (5V or 12V)• 1 Sharp ASK infrared port• 4 AA batteries, rechargeable NiCd batteries may

be used• First released January 1995• It weighs 1.8 pounds and is 7.5 inches high, 5.8

inches wide and 1.4 inches deep• Street price: USD 900-1400

Motorola Envoy

1996

The Pocket PC

1998

The Nokia 9000 Communicator

1996

The Hand-Held Computer: Sharp Zaurus

1998

The Vadem Clio: Hand-Held?, Tablet? Other?

1999

The Tablet PCFujitsu Stylistic 2300/3400

2002

Laptops, Notebook, Sub Notebooks & Netbooks

Laptops: 1991Notebooks: 1996Netbooks: 2006

The First Wrist PC: Ruputer

Japan’s PHS Phone, Year 2001

Wearable Computers

More Wearable -- Via PC

Http://ww.via-pc.com

Wireless Helmet?

The Power Ring

NTT Key Fingers

The Projection Keyboard

http://www.canesta.com

Today

The iphone

Plastic Logic QUE 22Moo

MyVu

Portable projectors

Andriod

The iPad

Mobile Technology WarsThe Smart Phone

The Pad

Smart Phones

Smart Phones

2009

Re-Inventing the Tablet: The New War of the PADs

20102010-2011

Microsoft: Soon

Beneficiaries of Ubiquitous Computing

• Commuters• Travelers• Stock traders• Medical • Law enforcement• Package delivery • Education• Insurance• Emergency• Trucking• Intelligence• Military

ClientsAdhoc network

Servers

Intranet

Internet

Limitations of the Mobile Environment

Limitations of the Wireless Network heterogeneity of fragmented networks frequent disconnections limited communication bandwidth

Limitations Imposed by Mobility Limitations of the Mobile Computer

Frequent Disconnections

Handoff blank out (>1ms for most cellulars) Drained battery disconnection Battery recharge down time Voluntary disconnection (turned off to

preserve battery power, also off overnight) Theft and damage (hostile environment) Roam-off disconnections

Limited Communication Bandwidth

Orders of magnitude slower than fixed network Higher transmission bit error rates (BER) Uncontrolled cell population

Difficult to ensure Quality of Service (QoS) Availability issues (admission control)

Asymmetric duplex bandwidth Limited communication bandwidth exacerbates

the limitation of battery lifetime.

Limitations of the Mobile Computer

Short battery lifetime (max ~ 5 hours) Subject to theft and destruction => unreliable Highly unavailable (normally powered-off to

conserve battery) Limited capability (display, memory, input

devices, and disk space) Lack of de-facto general architecture: hand-

helds, communicators, laptops, and other devices

Caesar and Brutus

Limitations Imposed by Mobility

Lack of mobility-awareness by applications inherently transparent programming model (object-,

components-oriented, but not aspect-oriented) lack of environment test and set API support

Lack of mobility-awareness by the system network: existing transport protocols are inefficient to use

across heterogeneous mix of fixed/wireless networks session and presentation: inappropriate for the wireless

environment and for mobility operating systems: lack of env. related conditions and signals client/server: unless changed, inappropriate and inefficient

Reading Assignment

Pervasive Computing: Vision and Challenges, M. Satyanarayanan, Carnegie Mellon University, IEEE Personal Communications, August 2001