INTRODUCTION TO LINGUISTICS6TH MEETING: PHONETICS

(ORGAN OF SPEECH AND SEGMENTAL SOUNDS)

By:Edi Brata

Mathla’ul Anwar University

What is Phonetics?1Organ of Speech2Segmental Sounds(Vowel, Diphthongs, and Consonants)

3

Overview

Consonants Articulation (Voicing, Place, and Manner)4

What is Phonetics?

Sound Study

PhoneticsPhonology

/ Phonemic

s

What is Phonetics?

Phonology

Phonetics

Phonemics

What is Phonetics?• The general study of the characteristics of

speech sounds (Yule, 2006:30)• The study of speech sounds (Fromkin et.al.,

2005:222)• The inventory and structure of the sounds

speech (O’Grady et.al, 2005:15)• The concrete, instrumentally measurable

physical properties and production of speech sounds (Odden, 2005:4)

• The study of production, transmission and reception of speech sounds (Todd, 1995:13)

What is Phonetics?

The study of sounds production

Phon

etic

sAcoustics

Auditory

Articulatory

Acoustics(Transmission of

speech sounds through the air)

Auditory(Perception of Sounds)

Articulatory(Production of speech

sounds)

Production/Articulatory

Transmission/ Acoustics

Perception/ Auditory

Articulatory Phonetics

Organ of Speech

Lip (Labium) Labial

1

2

1. Upper Teeth (Dentum) Dental2. Lower Teeth (Dentum) Dental3. Uvula Uvular4. Blade of the Tongue (Laminum)

Laminal5. Back of the Tongue (Dorsum) Dorsal6. Middle of the Tongue (Medium)

Medium7. Tip of the Tongue (Apex) Apikal

3

5 6

7

4

Uvula Uvular

1. Tip (apex) apikal2. Blade (lamina/ laminum) laminal

3. Middle (medium) medial4. Back (dorsum) dorsal

Subdivisions of the Tongue

Ridge (Alveolum) Alveolar

Soft Palate (Velum) Velar

Hard Palate (Palatum) Palatal

SEGMENTAL SOUNDS

VowelsProduced with

a relatively free flow of air

Consonants

Formed when the air stream is restricted at some points between the vocal cords and the lips

Difthongs‘Combined’

vowel sounds

SEGMENTAL SOUNDS

ARTICULATION (Consonants)

Consonants

Articulation

• Voicing• Place of Articulation• Manner of Articulation

VoicingVoicedSounds

which are made with

vocal fold vibration

Voiceless

Sounds made

without vocal fold vibration

Place of Articulation

BilabialThe lower and upper lips approach or touch each other as in the sounds [p], [b], and [m]

Place of Articulation

LabiodentalThe lower lip approaches or touches the upper teeth as in the sounds [f] and [v]

Place of Articulation

Dental and InterdentalThe tip or blade of the tongue approaches or touches the upper teeth   as in the sounds [θ] and [ð]

Place of Articulation

AlveolarThe tongue tip approaches or touches the alveolar ridge, the ridge immediately behind the upper teeth as in the sounds  [t], [d], and [n],  [s], [z] and [l]

Place of Articulation

PalatalThe body of the tongue approaches or touches the hard palate as in [j]. The tongue body approaches the hard palate, but closely enough to create turbulence in the airstream.

Place of Articulation

VelarThe body of the tongue approaches or touches the soft palate, or velum as in [k], [ɡ], and [ŋ].

Place of Articulation

GlottalThe glottis is the opening between the vocal folds. In an [h], this opening is narrow enough to create some turbulence in the airstream flowing past the vocal folds. 

Oral Nasal

(Velum is lowered, allowing air to enter the nasal cavity)

Manners of Articulation

Manners of Articulation:

Bilabial: p b Alveolar: t d Velar: k g

Plosives (Think Explosion) or Stops

Manners of Articulation: Fricatives (Think Friction)

Labiodental: f v Alveolar: s z Palato-alveolar or post-alveolar: ʃ Ʒ

Manners of Articulation: Nasal

Bilabial: m Velar: ŋ Alveolar: n

Manners of Articulation:

AffricativesA combination of stop + fricative:

ʧ = voiceless post-alveolar affricateʤ = voiced post-alveolar affricate

Manners of Articulation:

ApproximantArticulators approach each other but do not touch: w r j

Manners of Articulation:

LateralAlso called lateral approximant; air flows over sides of tongue: l

Thank You!http://edibrata.wordpress.com