INTL 101 Cultural Globalization II

8/4/2019 INTL 101 Cultural Globalization II

1/27

INTL 101:INTL 101:

INTRODUCTION TOINTRODUCTION TO

GLOBAL POLITICSGLOBAL POLITICS

Does Globalization ThreatenDoes Globalization Threaten

Cultural Diversity?Cultural Diversity?


2/27

LECTURE CONTENTLECTURE CONTENT

1.1. Key ConceptsKey Concepts

2.2. Argument against the culturalArgument against the culturalglobalizationglobalization

3.3. Does Globalization ThreatenDoes Globalization ThreatenCultural Diversity? YESCultural Diversity? YES

4.4. Argument for the culturalArgument for the cultural

globalizationglobalization5.5. Does Globalization ThreatenDoes Globalization Threaten

Cultural Diversity? NOCultural Diversity? NO


3/27

Key ConceptsKey Concepts

consumerismconsumerism-- economic policieseconomic policiesthat place an emphasis onthat place an emphasis onconsumption, and, in an abstractconsumption, and, in an abstract

sense, the belief that the choice ofsense, the belief that the choice ofconsumers should dictate theconsumers should dictate theeconomic structure of a society.economic structure of a society.

Cultural imperialism

Cultural imperialism-- a criticala criticalterm for US dominance of theterm for US dominance of the

emerging global culture.emerging global culture.


4/27


Economic integrationEconomic integration-- the merging to various degrees ofthe merging to various degrees ofthe economies and economic policies of two or morethe economies and economic policies of two or morecountries in a given region.countries in a given region.

Fast food nationFast food nation-- Fast Food Nation: The Dark Side of theFast Food Nation: The Dark Side of theAllAll--American MealAmerican Meal (2001)(2001) is a book by Eric Schlosser, firstis a book by Eric Schlosser, first

serialized by Rolling Stone in 1999. The book examines theserialized by Rolling Stone in 1999. The book examines thefast food industry in the US and its global effects.fast food industry in the US and its global effects. HegemonyHegemony-- the holding by one state of a preponderancethe holding by one state of a preponderance

of power in the international system, so that it can singleof power in the international system, so that it can single--handedly dominate the rules and arrangements by whichhandedly dominate the rules and arrangements by whichinternational political and economic relations are conducted.international political and economic relations are conducted.

Information economyInformation economy-- is a loosely defined term tois a loosely defined term tocharacterize an economy with increased role ofcharacterize an economy with increased role ofinformational activities and information industry.informational activities and information industry.


5/27


JingoismJingoism--is a term describingis a term describingchauvinistic patriotism, usually withchauvinistic patriotism, usually with

a hawkish political stance.

Ina hawkish political stance.

Inpractice, it refers to sections of thepractice, it refers to sections of thegeneral public who advocate bullyinggeneral public who advocate bullyingother countries or using whateverother countries or using whatever

means necessary to safeguard ameans necessary to safeguard acountry's national interests.country's national interests.


6/27


Multinational corporations (MNCs)Multinational corporations (MNCs)--companies based in one state with affiliatedcompanies based in one state with affiliatedbranches or subsidiaries operating in otherbranches or subsidiaries operating in otherstates.states.

Social DarwinismSocial Darwinism-- is a term used to describe ais a term used to describe arange of political ideologies which are held to berange of political ideologies which are held to becompatible with the concept that Charlescompatible with the concept that CharlesDarwins theory of evolution of biological traits inDarwins theory of evolution of biological traits ina population by natural selection can also bea population by natural selection can also be

applied to competition between human societiesapplied to competition between human societiesor groups within a society. It has also been usedor groups within a society. It has also been usedto justify capitalism or imperialism.to justify capitalism or imperialism.


7/27

Argument against the culturalArgument against the cultural

globalizationglobalization

Julia Galeota ofMcLeanJulia Galeota ofMcLean arguesarguesthat many cultures around the worldthat many cultures around the world

are gradually disappearing due to theare gradually disappearing due to theoverwhelming influence of corporateoverwhelming influence of corporateand cultural America.and cultural America.


8/27


Cultural Div

ersity?

YESCultural Div

ersity?

YES

Globalization threatens culturalGlobalization threatens culturaldiversity because:diversity because:

The motivations behind AmericanThe motivations behind Americancultural imperialism: the desire forcultural imperialism: the desire foraccess to foreign markets and theaccess to foreign markets and thebelief in the superiority ofAmericanbelief in the superiority ofAmerican

culture.

culture.

Example:Example: American film industry.American film industry.


9/27


10/27


CulturalD

iversity? YESCulturalD

iversity? YES Americanization of foreign cultures:Americanization of foreign cultures:

American belief in the superiority ofAmerican belief in the superiority of

US culture reflects the late19

US culture reflects the late19thth

ageageof imperialism during which theof imperialism during which thejingoists attempted to fulfill whatjingoists attempted to fulfill whatthey believed to be the divinelythey believed to be the divinely

ordained manifest density ofordained manifest density ofAmerican expansion of SocialAmerican expansion of SocialDarwnism.Darwnism.


11/27


CulturalD


iversity? YES Superiority ofSuperiority ofAmerican cultureAmerican culturepromoted bypromoted by

marketingmarketing--marketers havemarketers havealways been ablealways been ableto successfullyto successfullyassociate withassociate withAmerican products.American products.

Examples: NikeExamples: Nikeand GAP.and GAP.


12/27


CulturalD


iversity? YES American corporationsAmerican corporations

have developed ahave developed asuccessful globalsuccessful globalstrategy: instead ofstrategy: instead ofadvertising Americanadvertising Americanconformity, theconformity, theyy pitchpitchdiversity.diversity.

Example: Mc DonaldsExample: Mc Donalds

international im lovininternational im lovinit campaign.it campaign.

CocoCoco--Cola.Cola.


13/27


CulturalD


iversity? YES If the strength ofIf the strength of

these diversethese diverseAmerican images isAmerican images isnot powerful enoughnot powerful enoughto move products,to move products,American corporationsAmerican corporationsalso appropriate localalso appropriate localcultures into theircultures into their

advertising abroad.advertising abroad. Example:Example: MTVMTV manymany

networks.networks.


14/27


CulturalD


iversity? YES Critics ofAmerican cultural imperialismCritics ofAmerican cultural imperialism

argue that foreign consumers do notargue that foreign consumers do notimmediately adopt the American culture.immediately adopt the American culture.

Example:Example: Naomi KleinNaomi Klein-- No Logo.No Logo.

Media and information industries play anMedia and information industries play animportant role about the military andimportant role about the military and

economic hegemony of the US.

economic hegemony of the US.

Example:Example: Role of CNN.Role of CNN.


15/27


CulturalD


iversity? YES The use of internet increasesThe use of internet increases

American influence.American influence.

Some scholars who oppose to thisSome scholars who oppose to thisbelief refer to the new informationbelief refer to the new informationeconomy.economy.

Some countries use protectionistSome countries use protectionistmeasures for website accesses.measures for website accesses.

Example:Example: China and Cuba.China and Cuba.


16/27


CulturalD


iversity? YES Supporters of cultural imperialismSupporters of cultural imperialism

theory, such as David Rothkop, atheory, such as David Rothkop, aformer senior official in Clintonsformer senior official in ClintonsDepartment of Commerce, argueDepartment of Commerce, arguethat American cultural imperialism isthat American cultural imperialism isin the interest of all of the world. Hein the interest of all of the world. He

uses Hungtions theory.uses Hungtions theory.


17/27


CulturalD


iversity? YES Some countries have attempted toSome countries have attempted to

stop American cultural influence bystop American cultural influence bylimiting access to American culturallimiting access to American culturalprogramming through satellites andprogramming through satellites andthe Internet.the Internet.

Examples:Examples: France, China, Canada,France, China, Canada,

Iran, Cuba.Iran, Cuba.


18/27


CulturalD


iversity? YES Some measures that maintain theSome measures that maintain the

integrity of culture:integrity of culture:i) in the Lexus and the Olive Tree,i) in the Lexus and the Olive Tree,

Thomas Friedman advocates theThomas Friedman advocates the use ofuse ofprotective legislationprotective legislation and theand the conceptconceptof glocalizeof glocalize..

ii) Inii) In Jihad vs McWorldJihad vs McWorld, Benjamin, BenjaminBarber argues forBarber argues for civic space.civic space.

iii) Need to focus on theiii) Need to focus on theeducationeducation of youthof youth in their native valuesin their native valuesand traditions.and traditions.


19/27

Argument for the culturalArgument for the cultural

globalizationglobalization Philippe LegrainPhilippe Legrain, chief economist, chief economist

of Britain in Europe, an organizationof Britain in Europe, an organizationsupporting the adoption by Greatsupporting the adoption by GreatBritain of the euro as its currency,Britain of the euro as its currency,argues that it is a myth thatargues that it is a myth thatglobalization involves the impositionglobalization involves the imposition

ofAmericanized uniformity, ratherofAmericanized uniformity, ratherthan an explosion of culturalthan an explosion of culturalexchange.exchange.


20/27



Globalization does not threatenGlobalization does not threatencultural diversity because:cultural diversity because:

1.1.

It increases individual freedom.It increases individual freedom.2.2. It revitalizes culture and culturalIt revitalizes culture and cultural

artifacts through foreign influences,artifacts through foreign influences,technologies and markets.technologies and markets.

Example:Example: African rhythms in rock nAfrican rhythms in rock nroll.roll.


21/27



3.3. Fears about an AmericanizedFears about an Americanizeduniformity are overblown.uniformity are overblown.

Ex

ample:Ex

ample: Most countries showsMost countries showsare homegrown.are homegrown.

4.4. America are not the only player inAmerica are not the only player inthe global media industry.the global media industry.

Examples:Examples: Germany, France,Germany, France,Japan.Japan.


22/27



5.5. America is an outlier, not a global leader.America is an outlier, not a global leader.

Example: Baseball and American footballExample: Baseball and American footballhave not well to other parts of the world.have not well to other parts of the world.

6.6. Although Hollywood dominates the globalAlthough Hollywood dominates the globalmovie market, it is less American than itmovie market, it is less American than itseems.seems.

Example:Example: Top actors and directors areTop actors and directors areoften from outside America.often from outside America.


23/27



7.7. A common global languageA common global language-- use of Englishuse of English--would certainly be an advantage, but a singlewould certainly be an advantage, but a singleone seems far less desirable.one seems far less desirable.

8.8. Even though American consumer culture isEven though American consumer culture is

widespread, its significance is oftenwidespread, its significance is oftenexaggerated.exaggerated.

9.9. Profound cultural changes have little to do withProfound cultural changes have little to do withCocoCoco--Cola.Cola.

Examples:

Examples: Technology and immigration areTechnology and immigration arereshaping culture, but national identity is notreshaping culture, but national identity is not

disappearing rather it is loosening.disappearing rather it is loosening.


24/27



10.10. CrossCross--border cultural exchangeborder cultural exchangeincreases diversity within societyincreases diversity within societybut at the expense of making thembut at the expense of making them

more alike.more alike.11.11. CrossCross--cultural exchange can spreadcultural exchange can spread

greater diversity as well as greatergreater diversity as well as greatersimilarity.similarity.

Example:Example: More traditional as wellMore traditional as wellas McDonald restaurants.as McDonald restaurants.


25/27



12.12. Foreign influences can rapidlyForeign influences can rapidlybecome domesticated changingbecome domesticated changingnational culture, but not destroyingnational culture, but not destroying

it.it.13.13. Some losses of diversity are a goodSome losses of diversity are a good

thing.thing.

Example:Example: Liberalism is a EuropeanLiberalism is a Europeanphilosophy that has spread thephilosophy that has spread theworld.world.


26/27



14.14. Faith in science and technology is evenFaith in science and technology is evenmore widespread. Even those who hatemore widespread. Even those who hatethe West make use of its technologies.the West make use of its technologies.

Example:Example: AntiAnti--globalization protestorsglobalization protestorsorganize by email.organize by email.

15.15. Globalization is not a oneGlobalization is not a one--way street.way street.

Ex

ample:Ex

ample: Muslims are a growingMuslims are a growingminority in Europe, but Christians are aminority in Europe, but Christians are adisappearing in the Middle East.disappearing in the Middle East.


27/27



16.16. Foreigners are changing AmericaForeigners are changing Americaeven as they adopt its way.even as they adopt its way.

Ex

ample:Ex

ample: Immigrants.

Immigrants.

17.17. New hybrid cultures are emerging.New hybrid cultures are emerging.

Example:Example: In America people speakIn America people speak

Spanglish.Spanglish.

INTL 101 Cultural Globalization II

Documents

Transcript of INTL 101 Cultural Globalization II