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Internationalization
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Contents
Internationalization Language rendering Rendering objects Cultural issues
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Globalization
The process of worldwide economic, political, technological, and social integration
The process of making the necessary technical, managerial, personnel, marketing and other enterprise decisions to support localization
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Internationalization
The adaptation of products for use throughout the globe Supporting multiple languages Supporting multiple character sets Supporting different formats for
numbers, dates, currency, etc. Printing on different paper sizes
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Localization
The addition of special features to allow a product to be used in a specific locale Local language support Local currency support Local cultural concerns Local symbols Order of sorting
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The Need for I18N 8-10% of the worlds population uses
English as its primary language Even in the USA large fractions of the
population use other languages Miami – 78% Los Angeles – 45% San Francisco – 42% New York City – 25% of subway riders speak
no English
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The Need for I18N US based Palm Computing has a
68% share of the Latin American market
Personal computer suppliers USA – 38.8% Europe – 25% Asia – 12%
Huge amounts of sales are now for the international markets
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Contents
Internationalization Language rendering Rendering objects Cultural issues
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Language Rendering
The rendering of language is one of the most visible aspects of software
One common misconception is that each country has one language
Often one country will have several languages and one language will be spoken in several countries
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Language Rendering For example
Canada – French & English Belgium – Dutch & French Switzerland – Italian, French, &
German In addition, there are regional
differences in the languages Eg. U.S. English differs in spelling and
some words from British English
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Language Rendering As a result, language is usually specified
by both the country and the language EN.US – American English FR.CA – Canadian French
Sometimes flags are used to indicate which language to select
This is a poor choice due to the lack of a one-to-one relationship between countries and languages
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Rendering Japanese Japanese illustrates most of the
problems rendering languages Japanese text is a mixture of 3
scripts which can be combined in one sentence
This results in a huge number of characters to render
This is still simpler that countries with multiple dialects and scripts
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Japanese Scripts Kanji
The complete written language with 50,000 characters
Kana Symbols representing sounds, broken into
two groups Hiragana – native Japanese sounds Katakana – represents foreign words other than
Chinese and Korean Romanji – Letters from the Roman alphabet to use
for untranslated foreign words
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Character Sets
Different character sets are used to render the characters in all the scripts
A character set is the encoding of a series of letters and other symbols into numeric codes
Since there are so many scripts, there are a number of character sets as well
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ASCII Character Set American Standard Code for Information
Interchange Represents 128 characters in 7 bits with a
parity bit Extended ASCII uses all 8 bits for 256 chars Has control characters, Roman alphabet,
punctuation and some special characters Supports English, Swahili, and Hawaiian
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ISO 8859 Character Sets This is a family of 8 bit character
sets used to represent European languages
This is the default character set for use on the web
It supports several language specific groupings ISO 8859-1 – western Europe (French,
Italian, German, Spanish…)
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ISO 8859 Character Sets ISO 8859-2 – Central/Eastern Europe (Hungarian,
Polish,…) ISO 8859-3 – Southern Europe (Esperanto, Maltese) ISO 8859-4 – Northern Europe (Estonian, Latvian,…) ISO 8859-5 – Cyrillic ISO 8859-6 – Arabic ISO 8859-7 – Greek ISO 8859-8 – Hebrew ISO 8859-9 – Turkish ISO 8859-10 – Nordic ISO 8859-11 – Thai ISO 8859-12 – unused ISO 8859-13 – Baltic Rim ISO 8859-14 – Celtic
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EBCDIC Extended Binary Coded Decimal
Interchange Code An 8 bit encoding Used mainly on IBM machines and some
Fujitsu, Unisys, and HP EBCDIC is incompatible with ASCII and
must be translated Some characters are not translated
exactly!!
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Code Page A code page is
simply the mapping of character to numeric values
This is the same as a character set
The EBCDIC code page is shown here
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Windows Character Sets Windows has their own character sets which
are slightly different from the ISO character sets
Windows 1250 – Central European Windows 1251 – Cyrillic Windows 1252 – Western Languages Windows 1253 – Greek Windows 1254 – Turkish Windows 1255 – Hebrew Windows 1256 – Arabic Windows 1257 – Baltic Windows 1258 – Vietnamese
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Unicode This is a modern character set which
incorporates all other existing character sets
So far, it represents 100,000 characters It has various encodings which can be
used depending on the amount of storage available
Standard encoding is 16 bit, representing 65,536 characters
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Unicode UTF-8
Represents all universal characters in 1 – 4 bytes
Backwards compatible with ASCII which is represented as 1 byte
Prefixes code on the first byte indicate which encoding is being used
More compact than using 16 bit or 32 bit encodings
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Unicode
The use of Unicode simplifies many problems with internationalization
Unicode is supported by many modern software platforms Java XML Modern Operating Systems
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Fonts A character set connects an
abstract description of a character with a code
A font connects a glyph with a code There can be several fonts for each
character set allowing for different shapes and styles of symbols
Different languages have fonts with different shapes and requirements
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Font Recommendations Provide enough space between lines for
different ascenders and descenders Do not use ornate fonts that will obscure
accents used by some languages Choose fonts that support required
accents Do not assume that any particular font
will be available on the target platform Many non-Latin languages require
proportional spacing (ie. Arabic)
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Text Direction
There are 3 types of directionality Left-to-right
European languages, Thai Left-to-right/vertical
Chinese, Japanese, Korean Bidirectional
Hebrew & Arabic
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Bidirectional Text
Although the text is right-to-left, embedded numbers and other languages are right-to-left
If the number “123-4567” is embedded As a phone number it is read left-to-right As a subtraction it means 4567 minus 123
Bidirectional text is right justified
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Paper Size Most of the world uses metric paper
sizes based on the ISO 216 standard
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Hardware Concerns
Hardware around the world is different Make sure the keyboard can enter the
needed character sets Make sure the printer can handle the
paper sizes required Make sure the printer and display can
handle the needed character sets
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Translation Issues
Accurate translation is critical to internationalization Hire good translators Provide them with the text to
translate Provide a glossary defining each of
the words to translate so that they understand the intended meaning
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Contents
Internationalization Language rendering Rendering objects Cultural issues
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Sorting Different countries have different
rules for sorting Be able to handle accents Watch for letter sequences
In Spanish, “cho” comes after “co” In many languages upper case is
sorted after lower case ISO/IEC 14651:2000 provides
guidelines on international collation
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Date and Time Formats ISO 8601 specifies a format for
international representation of time and date
Most locales prefer to use their own format Your software should be able to format in
the local manner This information is usually available as a
locale in your programming language (Java, C, .NET)
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Date and Time Formats
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Addresses Addresses have different formats
throughout the world In Mexico,
Name(paternal, maternal, first) Street & number Building, floor, suite Colony City, state Postal code
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Telephone Numbers Telephone Numbers also
differ throughout the world
Different numbers of digits
Different separators Different groupings
Australia 649-800-445-768
Austria 1234 56 78 90
Belgium 12-345- 67 89
Denmark 12 34 56 78
Germany (123) 4 56 78 90
Italy 123-456 78 90
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Currency & Numbers Currency & numbers are formatted
differently in each country Different currency symbols Different location of +, - signs Different thousands separators Different definition of billion
Most of this information will come from the locale
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Contents
Internationalization Language rendering Rendering objects Cultural issues
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Cultural User Interface Design Culture has an influence on what
people expect from an interface and how they interpret the interface
Geert Hofstede studied IBM employees in 53 countries and developed 5 dimensions on which cultures could be measured
We will now look at these 5 dimensions
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Power Distance Measures how well a society accepts
large or small differences in power in a social hierarchy
For example, whether an employee of a large organization has easy, informal access to the boss
Cultures with easy access to powerful figures are assigned a low power distance index
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Individualism vs. Collectivism
This measures whether a culture favours individual achievement or whether it favours group efforts
A high collectivist rating is assigned to cultures which favour group efforts over individual ones
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Masculinity vs. Femininity Measures the degree to which a
culture separates traditional gender roles
Traditional male role Tough, task-oriented warriors
Traditional female role Tender, gentle home makers
More male-oriented Cultures score higher
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Uncertainty Avoidance
Measures the degree to which a culture is uncomfortable with and tries to reduce uncertainty
Cultures which emphasize punctuality, formality, and explicit communication rate high in uncertainty avoidance
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Long Term Orientation
This is prevalent in cultures with Confucian thought, which emphasizes patience
Usually found in Asian cultures Higher values indicate more long
term orientation
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Hofstede’s Cultural Indexes
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Hofstede’s Cultural Indexes
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Hofstede’s Cultural Indexes
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Hofstede’s Cultural Indexes
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Designing for Culture
Studies were done to see what type of UI components were used in different cultures
The results can be used as a guideline for how to design user interfaces that meet cultural expectations
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Power Distance
Metaphors High
Images of government or corporate institutions and buildings, schools, monuments, etc.
Low Informal or popular institutions or
buildings, Montessori schools, public parks, etc.
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Power Distance
Mental Models High
Complex, highly organized structures Organizational charts
Low Informally organized data with less rigid
structure
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Power Distance
Navigation High
Predefined choices, authentication, passwords
Low Open access, multiple options to choose
from, many different paths to take
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Power Distance
Interaction High
Strong error messages: “Entry Forbidden” Use of wizards
Low Supportive error messages Interactive help facilities
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Power Distance Appearance
High Images of leaders National or corporate logos Formal speech
Low Images of people or groups Daily activities, popular music Informal speech
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Individualism vs. Collectivism
Metaphors Individualist
Action oriented Tool oriented
Collectivist Relationship oriented Content oriented
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Individualism vs. Collectivism
Mental models Individualist
Product or task oriented Collectivist
Role oriented
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Individualism vs. Collectivism
Navigation Individualist
Individual paths Popular choices, celebrity choices
Collectivist Group oriented official choices
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Individualism vs. Collectivism
Interaction Individualist
Keyword searches customizable
Collectivist Access to official devices Role driven
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Individualism vs. Collectivism Appearance
Individualist Images of product or people Dynamic speech Market driven topics
Collectivist Images of groups or organizations Static speech Institution driven topics
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Masculinity vs. Femininity
Metaphors Masculine
Sports, competition, work oriented Feminine
Shopping carts, family oriented, people oriented
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Masculinity vs. Femininity
Mental Models Masculine
Work or business structures High level executive views
Feminine Social structures Detailed views Relationship oriented
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Masculinity vs. Femininity
Navigation Masculine
Limited choices Feminine
Multiple choices multitasking
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Masculinity vs. Femininity
Interaction Masculine
Competitive, game oriented Mastery oriented
Feminine Practical, function oriented Cooperation oriented
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Masculinity vs. Femininity
Appearance Masculine
Masculine colors, shapes, sounds Feminine
Feminine colors, shapes, sounds
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Uncertainty Avoidance
Metaphors High
Familiar, stable references to daily life Low
Novel, unusual references abstraction
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Uncertainty Avoidance Mental Models
High Simple, explicit, clear Limited choices Simple logic
Low Tolerance for ambiguity Implicit relationships Complex or fuzzy logic
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Uncertainty Avoidance Navigation
High Limited, organized options Controls to allow user to master or
control the situation Low
Tolerance for unclear operations Simple searches “I feel lucky” button
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Uncertainty Avoidance
Interaction High
Precise, complete Detailed input and feedback
Low General, limited Ambiguous input and feedback
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Uncertainty Avoidance
Appearance High
Consistent imagery and terminology Repetition of cues
Low Less consistent imagery and terminology Fewer cues
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Long Term Orientation
Metaphors Long
Stable family references Institutions or organizations
Short Interchangeable roles Less concrete, abstract metaphors
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Long Term Orientation Mental Models
Long Love, devotion Social coherence Responsibility
Short Liberty Social incoherence Irresponsibility
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Long Term Orientation Navigation
Long Tolerance for long paths Reliance on advisor Context oriented
Short Bread crumb trails Clear taxonomies Quick results
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Long Term Orientation Interaction
Long Face-to-face communication Personalized messages Live chats
Short Distance communication tolerated Anonymous communication tolerated Conflict tolerated
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Long Term Orientation
Appearance Long
Flags, national colors & images Warm, fuzzy images Suggestions of intimacy
Short Minimal or focused images Concentration on showing task or product
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Cultural Failures Nike’s loss of sales to Adidas based on
an ad campaign with “rebel” branding that was interpreted as hooliganism
The failure of the Big 3 US auto makers to sell Left hand drive into a right hand country English sized parts into a metric country Cars with all writing in English
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Cultural Failures Walmart’s slow expansion into Latin
America Culture did not translate Stores selling 110 volt electronics in 220
volt countries The US Milk Council’s “Got Milk?”
campaign Translated as “Are you lactating?” in
Hispanic markets