Intro to Clusters

7/30/2019 Intro to Clusters

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In t r o d u c t io n t oIn t r o d u c t io n t o

Regio n al In d u st r y C lu sterRegio n al In d u st r y C lu sterAnalys isAnalys is

Ed w ard J. FeserD epar tm en t o f C i t y & Regional Plann ing

U n ive rsi t y o f N o r th Ca ro l ina at Ch ape l H i ll


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Copyright 2001 Prof. Edw ard Feser, D epartm ent of City & Regional Planning, U N C-Chapel H ill 2

O b je c t i v e sO b jec t iv es

W h at are in d us t ry c lusters?W h at are in d u st ry c lus ters?

W h at is i nd u st r y c lu ster p o l icy?W h at is i nd u st r y c lu ster p o l icy?

W h at ar e so m e tec h n i q u es fo r c o n d u c t in gW h at ar e so m e tec h n iq u es fo r c o n d u c t in g

in d u st ry c lu ste r analyses?in d u st ry c lu ste r analyses?

W h at can yo u gain f r om ind ust r y c lusterW h at can yo u gain f r om ind ust r y c lu steranalysis?analysis?

Reso u rces an d gu id esReso u rces an d gu id es


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I n t r o d u c t i o nI n t r o d u c t i o n t o i n d u st ry c luste rto i n d u st ry c luste rco n ce p t sco n ce p t s

In te rest in c lu ste rs co inc id esIn te rest i n c lus ters co in c ides

w it h f o c u s o nw i th f o c u s o n

compe t i t i venesscom pe t i t iveness

Ero sion o f t rad i t i o na lEro sion o f t rad i t i ona lsou rces o f co m pa rat i vesou rces o f co m pa rat i ve

advantageadvantage

Inno vat i on as g row th eng ineInno vat i on as g row th eng ine

M i ch ael Po r t e r s f r am ew o rkM i ch ae l Po r t e r s fr am ew o rk

M acroeconom ic, p oli t ical,

legal context

Microeconomic

foundations

Company

operations &strategy

Micro

businessenvironment

Internal External

Produc t i v i t y g row th

From Porter (May, 2000)

W hat are i ndu st r y c l us ters?


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Po r ter s m o d elPo r ter s m o d el of com p et it i ve ad van tageof com p et it i ve ad van tage Fou r m aj o rFou r m aj o r

de te r m i nan t sde te r m i nan t s

o f c o m p e t it iv eo f c o m p e t it iv eadvantageadvantage

C lu sters as on eClu sters as on ee l e m e n te l e m e n t

Clu sters areClu sters areno t necessar il yno t n ecessar i lyreg ion a l inregional inscopescope

M easu r em en tM easu r em en t

unc learunc lear Lim i tedL im i ted

ver i f icat ionver i f icat ion

Fi rm s t rategy ,st ruc tu re and

r ival ry

Fi rm s t rategy ,

st ruc tu re andr ival ry

Factorc ond i t i ons

Factorc o n d i t i o n s

D e m a n dc o n d i t i o n sD e m a n d

c o n d i t i o n sRelated ands u p p o r t i n gindus t r i es

Related and

s u p p o r t i n gindus t r i es

Local contextencouragesinvestment and

sustainedupgrading

Sophisticatedand demandinglocalcustomers

Factor quantity,qu ality, cost

Clusters, notindustries

From Porter (M ay, 2000 ; 1990 )



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A c lu sterA c lu ster con sist s o f i n te rdep end ent f irm s an dcon sist s o f i n te rdep end ent f irm s an dins t i t u t ions :ins t i t u t ions :

I n te rdependence :I n te rdependence : Eac h m e m b e r fi rm s c o m p e t it iv eEac h m em b e r fi rm s c o m p e t it i vep o si t io n d e p en d s o n o n e , so m e , o r a ll o t h e r m em b e rs o f t h epo si t ion depends on on e , som e , o r a ll o the r m em bers o f t he

g r o u p .g r o u p .


In te rm ed iate supp l i er s

Cap i tal good supp l i e r sProd ucer serv icesConsu l tan tsCon t ract R& D

Sim i lar techno log ies

Share po o l o f laborSim i lar s t rategies

Edu cat ion (un iv , co l leges)

Tra in ing (cc s)R& D (un i v , f ed l abs)Deve lopmen t agenc ies

Regulato ry agencies

Trad ingsectors

Relatedsectors

Suppo r t i ngins t i t u t i ons


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W h y careW h y care ab o ut in d u st ry c lus ters?ab o ut in d u st ry c lus ters?Q :Q : W hy d oes success seem toW hy d oes success seem to

b reed success?b reed success?

Q :Q : W h at d o g ro w in g k n o w l ed g eW h at d o g ro w in g kn o w le d ge --

i n tens ive and h igh tech sec to rsin tens ive and h igh t ech sec to rs

need to su rv i ve?need to su rv i ve?

Q :Q : W ha t do t r ad i t i ona l secto r sW hat do t rad i t i on al sec to rs

need to su rv i ve?need to su rv i ve?

Q :Q : W ha t ar e y ou ov e r l ook i ng w i t hW ha t ar e y ou ov e r loo k i ng w i t h

s tand ard ind u st ry ana lysiss tand ard ind us t ry ana lysis

a lone?alone?

Q :Q : W hat can yo u gain by ta rget i ngW hat can yo u gain by ta rget i ng

ef for ts?ef for ts?

W hat i s i ndu s t r y c lus ter p o l i cy?

A:A: The ben ef i ts o f be ing th e f ir s tThe ben ef i ts o f b e ing th e f ir s t

m o v e r .m o v e r .

A :A : O pp o r tun i t ies and i nc en t i v es t oO pp o r tun i t ies and i nc en t i v es t o

learn , c reate, u p grade.learn, c reate, upgrade.

A :A: Sam e th ing, as h isto r i calSam e th ing, as h isto r i cal

sour ces o f advantage are ced edso ur ces o f advantage are ced edto o verseas com pet i to rs .to o verseas com pet i to rs .

A :A : Pot ent ia l s t rength s, un d er ly ingPo tent ia l s t rengths , un d er ly ing

w eakn esses , latentw eakn esses, la tent

op po r tun i t i es, new w ay s o fop po r tun i t i es, new w ay s o ft ac k l ing o l d p r o b l em s.t ac k l ing o l d p r ob l em s.

A :A: Ef f ic ient , ef fec t ive u se of scarceEf f ic ient , ef fec t ive u se of scarce

dev el opm en t r esou r c es.dev el opm en t r esou r c es.


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Po l icy u ses varyPo l icy u ses vary accord ing to d egree toaccord ing to d egree tow h ich c luste r co n cepts in fo r m exist ing in i t iat i ves o rw h ich c luste r co n cepts in fo r m exist ing in i t i at i ves o r

serve as th e basis fo r w h o l ly new st ra teg ies.serve as th e basis fo r w h o l ly new st ra teg ies.

D egree o f j o i n t po l ic y coo rd inat i onarou nd c luster con cep t

Lo w H igh

In fo rm

exis t ing

p r o g r a m s

S uppo r tex ist ing o remer g i ng

c lus ters

Ac t i ve ly

p r o m o t e

c lus ters



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Th e m o stTh e m o stc o m m o nc o m m o nap p ro ach to c luste rap p ro ach to c luste rpo l i c y m ak i ngpo l i c y m ak i ng

Find ings

C lus te r d e f in i t i on

Analys is

Po l i cy im p l i cat i on s

Po l icy d esign

I m p l e m e n t a t i o n

Inp ut to ana lys is

O u t p u t fr o m an a ly si s

W ha t i s i ndu s t r y c lus ter p o l i cy?


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Exam p le:Exam p le: En v i ron m ental t ech n o log ies c luste rEn v i ron m ental t ech n o log ies c luste r

C o n s u m e r s

Indus t r y

Publ ic

sec tor

Env i ron m enta lE qu i pm en t

Sustainableg o o d s

In te rm ed iatesupp l i e rs

Env i ron m enta lserv ices

Resourcesm a n a g e m e n t

Va lue cha in :Sup po r t sup p l y

Users :B u il d d e m an d

Regula t ion /en forcementResou rce pr ic in gPurchasing

Com pl iance ass istanceCred i ts and in cent ives

Educat ion

M ar k e ti n gRecycl in g serv ices

Un ive rs i t y - i ndus t r yl ink ages, tech

transfer ,commerc ia l i za t i on

Train ing and t rade

schoo ls

Buyer -supp l ie rconferences,

ne tw o rk ing , t r ades h o w s

Ventu re cap i tal

I ncuba to r s

Rec ru i tmen t


Ar row ind i ca tes t rad ing l i nk age


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Pol i cy p rob lemFram ing

Rat ionale

Clus te r d e f in i t i onExis t ing/potent ia l

Spat ia l con cent ra t ion

Analys isCom prehens i v enes s

Genera l i zab i l i ty

I m p l e m e n t a t i o nI ndus t r y i n v o l vem en t

Analys is

Find ings

Po l icy d esign

Inp ut to analys is

O u t p u t fr o m an a ly si s

A n o t h e rA n o t h e rap p ro ach to c luste rap p ro ach to c luste r

po l i c y m ak i ngpo l i c y m ak i ng



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Typ ical p o l icy n eed sTyp ical p o l icy n eed s im p ly tw o m ajo rim p ly tw o m ajo rtyp es o f ap p l ied c lus ter an alysestyp es o f ap p l ied c lus ter an alyses

G en eral c lu ster analysisG en eral c lus ter an alys is Assessm ent o f l inkages an d t rend s in a l l reg ion al ind ust r iesAssessm ent o f l inkages an d t rend s in a l l reg ion al ind ust r ies

Co m prehensi ve and de tai ledCo m prehens ive and de tai led

App l i cat ion o f general i zed c lu ste r de f in i t i on o r use o fApp l i cat ion o f general i zed c lus ter d e fin i t i on o r use o f

mu l t i p l e de f i n i t i onsm u l t ip l e d ef in i t io n s

Fo cu sed c lu ster analysisFo cu sed c lu ster analysis

Invest i gat i on o f o ne d im ension o f c l us ter co ncep tInvest i gat i on o f o ne d im ension o f c l us ter co ncep t -- and /o rand /o r --

Invest i gat i on o f on e o r a f ew key i nd us t ry segm en tsInvest i gat i on o f on e o r a f ew key i nd us t ry segm en ts

H ow to d o a clus ter ana lys is


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C o n d u c t i n gC o n d u c t i n g a c lus ter stu d y : C h al len gesa c lus ter stu d y : C h al len ges

Re lat ing co n cep ts to m easu resRe lat ing co n cep ts to m easu res

O b tain in g n ecessary d ataO b tain in g n ecessary d ata

Ap p ly in g d ataAp p ly in g d ata-- i n t ensi ve and com p lexin tensi ve and com p lex

an aly t ical m eth o d san aly t ical m eth o d s

In terp re t in g f in d ingsIn terp re t in g f in d ings

Co nvey ing f i nd ingsCo nvey ing f ind ings



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BeginBegin b y re lat ing con cep ts to m easu resb y re lat ing con cep ts to m easu res

L inkage:L inkage: Inn ovat i on , l ab o r , i npu t sInn ovat i on , l ab o r , i npu t s

Geog raphy :Geog raphy : Lo cal ized , no nLo cal ized , n o n -- local izedlocal ized

T i m e :T i m e : Ex ist ing , d ec l in ing, em erg ing or p o ten t ialEx ist in g , d ec l in ing, em erg ing or p o ten t ial

LinkageLinkageLinkageLinkage

T i m eT i m eT i m eTim e G eo grap h yGeog raphyGeog raphyGeog raphy

Th ree d im ensions o f m easu rem en t :Th ree d im ensions o f m easu rem en t :



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LinkageLinkage d i m e n s i o nd i m e n s i o n

W h at b ind s t he f i rm s i n t h e c lusterW h at b ind s t he f i rm s i n t h e c luster

toge the r?toge the r?

Va lueVa lue -- ch ain c lus tersch ain c lus ters :: Firm s th at are m em bers of theFirm s th at are m em bers o f thesam e extended value (product) chainsam e extended value (p roduct) chain

LaborLabor -- b ased c lu stersb ased c lu sters :: Firm s th at share sim ilar laborFirm s th at share sim ilar laborrequi rem ents (u tilize a shared labor p oo l)requ irem ents (ut ilize a shared labor po o l)

In n o vat i on c lu ste rsIn n o vat i on c lu ste rs:: Firm s that exchange keyFirm s that exchange key

info rm ation, know ledge that leads to techn olo gicalinform ation , kno w ledge th at leads to techn olo gicalim provem ents or changesim provem ents or changes



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Geograph i cGeog raph i c d i m e n s i o nd i m e n s i o n

A re m em b e r f i r m s c oA re m em b e r f i r m s c o -- lo cated in sp ec i fi clo cated in sp ec i fi c

reg ions?reg ions?

Local izedLocal ized :: Clusters in w hich firm s are coClusters in w h ich fi rm s are co--located inlocated inspecific regions o f state (o r regions that span state bo rders)specific regions o f state (o r regions that span state bo rders)

N o nN o n -- local izedlocal ized :: Linked firm s th at are no t lo calized in anyLinked firm s th at are not localized in anyparticu lar region bu t exist across th e state o r that areparticular region but exist across th e state or that are

concent rated in m ult iple region sconcent rated in m ult iple region s



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T i m eT i m e d i m e n s i o nd i m e n s i o n A t w h at stage o f d evelop m en t areA t w h at stage o f d evelop m en t are

iden t i f ied c luster s i n?iden t i f i ed c luster s i n?

Exist ingExist ing :: Clusters w ith sign ifican t p resence and exem plifyClusters w ith sign ifican t p resence and exem plifyparti cular linkages th at are th e focus o f stu dy; usuallyparticular lin kages th at are th e focus o f stu dy; usually

p resum es expansionpresum es expansion

D e c l i n i n gD e c l i n i n g :: Existing clusters that are declining rather thanExisting clusters that are declining rather thanexpandingexpanding

Em erg in gEm erg in g :: Clusters that appear to gaining a significantClusters that appear to gaining a significant

p resence bu t haven t achieved a critical m ass yetp resence bu t haven t achieved a crit ical m ass yet

Potent ia l :Potent ia l : Clusters th at m igh t em erge given trend s, luck,Clusters th at m ight em erge given trend s, luck,or po licy stim ulationor po licy stim ulation



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G en eral Featu resG en eral Featu res o f d i f fer en t m et ho dso f d i f fer en t m et ho dsM eth o d Ad van tages Pi t fal ls

Exp er t o p in io n Easy N o t gen eral izab leIn exp en sive N o m at ter h o w m u ch y o u

D et ai led co n textu al in fo b el ieve, i t s st i l l o p in io n

Sp ecial izat io n Easy , in exp en sive Fo cu s is o n secto rs, n o tin d icato rs (LQ s) C an su p p lem en t m eth o d s c lu sters

In p u t -o u tp u t : O n ly m ajo r so u rce o f d ata M ay b e d atedTrad e o n in terd ep en d en ce in U .S. In d u st ry d ef in i t io n s im p er fec t

C om p reh en sive an d d etai led N e glects su p po r t in g in st i t u t io n s

In p u t -o u tp u t : Key m easu re o f in ter - D ata n o t avai lab le in U .S.In n o vat io n d ep en d en ce (see O EC D ac t iv i t ies)

Staf f in g p at tern s: C an b e u sed to id en t i fy O ccu p at io n rath er th an sk i l lsLab o r lab o r af f in i t ies b ased ; fai r ly aggregate

G rap h th eo ry / V isu al izat io n aid s M eth o d s, so f tw are st i l l l im it edn etw o rk an alysis in terp retat io n an d an alysis

Su rvey s Flex ib i l i t y to co l lec t id eal C o st lyd ata; cu r ren t D if f icu l t t o im p lem en t p ro p er ly



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FramingFram ing he lps de term ine app roachhe lps de term ine ap p ro achI den t i fy and f ram e the po l icyp ro b lem f ir st , i .e ., KN O WW H AT YO U W AN T

Pol icyp r o b l e m :W h at w i l ly ou use

the stud y

fo r?

Clu ste r de f in i t i onExist ing?

Po ten t ial o r em erg ing?Sp at ia l o r n on -sp at ial?Typ e o f l ink age?

M et h o d o lo gy

C o m p re h e n s i v e ?Genera l izab le?Q ua l itat i ve?Q uan t i t at i ve?

I m p l e m e n t a t i o nIndu st ry buy - i n?An alys is on ly?M ark e ti n g o n l y ?


D e t e r m i n e s :


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FocusFocus on valueon value -- ch ain an d lab o r c lus tersch ain an d lab o r c lus ters

N o app l i cab le d ata to id en t i f y inn o vat ionN o app l icab le da ta t o i den t i fy i nn ovat i on -- basedbased

c lus tersc lus ters

Va lueVa lue -- cha in an d lab o r b ased c lu ste rs can p ro v idecha in an d lab o r b ased c lu ste rs can p ro v ide

good f ir st ap p ro x im at i on t o i nn ova ti ongood f ir st app rox im at i on t o i nn ova ti on -- b ased c lus tersb ased c lus ters

Q ua li t at i ve m e th od s can b e used t o i den t i fyQ ua li t at i ve m e th od s can b e used t o i den t i fyi nn ovat i on l ink ages w i t h in V C o r l abo r c l ustersinn ovat i on l ink ages w i t h in V C o r l abo r c l usters



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ValueVa lue -- cha incha in c lus ters : Iden t i f y in te rd epend enc iesc lus ters : Iden t i f y in te rd epend enc ies

N at i o n al in p u t - o u t p u tAva ilab le s tud ies o f i -o re lat ion sSim ple descr ip t i ve ind ica tors

Surv ey (o f buyer -supp l ie r needs)

Sur vey (o f o th er needs)

Secon dary d a taExper t op in ion

Em erg ing/po ten t i a l

Trade-based

S uppo r t i ngins t i t u t i ons

Cur r en t ,local

Trade-

based

S uppo r t i ng

ins t i t u t i ons

Regiona l i npu t -ou tpu tSim ple descr ip t i ve ind icato rs

Sur vey (o f ex ist in g l ink ages)Exper t op in ion

SurveyIn te rv iewsExper t op in ion



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Tw o m eth o d sTw o m eth o d s o f VC c lus ter an alysiso f VC c lus ter an alysisBo t to m -u p m et h o d : Iden t i fy va lue ch ain fo r a sing lesec to r b y f i nd ing key f i r st , second , th i rd t i er supp l ie rs

Saw m i l ls and

p lan ing m i l ls

M e t al s t am p i ngs,n.e.c.

Logging

Non -upho l s t e red

w o o d f u rn i tu r ePet ro leumre f i n ing

Veneer andp l y w o o d

I f an i n te rm ed iate good s ind us t ry , al so f i nd key buy in gI f an i n te rm ed iate good s ind us t ry , al so f i nd key bu y ing

sec torssec tors

Regional inputRegional input -- ou tpu t app rox im ates l oca l t rad ing pa t ternsou tpu t app rox im ates l oca l t rad ing pa t terns N at i onal i npu tN at i onal i npu t -- ou tpu t app rox im ates po ten t i al t rad ing pa t te rnsou tpu t app rox im ates po ten t i al t rad ing pa t te rns

U se o th er m ethod s to i den t i f y re lated sec to rs and sup po r t i ngU se o th er m ethod s to i den t i f y re la ted secto rs and sup po r t i ng

ins t i tu t i onsins t i tu t i ons



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To p -d o w n m et h o d : Iden t i fy an exh aus t i ve set o f ind us t ry c lu stersth r ou gh com preh ensi ve ana l ysi s o f i n te rdep end ence be tw een a ll sec to rs


Deta i ledin te r i ndus t r y

t ransac t ionsd ata: For eachsector, sales

to andpurchases

f r o m e ve r y

o th e r sec to r

C lu s ter 1

Clu s ter 2..

.C lu s ter n

App ly data

reduc t i ontechn iques

( factoranalysis,stat ist icalc lus teranalysis, etc.)

Tw o m eth o d sTw o m eth o d s o f VC c lus ter an alysiso f VC c lus ter an alysis

Resu l t : C lu s ter Tem plates


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Ben c h m ar k U .S.Ben c h m ar k U .S. manufac tu r ing c lus te rsmanufac tu r ing c lus te rs

M e tal w o r k i n g

Veh ic le m anu fac tu r i ngB rak e & w hee l p rod uc t sChem i cal s & rubb e r

Con c re te, cem ent , b r i ckPe t ro leum re f in ingN on f e r rous m e t al s

A l u m i n u m

W o o d p r o d u ct sPr in t i ng & p ub l i sh ing

El ec t ron i c s & c om pu t e rsPlatem ak ing & t ypeset t i ng

Ear thenware p roduc tsK n i t t ed goo ds

Fabricated text i lesLeather go od s

Aerospace

Packaged foo dsCann i ng & bo t t li ng

Feed p rod uc tsD ai r y p r o d u c t sM e at p r o d u c t s

Tobacco

I ndependen ti ndus t r i es

Lightmanu fac tu r i ng

H e a v ymanu fac tu r i ng

Foo d goo ds &

tobacco



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FeaturesFeatures o f bench m ark c lus te rso f bench m ark c lus te rs Am ou n ts t o value chainAm ou n ts t o value chain -- basedbased

r at h e r t h a n p r o d u c tr at h e r t h a n p r o d u c t -- basedbased

m anufac tur ing c lassi f i cat ion systemm anufac tur ing c lassi f i cat ion system

33 -- and 4and 4 -- d ig i t SIC ind us t r ies m ay bed ig i t SIC ind us t r ies m ay be

m e m b e r s o f m u l t ip l e cl u st e rsm e m b e r s o f m u l t ip l e cl u st e rs

Each c lus ter inc lu des d i rec t andEach c lus ter inc lud es d i rec t and

ind i rec t t r ad ing pa r tne rsind i rec t t r ad ing p ar tne rs

Inc ludes m easure o f st reng th o fI nc lud es m easure o f s t reng th o fl in k a ge b e t w e en c o m p o n e n t se ct o rl in k a ge b e t w e en c o m p o n e n t se ct o r

and b ro ader c l us te rand b ro ader c l us te r

Reason able in i t ia l est im ate ofReason able in i t ia l est im ate of

i n te rdependen t i n du s t r ies evenin te rdependen t i ndu s t r ies even

w here t rad ing l i nks don t ex is tw here t rad ing l i nks do n t ex i st

C a n b e e asi ly c o m b i n e d w i t hC an b e e asi ly c o m b i n e d w i t h

qu a li ta t ive c lus ter ana lys is m etho dsqu a li ta t ive c lus ter ana lys is m etho ds

N o . o f 2 -D ig it SI CC lu ster Secto r s Sect o r s

M etalw o r k in g 1 1 6 1 0

V eh icle M an u factu r i n g 5 8 1 6

Ch em i cal s & Ru b b er 4 8 1 4Electro n i cs & Co m p u ter s 3 8 8

Pack ag ed Fo o d s 4 4 5

Pr in t i n g & Pu b l i sh i n g 3 2 8

W o o d Pr o d u cts 2 3 6

K n i tted G o o d s 2 3 5

Fab r i cated Texti l e Pr o d u cts 2 2 9N o n fer r o u s M etal s 1 4 4

Can n ed & Bo tt l ed G o o d s 1 2 2

Leath er G o o d s 9 1

A er o sp ace 1 0 6

Feed Pr o d u cts 1 0 2

Platem ak in g & Typ esett i n g 1 4 7

A l u m in u m 9 4Br ak e Pr o d u cts 9 4

Co n cr ete, Cem en t, & Br i ck 8 2

Ear th en w ar e Pr o d u cts 8 1

To b acco Pr o d u cts 4 1

D ai r y Pr o d u cts 6 1



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Aerospace:Aerospace: i l l ust ra t ion o f a valuei l lust ra t ion o f a value -- cha incha inC luster ID

Inpu tou t pu t cod e SIC sector D escr ipt io n

Loadin g L1 L2 L3

600200600100130100600400380900381400 (s)430100 (s)381300 (s)620101 (s)560500 (s)

3724 , 3764372137613728 , 37693356346335113364 , 336938 13663 , 3669

Aircraf t an d m issi le engin es an d engine part sAircraftGu ided m issi les an d space vehic lesAircraf t an d m issi le equi pm ent, n.e.c.N onfer rous ro l l ing and draw ing, n .e .c.N onfer rous fo rg ingsTurb ines and t urb ine generator setsN onferrou s castin gs, n.e.c.Search and navigat ion equip m entCo m m u n i cat i on e qu i p me n t

.9 2.9 0

.8 2

.7 0

.6 9

.5 9

.5 8

.5 6

.4 1

.3 6

1 31 31 31 31 31 311 044

410

1313

4

1 6 , 1

1 31 3

(s) indicates secondary sector

Load in g ind ica tes s t rength o f l i nkage betw een sec tor and c lus terLoad in g ind ica tes s t rength o f l i nkage betw een sec tor and c lus ter

Co lum n labe led c l us te r ID i nd i cates cod es fo r o the r c l us ters iCo lu m n labe led c l uste r ID i nd i cates cod es fo r o the r c l us ters in w h i c h se ct o r i sn w h i c h se ct o r i sa m em b era m em b e r

Secon dary sec tor s a re tho se on ly m od era tely t ied to th e clus terSecon dary sec tor s a re th ose on ly m od erate ly t ied to th e c lus ter



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U .S. Sta f f ing Pat terns M atr ix5 0 1 O c c u p at i o n s

241 Indus t r i es1996 , Pr o jec t ed 200 6 Em p loy m en t

Stat is t ica l Cluster An alysiso f 501 x 241 l abo r r equ i r em en t s m a t ri x

on s har es o f w o r k f o r c e i n eac h oc c upa t i on

Stat is t ica l Cluster An alysiso f 501 x 24 1 l abo r r equ i r em en t s m a t ri x

s taf f ing pa t te rns de f ined in 0 /1 fo rm

32 Labo r -

based U .S.i ndus t ryc lus ters

Jud gem ent

M eth o d s:An alysis w i thLabor-BasedInd us t ry C lus ters

An alys is o f reg io n alAn alys is o f reg io n al

t r end s w i th l abo rt r end s w i th l abo r

c lus te r t em p latesc lus te r t em p latessim i lar t o t opsim i lar t o t op -- d o w nd o w n

VC app roachVC app roach



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I l lu st r at io n I:I l lu st r at io n I: N or th Caro l i na cluster p ro jectN or th Caro l i na cluster p ro ject

Po l i cy need :Po l i cy need :

Econ om ic rat ion ale:Econ om ic rat ion ale:

C lu ste r de f in i t i on :C lu ste r de f in i t i on :

M et h o d o lo gy :M et h o d o lo gy :

I m p l e m e n t a t i o n :I m p l e m e n t a t i o n :

Targe t techn o lo gy ado p t ionTarge t techn o lo gy ado p t ion

p ro g ram s m ore e f fect i vel yp ro g ram s m ore e f fect i vel y

Techn o lo g ies d i f fuse th ro ughTechn o lo g ies d i f fuse th ro ugh

va lu e cha in ,va lu e cha in , focusedfocused analysisanalysis

Po t en t ial and em erg ingPo ten t ial and em erg ingclusters, va luec lus ters , va lue -- ch ain b asedch ain b ased

I n p u tI n p u t -- ou tpu t based , t opou tpu t based , t op

d o w n ap p r o ac hd o w n ap p r o ac h

Pr im ar i ly ana lysis, p lann in gPr im ar i ly ana lys is, p lann in g

fo r m anu fac tu r i ng sec to rfo r m anu fac tu r i ng secto r



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N o r t h C ar o l in aN o r t h C ar o l in a p ro ject scop epro jec t scop e

Exam ine pr esence o fc hai ns i n N o r th Car o l ina

Sp ecia l izat ion s and gapsSp at ial d ist r ib u t io n G ro w th an d tu rb u len ce

! Sta tew ide stud y! 7 reg ion a l s tud ies! G IS-based analys is

! St ruc ture (b readth)! Size (dep th)! Techno logy

! O v er al l g r o w t h! G r o w t h se ct o r s! Expans ions , con t rac t ions

Iden t i fy U .S. value ch ains

( tem p late c lus ters)



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W h a tW h a t c an be do ne w i th nat ion alc an be do ne w i th nat ion al -- level valu elevel valu ech ains at t h e state o r r eg io n al leve l?ch ains at t h e state o r r eg io n al leve l?

Loo k fo r re lat i ve presen ce o f each ch a in in th e sta te or reg ionLoo k fo r re lat i ve presence o f each ch a in in th e sta te or reg ion

Look f o r c om po nen ts o f t he cha in p r esen tLoo k f o r c om po nen ts o f t he cha in p r esen t

D e t e r m i n eD e t e r m i n e w h yw h y som e elem ents o f the cha in are m issingsom e elem ents o f th e chain are m issing

D e t e r m i n eD e t e r m i n e w h yw h y o th er e lem ents are p resen to th er e lem ents are p resen t

Co m b i ne w i t h o the r m e thod s ( su r v ey s, r egi onal i npu tCom b i ne w i t h o the r m e thod s ( su r v ey s, r egi onal i npu t --o u t p u t ) t oo u t p u t ) t oexam ine reg ion al t rad in g p at te rnsexam ine reg ion al t rad ing p at te rns

D o no tD o no t assum e reg ion al econo m y sho u ld p aral le l na t i ona l econ om y ,assum e reg iona l econo m y sho u ld p aral le l na t i ona l econo m y ,

b u tb u t d od o us e tem p l ates t o b e t t er un de r stand y ou r c u r r en t i nd us t ry m i xus e t em p l ates t o b e t t er un de r stand y ou r c u r r en t i nd us t r y m i x

Ch ains m ay serve as th e basis for id ent i fy in g the ch a llenges andCh ains m ay serve as the b asis for iden t i fy ing th e cha l lenges and

op po r tun i t i es fac ing the region s i nd us t r yop po r tun i t i es fac ing the region s i nd us t r y



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Veh ic le m an u fac tu r i ngVeh i c le m an u fac tu r i ng an N Can N Cst reng th revealed b y to pst reng th revealed b y to p -- d o w n c lus ter an alysisd o w n c lus ter an alysis

SIC 37 , t r anspor ta t i on equ ipm en tSIC 37 , t r anspor ta t i on equ ipm en t

i ndus t r yi ndus t r y accoun ts fo r 2 .5 pe rcen t o faccoun ts fo r 2 .5 p e rcen t o fs tate va luestate va lu e -- add ed and 3 pe rcen t o fad d e d an d 3 p e r ce n t o f

e m p l o y m e n te m p l o y m e n t

The veh i c le m anu fac tu r i ngThe veh i c le m anu fac tu r i ng c lus terc lus ter isis

the secon dthe secon d -- largest in th e s tatelargest in th e s tate

G r o w t h o f t h e c lu s t er i s m o s tG r o w t h o f t h e c lu s t er i s m o s t

p r o n o u n c ed i n c e n t r al a n d w e st er np r o n o u n c ed i n c e n t r al an d w e st er n

par ts o f th e s tatepar ts o f th e s tate

Pat te rn and na tu re o f c l us ter g row thPat te rn and na tu re o f c l us ter g row th

i s con si sten t w i t h n at i ona li s con si sten t w i t h n a ti ona lso u t h w ar d s h i ft o f au t o p r o d u c t io nso u t h w ar d s h i ft o f a u t o p r o d u c t i o n


-20%

0%

2 0%

4 0%

6 0%

Tr iang le

N o r t h e a s t

Transpark

Southeas tCaro l inas

W este rn

P i e d m o n t

A rea: Regio n al sh ar es o f st at ew id e v eh ic lem anu f act u r i ng c lus t er em p l oy m en t , 1989

O u t l i ne: Regi ona l sha res o f st at ew i de V F c l ust e re m p l o y m e n t gr o w t h , 1 9 8 9 - 1 9 9 4


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N o r t h C ar o l in aN o r t h C ar o l in a va lueva lue -- ch ain s sp ec ial ized inch ain s sp ec ial ized inl o w e rl o w e r -- p ro d uc t i v it y , l ow er w age secto rsp ro du c t iv i ty , l ow er w age secto rs

0 .0 0 0 .0 5 0 .1 0 0 .1 5 0 .2 0 0 .2 5 0 .3 0 0 .3 5

Fabr icated Text i le Products

K n i tt ed G o o d s

W o o d Pr o d u c t s

Pr i n t i ng and Pub l i sh i ng

Packaged Foo d Produ cts

Elec t ron i cs & Com pu te rs

Chem ical s & Rubb er

V eh i c l e M anu fac tu r i ng

M e t a l w o r k i n g

Sh are of to ta l c lu s ter

va lue-ad ded in h ighpro du c t i v it y sec to rs ,

1 9 9 4

U ni ted StatesN o r t h C ar o l i n a



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Leng th o f l i ne f r om o r i g in i nd i c at es num be r o fem p loyees in g i ven sec to r ; Ax i s d im ens ion srange from 0 (a t cen te r ) to 3 ,000 a t edge .

M os t t igh t l y li n k edsec to r in c lus ter

Axes are sec tor s that m akeup the c lus ter , o rderedc lockw ise by the s t reng tho f the l ink age be tw een thesec tor and over a ll c lus ter .

Tr iangle

Region

Southeast

Region

M et alw o r k in gM etalw o r k in g l ink ages l i ke ly t igh ter in Tr ian g le thanl ink ages l i ke ly t igh ter in Tr ian g le thanSou th east reg ionSou th east reg ion



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StudyStudy D evelop ed ove r lap p ing ev id enceD evelop ed ove r lap p ing ev id ence


BasicIndus t ryTrends

LaborC lus te rAnalys is

Va lueCha in

Analys is


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Step 1 : Basic Ind u st r y A n alysis

Stro n g Star t -u pAct i v i ty

Pos i t iveC o m p e t i -

t i ve sh i f t

Special i -za t i ons

(LQ > 1 .2 )



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Stro n g Star t -u pAct i v i ty

Pos i t iveC o m p e t i -

t i ve sh i f t

Special i -za t i ons

(LQ > 1 .2 )

Step 2 : Lab o r c lu ster analysis


H d l l i


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1. I dent i f i ca t iono f 1s t and 2 nd

t ie r supp l ie r andpurchas ingcha ins fo r each o f

413 bas icindus t r ies

2 . Examin at ion o fcharacter is t ics of

each cha in

3 . I dent i f i cat ion o f

core reg iona lindus t r ies

4. Reduced Set of

reg iona l indus t r ies

w i t h s tr ong o rem er g ing po t en t i alu p - an d /o r

dow ns t r eaml inkages

Study sec tor i( i, . . . , j= 4 13 )

Purchasing sec tor i

Purchasing sec tor j

Purchasing sec tor k

Sup p l ie r sec tor i

Sup p l ie r sec tor j

Sup p l ie r sec tor k

SizeBreadth ( sec tors p resent in reg ion )

Spec ia l izat ion , cu r ren t and t rendExpans ion (aggregate and share grow th sec tors )

D epth (d ivers i t y , t rend in d ivers i t y )

Size

Spec ia l izat ion , cu r ren t and t rendExpans ion (abso lu te and re la t ive)

Potent ia l

reg iona lc luster

indust r ies

Value Chain AnalysisValue Chain AnalysisValue Chain AnalysisValue Chain Analysis

Core In du stry An alysisCore In du stry An alysisCore In du stry An alysisCore In du stry An alysis

Step 3 : Bot to m u p c lu ste r an alysi s


H t d l t l i


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Step 4 : I n te rp r et o ver lap p ing ev iden ce

Lo ok fo r co ns isten t resu l ts acro ss ana lyses: VC c lus ters sh ou ldLoo k fo r co n sisten t resu l ts acro ss ana lyses: VC c lus ters sho u ld

ove r l ap w i th l abo r c l uste rsove r l ap w i th l abo r c l us ters

W eakn ess o f app ro achW eakn ess o f app ro ach

In te rp re tat ion invo lves con s iderab le ar t In te rp re ta t ion invo lves con s id erab le a r t

St reng th o f app ro achSt reng th o f app ro ach

The no t i o n o f a si ng le set o f c l uste rs f o r a g ive region un reaThe no t i on o f a si ng le set o f c l uste rs f o r a g ive region un reasonab lesonab le

except a t the m ost aggregate leve lexcept a t the m ost aggregate leve l

Pro v id es a level o f d eta i l that can fac i l ita te st rategic p lann inPro v id es a level o f d eta i l that can fac i l i tate s t rategic p lann in gg

C a n se rv e as a f r am e w o r k f o r c o n t i n u o u s m o n i t o r i n gC an s e rv e as a f r am e w o r k f o r c o n t i n u o u s m o n i t o r i n g


S m m a r


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S u m m a r yS u m m a r y t h o u g h t st h o u g h t s Th ink po l i cy need s f i rstTh ink po l i cy needs f i rst

I den t i fy app ro p r i ate c lus ter i ng d im ension to f ocus onIden t i fy app ro p r i ate c l uste r ing d im ension to f ocus on

Are local i zed c lu ste rs w ha t yo u re af te r?Are local i zed c lus ters w ha t yo u r e af te r?

Ex ist in g , em erg ing , po ten t ial?Ex ist ing , em erg ing , po ten t ial?

U t i l i ze ex ist ing s tu d ies (e .g ., tem p lates ) , at least as a s tarU t i l i ze ex is t ing s tud ies (e .g ., tem p lates ) , at least as a s tar tt

If y o u c o m m i ssi o n a st u d y , d e m an d t h e fo l lo w i n g:I f y o u c o m m i ssi o n a st u d y , d e m an d t h e fo l lo w i n g:

Fu l l and de ta il ed d i sclosure o f a ll m etho dsFu l l and de ta il ed d i sclosure o f al l m ethod s an dan d datada ta

An ac tua l assessm ent o f in terd epen d ence, no t jus t spec ia li zat ionAn ac tua l assessm ent o f in terdep end ence, not ju st spec ial i zat ion

Fol lowFol low -- up i n t er p r e tat i on and s upp o r tup i n t e rp r e tat i on and s upp o r t

S u m m a r y


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Intro to Clusters

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Transcript of Intro to Clusters