Internet Governance: A perpetual “threat”Revision of Internet se:lement regulaons could have...

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8/19/17 1 Internet Governance: A perpetual “threat” Sco: Bradner 8/3/2016 1 Preview 2 No one governs “The Internet” Some in-country regulaKons And that does not make any sense (to governments, to carriers, to the ITU) “The Internet” – internaKonal, interconnected data networks

Transcript of Internet Governance: A perpetual “threat”Revision of Internet se:lement regulaons could have...

Page 1: Internet Governance: A perpetual “threat”Revision of Internet se:lement regulaons could have significant impact on Internet business model Pung Internet standards under government

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InternetGovernance:Aperpetual“threat”

Sco:Bradner8/3/2016

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Preview

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Noonegoverns“TheInternet”Somein-countryregulaKons

Andthatdoesnotmakeanysense(togovernments,tocarriers,totheITU)

“TheInternet”–internaKonal,interconnecteddatanetworks

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History&StateofTelecomGovernance

Itallstartedwiththetelegraph

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LongDistanceCommunicaKon–P1

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WHATHATHGODWROUGHT

1793 1844 1858

By1875:650,000miletelegraphnetworkInterconnecKng20,000towns&ciKes-world-wide

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TelegraphSystemArchitectureState-ownedorstate-licensedprovidersconfinedtoastate(country)

ApprovedservicesRevenuesourceforstateBilateralcross-borderinterconnectagreements

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TelegraphRegulaKons1865:20EuropeangovernmentsgatheredinParis

InternaKonalTelegraphConference->Interna'onalTelegraphConven'on(ITC)->

InternaKonalTelegraphUnion(ITU) 6

Europein1865

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ITC1865Tariffs&se:lementsTechnicalstandards(almostnone)RetenKonrequirementComplaintprocess...

RequirementsincludedprotecKngstate&morality

Requirementforoperatortobeabletostopmessagesthat“mayappeardangeroustothesafetyoftheStateorwhichwouldbecontrarytothelawsofthecountry,publicorderormorality” 7

CommunicaKonsGovernanceV1Governancebygovernments

EmpoweredstateregulatorsMorethanjusttechnology

Alsoprotectstate,money&moralityInterconnecKonunderITCrulesWestphalianideal?

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ITU1934:InternaKonalTelegraphUnion->

InternaKonalTelecommunicaKonUnion

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1865 1885 1906 1934 1949

becauseITU“coveredallformsofwirelineandwirelesscommunica'on”

TelephoneSystemUnKl1980sState-ownedorstate-licensedproviders

Confinedtoastate

SignificantrevenuesourceforstatesDecadelongplanningcyclesCircuit-based“intelligentnetwork”ServicesprovidedbycarrierApprovedservicesQoS&security“guaranteed”bydesignInterconnecKonunderITUrules 10

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RegulaKonEvolvedBecauseLocalMonopolies–needtoprotectconsumerTariffs–moneyflowacrossinterconnecKonsQuality–assumpKonofrequiredminimumqualityInterconnecKon–morethantechnicalissuesNumbering(naming)–poliKcalforcountrydeterminaKon

...i.e.,regulaKonwasneeded!

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TheTelecomRegulatorsInternaKonal:InternaKonalTelecommunicaKonsUnion(ITU)Ofgovernments,bygovernments,forgovernmentsProducesrecommendaKons(standards)

Technical,economic,operaKons,lawenforcement

U.S.:FederalCommunicaKonsCommission(FCC)OftheU.S.government,…ProducesregulaKons

Technical,economic,operaKons,lawenforcement

Governments(ofcourse)representconsKtuentsButwhoaretheconsKtuents?(theincumbents?) 12

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TheInternet

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TheInternetStarted(forreal)1Jan1983Packet-basedstupidnetworkOverlayontopofexisKng(e.g.,telephone)networksUses“besteffort”delivery(noguarantees)Technology:end-to-end

Servicesnotcontrolledbycarriers

Longignoredbyincumbentcarriers&regulatorsEventhoughcarriersusedtechnologythemselves

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InternetArchitectureInterconnectedindependentnetworksPair-wiseinterconnecKondecisions

NocentralplanningorinterconnecKonregulaKonsNocentralcontrol&li:lecoordinaKonarerequired

ProtocolparametersFieldsinprotocolsthatneedtobeinsync

BulkIPaddressassignmentsActualassignments&assignmentpolicydoneregionally

MaintainDNSrootzonefileSetofpointerstoserversforTLDs(e.g..com,.company,.fr)

ISOmaintainscountrycodes(.fr,.us,.jp,…)DNSservicedistributed

AbovefuncKonsdonebyIANAInternetAssignedNumbersAuthority 15

InternetServiceAnyonecantalkwithanyoneAnyonecanofferanyservice

AslongasitrunsovertheInternetProtocolAslongasthestandardInternetserviceis“goodenough”forcustomers(notforregulators)

NopermissionsrequiredMighthavelocalfirewallissues,butthe‘Netwilltransportthepackets

NoapplicaKon-specificpaymentstoISPs

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InternetRegulaKonWhatInternetregulaKon?IntheU.S.,theFCCrefrained

SincetelephonecompaniesignoredtheInternet

Anoverlay,notanew,network“Experts”:doesnot/cannotworkInternetuselessinthe“realworld”

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InternetRegulaKonNotNeededNoLocalMonopolies(usedtobethecase)TariffregulaKonsavoidedbycompeKKonQuality–noassumpKonofminimumrequiredquality

InterconnecKon–bilateralpeeringarrangementsbetweenISPs

Numbering–justallocaKngintegers–nomeaningNaming–distributedcontrol–trademarkissuestakentocourt

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Internet:TheAnK-NetworkEverythingthatthetelephonenetworkwasnot

FlexibleInnovaKveEnablingGeneraKveDistributedauthorityMulKpleISPsingivenarea(mostly)internaKonallyseamless(mostly)unregulated/ungoverned

ExcepKonsinsomecountries–e.g.China,England,…

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Thingschanged

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TheInternetbecameITToobigtoignore(ordisbelieve)TheInternetismorethan5%oftheworld’sGDPReplacingallexisKngcommunicaKoninfrastructuresFarcheapertobuild&operateScaresthebejesusoutofmostgovernments

e.g.ISISrecruiKngviaslicksocialmediaprogramsScaresthebejesusoutofmosttradiKonalindustriesJustaskthenewspaperpublishers

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InternetStandardsNostandardsforinterconnecKonoperaKons

Pair-wiseISPagreements

NostandardsforbillingPair-wiseISPagreements

Nostandardsforse:lementsPair-wiseISPagreements

VoluntarytechnicalstandardsfromIETF&W3CSelforganized–nospecificgovernmentrole

Ad-hoctechnicalstandardsfromvendors

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Isthistheanswer?

23Note:L2≠L3

InternetGovernanceCasesIANAfuncKonITUNetworkneutrality

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IANAfuncKon

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IANAfuncKonThe3InternetcoordinaKonfuncKonsareperformedbytheInternetAssignedNumbersAuthority(IANA)

RecordprotocolvaluesforIETFAllocateIPaddressblockstoregionalregistriesMaintainrootzonefileforthedomainnamesystem

TheIANAfuncKonisperformedbytheInternetCorporaKonforAssignedNamesandNumbers(ICANN)

ICANNestablishedin1998todotheIANAfuncKon

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WhitePaper10June’98:ManagementofInternetNamesandAddresses(63FR31741)

“StatementofPolicy”Internetstakeholdersareinvitedtoworktogethertoformanew,private,not-for-profitcorpora'ontomanageDNSfunc'ons1)setpolicyforanddirectalloca'onofIPnumberblockstoregionalInternetnumberregistries;2)overseeopera'onoftheauthorita'veInternetrootserversystem;3)overseepolicyfordeterminingthecircumstancesunderwhichnewTLDsareaddedtotherootsystem;and4)coordinatetheassignmentofotherInternettechnicalparametersasneededtomaintainuniversalconnec'vityontheInternet.thenewcorpora'oncouldbefundedbydomainnameregistries,regionalIPregistries,orotheren''esiden'fiedbytheBoard.

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IANAContractICANNusedtobeundercontractfromtheU.S.NaKonalTelecommunicaKonsandInformaKonAdministraKon(NTIA)toperformIANAfuncKonNTIApartoftheDepartmentofCommerce

U.S.“control”oftheInternetlongresentedbymanyoutsidetheU.S.

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ICANN-NTIAContractTranslatedintoacKonitemsTheDoCsignsoffonanychangestotheDNSrootzonefilei.e.,thefilethatliststheTLDsandoftheIPaddressesofthenameserversforeachoftheTLDs

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NTIAsays“maybe”Mar.2014,NTIAsaidtheymightsurrendercontrolifspecificcondiKonsweremet

MulKstakeholdermodel,maintainstabilityofDNS,meetneedsofIANAcustomers&maintainopenInternet

FightoverIANAfuncKonshowsassumpKonthattheInternetisgoverned(byICANN)

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IANAtransiKon,contd.ManyinCongressdidnotwantto“giveawaytheInternet”–e.g.,December2014budgetbill:

NoneofthefundsmadeavailablebythisAct,maybeusedtorelinquishtheresponsibilityoftheNa'onalTelecommunica'onsandInforma'onAdministra'onduringfiscalyear2015withrespecttoInternetdomainnamefunc'onfunc'ons,includingresponsibilitywithrespecttotheauthorita'verootzonefileandtheInternetAssignedNumbersAuthorityfunc'ons.

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GivingAwaytheInternet!

32Cruz.Senate.gov

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CommunityPowersoverICANNRejectICANNBudgets,IANABudgetsorStrategic/Opera'ngPlans.RejectchangestoICANN’sStandardBylaws.ApprovechangestonewFundamentalBylaws,Ar'clesofIncorpora'onandCANN’ssaleorotherdisposi'onofallorsubstan'allyallofICANN’sassets.RemoveanindividualICANNBoardDirector.Recalltheen'reICANNBoard.Ini'ateabindingIndependentReviewProcess(whereapaneldecisionisenforceableinanycourtrecognizinginterna'onalarbitra'onresults).RejectICANNBoarddecisionsrela'ngtoreviewsoftheIANAfunc'ons,includingthetriggeringofPostTransi'onIANAsepara'on.Therightsofinspec'onandinves'ga'on

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IANAtransiKonNTIA/IANAStewardshipTransiKonCoordinaKonGroupformedinresponsetoNTIAannouncement

ReviewedproposalsfromthethreecommuniKes(IETF,numbers&names)&producedacombinedone

Combinedproposalsubmi:edtoNTIANTIAsaidproposalmetrequirementsNTIAletcontractexpireon1October2016ICANNisnowonitsown

Note:ifthetransiKonhadnothappened–forcesintheUNwouldlikelyhavevotedtotakeICANNover

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ITU

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ITU

TheInternaKonalTelecommunicaKonsUnionU.N.treatyorganizaKonthetradiKonalhomeoftelecommunicaKonsstandards

Originallyformedinmid1800sStandardsvotedonby“memberstates”ImposedbyregulaKoninsomecountriesFewITUstandardsarerelevanttotheInternet

Notbecausetheyhavenottried(orclaim)H.323(voiceoverIP),NextGeneraKonNetwork(NGN)

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ITUgovernanceEverynow&then–meettoreviewtreaKes

WorldConferenceonInternaKonalTelecommunicaKons(WCIT)–2012,previousin1988

Every4yearsPlenipotenKaryConference(PP)–next:2018

SetoverallITUplanfornext4yearsWorldTelecommunicaKonStandardizaKonAssembly(WTSA)–last:Oct.2016

SetITU-Tstructureandplanfornext4years

Onlygovernments“intheroom”ContribuKondriven

Thusnotalwayscontrolled37

ITU&InternetTheITUhaslongrecognizedthattheInternetwasintrudingontheirtradiKonalterritorye.g.,shortlybeforePP-98(1998)

IETFwasapproachedaboutsubmitngIETFstandardstoITU-Tforreview

EveryPPsincehaveincludedproposalstotakeoversomeoralloftheInternetstandardsorassignmentfuncKons

Todate,allblocked,mostlybyU.S.coordinatedeffortsButsomeITU-TcontribuKonsrequestthisanyway

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WhyCare?ITUactslikeavoteofthememberstatesempowersit

EvenovernongovernmentenKKessuchastheIETF,W3C,RIRs&ICANNAmbiguouslegalpictureinmanycountries

RevisionofInternetse:lementregulaKonscouldhavesignificantimpactonInternetbusinessmodelPutngInternetstandardsundergovernmentcontrolcouldchangenatureofthestandards

Protectincumbents,requirebackdoors,etc.

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WCIT2012Promise:consensus,novoKngActual:votetoexpandITUroleinInternet

40CountrieswhodidnotsignresulKngtreatyinred

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PP2014ManysubmissionsE.g.,fromIndia

redoaddressing&namingtobecountrybasedtakeoverInternetaddress&namepolicydevelopmentredoarchitecturetoensureinternaltrafficstaysin-countryrecordallInternettransacKonsdevelopnew“secure,robustandtamper-proofprotocols”

Intheend,notadoptedAveralotofwork(U.S.opinionlessofafactor)

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ITUFeatureTaiwandoesnotexistThereisnotelephonecountrycodeassignedforTaiwan

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ITUwillbeback,andbackTheITUmembershipwillconKnuetowanttogettheITUinvolvedinInternetgovernanceTechnicalstandardsandmore

Thepost-SnowdenUShaslessmoralauthoritytoblocksuchproposals–anongoingthreat

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NetworkNeutrality

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OverridingIssueTheInternetisreplacingallexisKngtelecommunicaKonstechnologies

ExisKngtechnology-specificregulaKonsOBESomeregulaKonsfollowusee.g.,FCCdidrequireISPstobeabletowiretap

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RegulatoryapproachesOpenists

Netmustbeopentoenableinnova'oncommonsRequirenetworkneutrality

e.g.,powergriddoesnotfavortoasters

Toletpeopleatedge/endinnovateDumbpipemustbeavailable&costeffecKve

DeregulaKonistsIf‘networkisproperty’carrierswillinnovate

Note:“property”specificallyincludesrighttoexcludeNetworkownerneedsincenKvetoinvestMandatorysmartpipeOK

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The Broadband Debate: A User's Guide - Tim Wu http://ssrn.com/abstract=557330

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CarrierpointofviewIt’smywire,I’lldowhatIwantwithit

EdwardE.Whitacre-CEOAT&T‘Google,Vonage&Skypeareusingmynetworkforfree’

WilliamL.Smith-CTOBellSouth‘WeshouldbeabletochargeYahootolettheirwebpage

loadfasterthanGoogle.’IgnorefactthatthecustomerboughttheserviceinordertoaccessGoogle,etc.AndserviceismorevaluablebecauseofGoogle&etc.

Pushingtochargesitesfor“be:erservice”Smallsteptomakingpaymentrequiredforanyusefultransport(i.e.,aprotecKonracket)

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NetworkNeutralityAneutralnetworkisinthespiritoftheoriginalInternetend-to-endarchitecture

ISPsjusttransportpacketswithoutregardtowhosentthem,whoistoreceivethem,orwhatisinthem

Enables“permissionlessinnovaKon”ButtheconceptisforeigntotradiKonalcarriersgrowingissueinU.S.&elsewhere

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InformaKonServicesTelecommunicaKonsActof1996createdaclassof“informaKonservices”

NotsubjecttoFCCregulaKonFCCusedtosaythatISPswereoffering“informaKonservices”

ISPsweregenerallysmallandnotpartoftelephoneorcableprovidersattheKmeToday,almostallresidenKalInternetserviceisfromatelephoneorcableprovider

ISPsgenerallyrespectthee2eprincipleForcompanies,notresidenKalservice

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E2eAbuseButsomeISPshaveabusede2e

BlockedVoIP(MadsonRiver),degradedBitTorrent(Comcast),degradedNexlix(Cogent),…

Andtheyallsaidtheywerenotdoinganything

So,callsforFCCtoregulatetostopsuchabuseWhotruststhecarrierstoactinthecustomer’sinterest?

FCChastriedmulKpleKmes,alwaysoverturnedincourt

Withgoodcause

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MoreNetworkNeutralityConcept:ISPsshouldtreatallInternettrafficequallyNotprocessingorchargingdifferentlybecauseofsomefactor

e.g.,abusinessrelaKonship

ButsomeISPswanttobeabletochargefor“be:er”serviceOnlyworksifnopaymentmeansworseservice

Ortoblock,orimpede,compeKngservices

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CommonCarriageAnindividualorbusinessthatadverKsestothepublicthatitisavailableforhiretotransportpeopleorpropertyinexchangeforafee.

Acommoncarrierislegallyboundtocarryallpassengersorfreightaslongasthereisenoughspace,thefeeispaid,andnoreasonablegroundstorefusetodosoexist.AcommoncarrierthatunjusKfiablyrefusestocarryaparKcularpersonorcargomaybesuedfordamages.

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West'sEncyclopediaofAmericanLaw,

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CommonCarriage,contd.Basicconcept:treatcustomersconsistently&fairly

StartedwithfreightcarriersExtendedtotelecommunicaKonsin1910

Mann–ElkinsAct

ClarifiedfortelecommunicaKonscarriersunderTitleIIoftheCommunicaKonsActof1934

TitleIIextendedtoInternetserviceprovidersbyFCCinFeb.2015

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TitleIITitleIIisnotnetworkneutralityTitleIIgivestheFCCauthoritytorequireaneutral(ornon-neutral)network

TitleIIalsogivestheFCCtheauthoritytoregulateeverydetailofanISP&itsserviceofferings

FCCsaysitwill“forebear”onover700individualregulaKons

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ReacKonCarrierssuedtoblockreclassificaKonFCCupheldincourt-June2016NewFCCchairproposingtoreversereclassificaKonFCCaskedforcomments

Got>9millioncomments,mostlyagainstPosedtoignoremostcomments

CongressgetngintothemixHouseEnergy&CommerceCommi:eewantstoholdafaceoffbetweencompaniespro&anKTitleII

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TitleIITitleIIisawfulButthecourtstoldtheFCCthatgoingtheTitleIIroutewastheonlylegalwaytoproceedUnlessCongressacted

TitleIIenablestheworstkindofinnovaKon-killingregulaKon

TheFCChassaidtheywouldnotusemostofthepowerButafutureFCCcould,orbeforcedbythecourtsto

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goingdarkTheFBIsaystheywantlawstorequirebackdoorsinallInternetapplicaKons

e.g.,tocounterApple’siOSandiMessagelocksTriedusingAllWritsAct(1798)toforcecompliance-failed

SotheycanwiretaporgetatcontentsNevermindthattheycannotshowanyexamplewherethiswouldhavemadeadifference“achildwilldie”(theysay)

Note:therealbadguysalreadyhavetheirowntoolsandareincentedtohide

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GovernanceIssuesregulaKons,se:lements,technologystandards,peering,security,emergencyuse,espionage/monitoring,naKonalboundaries,a:ribuKon,societaldisrupKon,businessdisrupKon,trademark,copyright,operaKonofcriKcalinfrastructure,censorship,spam,have/havenotbalance,domainnames,resourceassignmentpolicies,governmentroles,networkneutrality,exchangepointmanagement,marketdynamics,subsidies,compeKKon,cybercrime,cyberwar,patents,idenKficaKon,a:ribuKon,…

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Governanceissues,contd.IncludeoriginalITCissues

Requirementforoperatortobeabletostopmessagesthat“mayappeardangeroustothesafetyoftheStateorwhichwouldbecontrarytothelawsofthecountry,publicorderormorality”

E.g.,U.S.CommunicaKonsDecencyAct(CDA)ProtectchildrenbytellingadultstheycannottalklikeadultsBlockedbycourtsMulKpletriesatnaKonalandstatelevel

CommoninothercountriesPS.Breakingnews:SteveBannonwantstoregulateGoogle,Facebook...like“uKliKes” 59

IdealistsSomeidealistssaytheInternetdoesnotneedgovernanceButsomeofthemalsoadmitthatregulaKonsmaysKllbeuseful:“anycompanythathandlesInternetdatagramsmaynotreadormodifythecontent,norinferintentormeaningforthepurposeofdecidingwhatdatagramstodeliverortonotdeliver”DavidReed

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ReviewNosignificantchangesintheInternetgovernancepicture(inaboutforever)ButwekeepgetngclosetothecliffofgovernmentcontroloftheInternet

AtleastadozenKmesinthelastdozenyears

Willthecliffisalwaysbethere?Likely

TheInternetisnowtooimportanttoleavetothepeoplewhoknowhowitactuallyworks

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